Can there be something closer and more dear to every inhabitant of our country than the legendary Soviet cars? Many of us remember very well how these models were cut through the roads of large cities and villages. In this article, we have collected 27 of the most significant cars from the USSR of all time.

GAZ-A

GAZ-A, manufactured under license from Ford, became the first Soviet passenger car with local modifications, which were determined based on operation original cars Ford A in harsh Russian conditions. The first cars were assembled at the Nizhny Novgorod Automobile Plant in August 1932, and mass production began in December of the same year. In total, 41917 cars were produced in 1936.

Despite the absolute unpretentiousness to fuel quality, maintainability in any conditions and relative cheapness, GAZ-A had a rather sluggish 40-horsepower engine, an unreliable suspension on transverse springs, which quickly failed, as well as a weak non-rigid frame, which is why the body The car quickly fell into disrepair.

On the basis of GAZ-A, a sedan with a closed four-door body - GAZ-6 and a specialized taxi - GAZ-3 were produced. In addition, a modification of the GAZ-4 with a passenger-and-freight pickup body, the GAZ-A-Aero with an aerodynamic body and the GAZ-A-Limousine were manufactured.

GAZ-M1

This model in 1935 came to replace the first mass passenger car of the USSR - GAZ-A. The GAZ-M1, by analogy with the GAZ-A, was based on the successor to the Ford A - Ford 40 (Model V8 40-730) with a modified chassis for harsh real conditions Russia. The abbreviation "M-1" was deciphered as "Molotovets-first" in honor of the chairman of the government of the USSR - V. Molotov, and design bureau A.A. Lipgart. In total, by 1942, 62,888 copies of this model were made.

The main innovation in the design of the "M-1" was an all-metal body, created using the advanced technology of the body department of Ford. As power unit a modernized Ford A engine was used, but produced on the original Soviet equipment. In addition, the design was changed, as a result of which the M-1 looked more modern even compared to its overseas prototype.

On the basis of the "M-1" were made: the "taxi" version, GAZ-415 - a pickup truck for 500 kg, GAZ-11-73 - modernized sedan with a 6-cylinder GAZ-11 engine, GAZ-61-73 - the world's first 4x4 sedan, BA-20 - a light armored car and another 14-15 small-scale modifications.

GAZ-12 ZIM

Soviet cars, for the most part, were not intended for private ownership. Basically, they were created for numerous high-ranking party workers and heads of state-owned enterprises. For them, at the end of the 40s, GAZ created the GAZ-12 ZIM - a long-wheelbase six-seater large executive class sedan.

It was produced from 1949 to 1960 and a total of 21527 units of all modifications were produced. Main Feature car design is a load-bearing body. There was only a removable under-engine subframe. The new car had a very high (up to 50%) degree of unification with other models already produced by the plant.

ZIM was equipped with a not very powerful 3.5-liter GAZ-11 engine with a power of 90 hp. A gearbox with a steering column lever for the first time in Soviet practice received synchronizers and, in addition to ZIM, was also installed on Pobeda. On the basis of ZiM (GAZ-12), the following were produced: a taxi - GAZ-12A, a sanitary version - GAZ-12B, GAZ-12 phaeton and even railway railcars. ZiM cars were exported both to the countries of the social camp, and to Finland and Sweden. There were also racing versions, which were called "Dzerzhinets" and "Vanguard".

GAZ-13 "Seagull"

Another executive limousine from the Gorky Automobile Plant. In total, 3179 units were assembled at GAZ from 1959 to 1981. In 1958, The Seagull was presented in New York and Brussels. The design of the GAZ-13 was reminiscent of a 1955 Packard.

"The Seagull" was a revolutionary car, unlike the Zim: it had a V8 engine with 195 hp automatic transmission gears with push-button control, there was a power steering and brakes, as well as power windows. This car in the USSR could not be bought, it could only be earned.

The following modifications were made on the basis of the "Seagull": GAZ-13A - for the USSR Ministry of Defense with a partition between passengers and the driver, GAZ-13B - with a Phaeton body, GAZ-13S - a sanitary version, several copies of "Seagulls" for filming , parade phaetons. Subsequently, several cars were converted into railway railcars.

GAZ-M20 "Victory"

A truly legendary Soviet passenger car that has earned love and respect not only in the USSR, but also in many countries of the world. It was produced under license in Poland ("Warsaw"), in North Korea and even in China. In total, from 1946 to 1958, 241,497 cars were produced (excluding foreign production).

It was one of the world's first mass-produced passenger cars with a fully pontoon monocoque body. The appearance of the "Victory" in the form of a streamlined drop-shaped body with a flat sidewall without protruding wings was originally created by the factory designer Valentin Brodsky. Cars of the first and second series had a characteristic three-story radiator grill, which they called "Martos".

The first series was produced from 1946 to 1948. The second series, which ran from 1948 to 1955, received new box gears from ZIM with a lever on the steering wheel, as well as an updated 4-cylinder engine with a capacity of 50 hp. (since 1955 - 52 hp).

The third series - M-20V (1955 - 1958) already had a different radiator grille, a new design of the front axle beam, a modernized carburetor, a new air filter, a new steering wheel and instruments of a different color.

Of the main upgrades of the serial version stand out:

- GAZ M-20B "Victory" in the body "phaeton" - with rigid safety arcs and open top, of which 14222 copies were produced.

- GAZ M-72 - an all-wheel drive version on the GAZ-69 chassis with an additionally reinforced body, increased ground clearance, mudguards on the rear wheel arches and tires 6.50-16 with herringbone tread. First time for Soviet cars washer is used windshield operated by the pedal. 4677 pieces of M-72 were made.

GAZ-21 "Volga"

It was one of the most beautiful and desirable Soviet middle-class cars, which was produced at the Gorky Automobile Plant from 1956 to 1970. A total of 639,478 copies were produced in three series and in several dozen different modifications. The design of the "Volga" clearly guessed the influence of "aerostyle" american cars such as Ford, Chevrolet, Plymouth, Kaiser. But all mechanical part GAZ-21 was an original Soviet design.

After the manufacture and testing of four prototypes in 1956, the production of the first series of GAZ-21 began with the characteristic "Star" on the radiator grille. The "First Series" was first equipped with a modernized engine from "Victory", and since 1957 - with a modern overhead valve engine ZMZ-21A. In total, 30 thousand cars of the first series were produced.

"Second series" began to be produced from 1959 to 1962. She had modified front fenders, a shark mouth grille, a new instrument panel, windshield washers, and new electrical wiring with a “minus” on the ground. In total, more than 140 thousand copies were made.

In 1962, a “soft upgrade” of the car was made, which affected for the most part only appearance. The "third series" has a new "whalebone" grille with 37 vertical elements, new bumpers and decorative details, new interior trim made of more durable materials. Engine power was increased to 75 hp. n, and the body began to be painted with more resistant synthetic enamel. In total, about 470 thousand copies of the "third series" machines were produced.

Of the numerous modifications of the Volga, we note the GAZ-22 with a cargo-passenger body of the station wagon type based on the third series car. The station wagon was also produced in the form of an ambulance GAZ-22B.

GAZ-24 "Volga"

The successor to the Volga GAZ-21 was one of the most notable Soviet cars in history domestic auto industry- GAZ-24 "Volga". It was mass-produced from 1967 to 1985 and was produced in the amount of 1,481,561 pieces of all modifications. GAZ-24 had a new, more modern body of a lower height, which increased stability and controllability, a wider interior, an increased glass area and improved visibility.

The "first series" GAZ-24 (1967-1977) had bumpers without fangs, a long molding under the radiator grill, it had no fog lights, and the parking lights were located on chrome-plated ventilation pads rear pillars. The chrome hubcaps had red circles in the center, and the mudguards were branded “deer”.

The "Second Series" was a smooth upgrade during the period 1972-78. There were "fangs" on the bumpers, fog lights, changed rear lights with built-in reflectors, "Zhiguli" halogen headlights, direction indicators on the front fenders, in the cabin - imitation wood on the panel and steering wheel, a more modern receiver, an armrest in the back of the rear seat.

In the mid-80s, a deep modernization of the model was carried out and the GAZ-24-10 ("Third Series") appeared. In this model, the vents disappeared, the door handles were recessed, a new plastic black radiator grille appeared, the inscription "Volga" disappeared from the front fenders. The car was put on radial wide low-profile tires 205/70 R14 instead of the previous 185-diagonal. Inside: new seats, handbrake on the floor, heated rear window. And most importantly, under the hood is an improved ZMZ-4022.10 engine with a power of 100 hp.

The lineup also included GAZ-24-02 with a station wagon body. This car had a seven-seat convertible interior. On the basis of this model, a sanitary version of the Volga GAZ-24-03 and a version for a taxi were made.

GAZ-67

The most legendary and combatant of all Soviet military all-wheel drive cars GAZ-67 had time to actively fight since 1943, both as a command and reconnaissance vehicle, and in the form artillery tractor. Before the end of World War II, about 8,000 GAZ-67 units were produced.

They tested a military off-road vehicle like no other car in the USSR: it covered 2200 km with a 76-mm ZIS-3 gun weighing 1850 kg, of which 930 km country roads and 550 km on broken cobblestone.

For reliability and better cross-country ability, the GAZ-67 had a wheelbase shortened by 755 mm compared to the GAZ-61. The modernization of the suspension and chassis of the car was subordinated to the same qualities. In addition, the GAZ-67 was put on tires with lugs of the "split Christmas tree" type in size 6.50-16. Electrical equipment was used from GAZ-M1 and GAZ-MM.

The body for quick evacuation was doorless for 4 people, plus two more could sit on the sides on the shelves of the rear fenders. There were also boxes for weapons, ammunition and radios. As power plant the upgraded GAZ-64-6004 engine was used.

GAZ-69

famous soviet car off-road, which for its rigid suspension received the nickname "goat". During the period from 1952 to 1972, more than 600 thousand cars were produced. In addition, GAZ-69 was exported to 56 countries of the world in various climatic versions. The release was first started at the Gorky Automobile Plant, and in 1956 production was transferred to the Ulyanovsk Automobile Plant.

The car had two basic modifications: GAZ-69 with a 2-door 8-seater body and commander's GAZ-69A with a 4-door five-seater body. In order to increase unification and maintainability, the motor with gearbox, steering gear, shock absorbers, brakes, optics and battery for this car were taken from serial Soviet cars and trucks.

Moskvich-400/-401

This Soviet small car was available to many citizens of the USSR with an average income and often became the first car in the family. It was with her that the mobility of the Soviet people began.

The first production Moskvich-400s left the MZMA plant in December 1947. The car had interesting and innovative solutions such as a monocoque body, aluminum engine pistons, hydraulic brakes and Dubonnet independent suspension. And at the same time, the car did not have direction indicators, and the wiper had a mechanical drive from the engine camshaft.

In 1954, an improved modification of the Moskvich-401 was released, which had a forced 26 hp engine. against 23 hp for the "400th" model, synchronizers in 3 and 4 gears, gearshift lever on the steering column, new wheel. From 1949 to 1954, the Moskvich-400-420A was produced - a 4-door convertible with an open top, but having non-removable sidewalls and door frames with glass.

Moskvich-402/-407

First Soviet a car the “thaw” period, which was completely created by Soviet engineers. Production of this model began in 1956. In just two years, 87,658 copies were produced.

Compared to its predecessor, Moskvich-402 had a more modern exterior and a more advanced body design. The car received a separate trunk with external access, curved front and rear windows, a high level interior decoration, independent pivotless front suspension with double wishbones and 12-volt electrical equipment, as well as many other innovations. It was completed with the M-407 engine, which worked in conjunction with a mechanical 3- and 4- speed gearbox.

The first modification of the car took place in 1958. The modified car was named "Moskvich-407" and an improved 45 hp engine. The half-millionth MZMA car that rolled off the assembly line in December 1960 was Moskvich-407. For several years in a row, half of all Moskvich-407s were exported, incl. to France, Belgium, Scandinavia, Finland, England and other countries.

In 1962, the Moskvich-403 transitional model was released, which had a different underframe and configuration. engine compartment. This model also used new units that were developed for the new Moskvich-408.

On the basis of the "407th" model, the Moskvich-410 (410N) all-wheel drive sedan and the Moskvich-411 all-wheel drive station wagon were produced. These Soviet off-road vehicles were oriented to the needs of rural residents. Oversized tires 6.4-15 inches with a “toothed” tread pattern were installed on cars, and ground clearance increased to 220 mm.

Moskvich-412

This is perhaps one of the most famous Soviet rear-wheel drive cars, which became famous for its outstanding sports achievements in many international competitions. The car was produced from 1967 to 1977 at the MZMA / AZLK plant and from 1967 to 1998 at the Izhevsk Automobile Plant.

The "412th" replaced the "Moskvich-408", but in fact it was a modification with a more powerful engine. In the early years, it was very actively shipped for export. In 1969, modernization was carried out, as a result of which they strengthened passive safety body, installed seat belts, soft interior elements, a 2-circuit brake system and fangs on the bumpers. The new car was designated "Moskvich-412IE".

A characteristic element of the Moskvich-412 was the square headlights manufactured by the GDR, which were also installed on the German Wartburg 353. Based on the basic model, the Moskvich-427 station wagon and the Moskvich-434 van were created.

AZLK-2141

"Moskvich" AZLK-2141 - Soviet and Russian cars front wheel drive car with a hatchback body, produced from 1986 to 1998 at AZLK. A total of 716,831 copies of this model were produced.

AZLK-2141 has a layout with a longitudinal arrangement of the power unit UZAM-331.10 and VAZ-216-70, which was paired with a 5-speed gearbox of the original design with primary and secondary shafts located at the same height. As a result, it was possible to reduce the overall height of the power unit and lower the hood line. Along with the base 1.5 and 1.6-liter engines, VAZ and UZAM engines with a volume of 1.7 and 1.8 liters were used.

The car structurally and externally looked like a real breakthrough compared to previous models: 5-speed gearbox, fourteen-inch wheels, relatively large wheelbase, wide body type "hatchback", front suspension type "MacPherson" and dependent rear suspension with stabilizer and Panhard transverse link, rack and pinion steering and integrated "volumetric" plastic bumpers. The body itself was estimated to have a fairly decent aerodynamic coefficient Cx=0.35.

In 1997, the modernization of Moskvich-2141-02 Svyatogor appeared with a more powerful Renault engine 2.0 l and updated appearance. Also in 1997, a small-scale M-2141R5 "Yuri Dolgoruky" appeared with a hatchback body extended by 200 mm and a similarly elongated sedan Moskvich-2142R5 "Prince Vladimir".

ZIS-110

This imposing car from the USSR was a real large and solid seven-seater limousine as long as 6 meters and weighing 2.5 tons. Its entire exterior resembled the limousines of the American company Packard.

The ZIS-110 was equipped with an in-line eight-cylinder engine with a volume of 6 liters and a power of 140 hp. with., paired with a 3-speed mechanical box gears. The limousine was primarily intended for the top party leadership of the USSR and well-known workers of culture and science. Its production lasted from 1945 to 1961 at the Stalin Automobile Plant. A total of 2089 vehicles of all modifications were produced.

The car was technically fully equipped: a 3-speed gearbox shift lever on the steering column, unusual for Soviet cars, hydraulic valve lifters and a hypoid final drive, which provided the ZIS-110 with a high level of acoustic comfort; independent pivot suspension of the front wheels on double wishbones; luxurious interior equipment, including electro-hydraulic windows, high-end radio, heating and ventilation system.

Main modifications: ZIS-110A - ambulance medical care; ZIS-110B - a phaeton with a folding fabric roof; ZIS-110P - all-wheel drive vehicle; ZIS-115 - armored version.

ZAZ-965A "Zaporozhets"

ZAZ-965A "Zaporozhets" was a real Soviet " people's car”, produced at the Kommunar plant in Zaporozhye from 1962 to 1969. A total of 322,166 of these vehicles were produced.

It was equipped with a rear engine air cooling MeMZ-966 with a power of 27 hp and a volume of 887 cc. In 1965, due to the new carburetor, power was increased to 30 hp. The car was exported to European countries through the Belgian exporter Jalta, and cars went to Finland under the Yalta brand.

When designing, the Italian Fiat 600 was taken as a basis because of its successful and progressive body structure for mass production. Unlike the Fiat 600 "ZAZ-965A" had a three-volume body type " two-door sedan” with a clearly defined volume of the trunk of the engine compartment in the form of a “hump” and a large rear window, unified with the frontal.

The suspension was on double trailing arms with two transverse torsion bars as elastic elements. The car rested on the road with the help of 13-inch high-profile wheels, which ensured acceptable cross-country ability. There were also modifications for the disabled and a mail van for collecting letters with a right-hand drive.

ZAZ-966 "Zaporozhets"

The successor to the ZAZ-965A was the model with the index 966, which was produced from 1966 to 1972. ZAZ-966 had an independent front suspension of a parallelogram type, with a guide device in the form of double trailing arms and two transverse plate-type torsion bars as the main elastic element. Also, the "966th" received a new, more advanced rear independent suspension.

Since 1967, the car has been applied updated engine"Sorokovka" with a volume of 1197 cc with significantly better traction characteristics and with an increased resource. The body at the rear had characteristic "ears" of air traps to cool the engine compartment. For this element, ZAZ-966 was nicknamed "Eared".

The gearbox with a fully synchronized forward range was successful and reliable, which allowed it to work with more powerful engines. Not very successful design elements included axle shafts with rather “delicate” rubber anthers of internal hinges.

ZAZ-968 "Zaporozhets"

The "968th" model was a further development and modernization of the ZAZ-966, it appeared in 1971 and was produced until 1994. It was also the legendary Soviet car of the I group of a small class.

At first, it differed from its predecessor ZAZ-968 only in other lanterns reversing. Only in 1973 did the modernized ZAZ-968A model appear, which already had a narrow molding instead of a false radiator grille, new seats, a 2-circuit brake system, a new instrument panel and an ignition lock with an anti-theft device.

ZAZ-968M "Zaporozhets"

In 1979, another upgrade appeared - ZAZ-968M, which had rectangular taillights instead of round ones, a new convex front panel with a median black stripe and the inscription "968M", as well as rectangular direction indicators. In addition to this modification, along with the base one, a 50-horsepower MeMZ-968BE engine was installed.

The engine cooling system was structurally changed, where air began to flow through a stamped grill in the hood cover: the “ears” were replaced with small “gills”, where the right grill was used for air intake, and the left one for exhaust.

VAZ-2101

It was one of the most massive and beloved Soviet small class cars produced at the Volga Automobile Plant. It can be called a real "people's car" of the Soviet era.

VAZ 2101 was the "firstborn" of the classic family of VAZ cars, which was produced until 2012. The production of the 2101 model lasted from 1970 to 1988, and in 18 years 4.85 million VAZ-2101 units of all modifications were produced.

The Italian FIAT 124 was chosen as a prototype for the VAZ-2101, but in the Soviet car they were replaced rear brakes on drum for driving conditions on bad roads, the front suspension has been strengthened and completely replaced with a more modern rear suspension, the cardan transmission has been modified, the clutch has been strengthened and the design of the synchronizers in the gearbox has been improved. Modifications have also been made in terms of comfort and safety. IN total more than 800 changes were made.

The base model was equipped with a 1.2-liter 62-horsepower engine. The car was also called "Zhiguli", "one" and "penny". The main modifications of the 2101 model can be called: VAZ 21011 Zhiguli -1300 - equipped with a more powerful 1.3 liter 69 hp engine. with some modifications to the body and interior design; VAZ 2102 - station wagon, is a licensed version of the Fiat 124 Familiare with numerous changes and modifications. In total, 666,989 copies of such station wagons were produced. The VAZ-2102 had reinforced suspension springs and shock absorbers, which made it possible to maintain a carrying capacity of 250 kg with two passengers. There was also a version of the electric van VAZ-2102E / 2801 "Electro", produced in the amount of only 47 units.

VAZ-2105

This is a further development of the VAZ-ovskih models of the "classics". VAZ-2105 is the longest produced Soviet car from the Zhiguli family - 31 years from 1979 to 2010. It was also one of the cheapest cars on the Russian market.

VAZ-2105, compared to the "2101", had more angular body shapes, replaced by chrome parts with matte black plastic or painted metal. Here, for the first time, a toothed belt for the engine timing drive was used instead of a chain; for the first time, position and fog lights, turn signals, brake lights and reversing lights were combined under one cover. In addition, the vents on the side windows were removed, but the side windows were blown and the rear window was heated.

In total, 2,091,000 copies of the VAZ-2105 were produced. IN basic configuration a 1.29 liter engine with a power of 63.6 hp was used. with 4 speed gearbox. But there were modifications with a 5-speed gearbox and more powerful engines: 1.45 l - 71.4 hp, 1.57 l - 80 and 82 hp. For law enforcement agencies, they even installed a Wankel VAZ-4132 rotary piston engine - 1.3 liters, 140 hp. For export, VAZ-2105 was shipped under the name LADA RIVA.

VAZ-2106

This is a Soviet-Russian passenger car produced by VAZ from 1976 to 2006. In total, 4.3 million units of this model were produced at different factories during this time, which makes the VAZ-2106 one of the most massive domestic cars in history.

The exterior of the 2106 was designed using black plastics that were popular at the time, with redesigned front fascia, rear trunk panel, bumper, wheel covers, side turn indicators, air vents, and even a factory badge. In the basic configuration, the 2103 engine was used, the working volume of which was increased to 1.57 liters, the torque and power increased by 12% - up to 78 hp.

"Six" became the three and four millionth car produced by VAZ. VAZ-2106 for a long time remained the most prestigious model in the Zhiguli line, having an assessment of a car of increased comfort and reliability.

VAZ-1111 "Oka"

This Soviet and Russian microcar was produced at VAZ, Kamaz and SeAZ from 1987 to 2008, and during this period about 700 thousand copies were produced. The main prototypes that Soviet designers relied on when developing the Oka were Japanese kei cars, such as the Daihatsu Cuore (L55), Subaru 700 and Honda Today.

Engine for VAZ-1111 with a power of 29.7 hp created on the basis of the VAZ-2108 engine, taking the middle two cylinders with pistons moving synchronously. Such an engine was called "half-eighth" unofficially, and according to official documentation, it was assigned the number "1111". The "3-door sedan" body type was self-supporting with box-section front fender mudguards as load-bearing members.

The cooling system was taken from the VAZ-2108. The original carburetor was used in the power system. Front suspension - MacPherson type with stabilizer roll stability. Rear suspension- transverse flexible beam. The car was put on small 12-inch wheels with three nuts. More than a third of the parts are borrowed from the VAZ-2101, VAZ-2103, VAZ-2108, VAZ-2121.

After the cessation of production of Oka at VAZ in 1995, due to its unprofitability, production was transferred to Serpukhov, where SeAZ-1111 began to be produced at the SeAZ plant, and to Naberezhnye Chelny at ZMA, where KamAZ-1111 was created. A more powerful 0.75-liter 33-horsepower VAZ-11113 engine was already installed on these models - half of the 1.5-liter VAZ-21083 engine.

Production at KamAZ was discontinued in 2006 after the purchase of the enterprise by Severstal-auto, and at SeAZ in 2007, the production of Oka with domestic engine was stopped and completely re-equipped to use a Chinese 3-cylinder 1-liter unit with a capacity of 53 hp. An attempt was also made to produce pickups and vans of the SeAZ-11116-50 family. But in 2008, production was also stopped at SeAZ due to its unprofitability.

UAZ-452

The legendary Soviet cargo-passenger all-wheel drive vehicle produced at the Ulyanovsk Automobile Plant from 1965 to the present. For its external cubic appearance with rounded edges, the UAZ-452 received the nickname "loaf" among the people, and in the cargo onboard version - "tadpole".

UAZ-452, in addition to the basic "van" has a large number different modifications, the main of which are: UAZ-452A - an ambulance that is able to get off-road to the most remote places; UAZ-452V - nine-seater minibus; UAZ-452D - a truck with a double cab and a wooden body.

In 1985, the UAZ-452 and its modifications received new indices. So the all-wheel drive minibus began to be designated - UAZ-2206, and the ambulance - UAZ-3962. On the basis of the UAZ-452, they also created a special armored vehicle for transporting valuables.

UAZ-469

The off-road vehicle UAZ-469 became the successor to the legendary predecessor GAZ-69. It was produced at the Ulyanovsk Automobile Plant for over 30 years from 1972 to 2003. Since 1985, after modernization, the car began to be produced under the symbol UAZ-3151.

As conceived by the designers, the UAZ-469 should be a reliable, durable and all-terrain utility vehicle on the tested units of domestic "GAZ" cars. UAZ-469 had a 5-seater body with a removable canvas top and side glazing, as well as a hinged rear fifth door for loading cargo. The body was mounted on a rigid and durable spar frame.

The ground clearance reached 300 mm for the version with "military" bridges and 220 mm for the civilian "UAZ". Disabled hubs were mounted on the front axle, which made it possible to disable front axle and reduce fuel consumption when driving on the highway. Later, quick disconnect or self-locking clutches began to be used. Since 1983, the engine of the UMZ-414 model with a power of 77 hp was installed on the machine.

The upgraded version of the UAZ-3151 in 1985 additionally had: hydraulic drive clutch deactivation, new lighting devices, windshield washer, high-reliability drive axles, dual-circuit braking system, UMZ-417 engine with increased power up to 80 hp. and a number of other changes.

The main modifications of the UAZ-469 include: UAZ-469B - civilian version with a clearance of 220 mm; UAZ-469BG - medical version; UAZ-469AP - Patrol police version with a hard top. UAZ-469 in 2010 set a world record for the capacity of a passenger car - 32 people fit inside it with a total weight of 1900 kg.

IZH-2715

IZH-2715 (or as it was called - "Kabluchok") is a Soviet and Russian utility vehicle mass-produced from 1972 to 2001 at the Izhevsk Automobile Plant. For almost 30 years, cars of this model were produced in 2,317,493 copies.

The truck was created on the basis of Moskvich-412 with a double cab and cargo van or with a passenger compartment. IZH-2715 in the USSR was the only light delivery vehicle for supplying small trade organizations. Its carrying capacity was 450-500 kg. And because of the frequent use in the transportation of confectionery, IZH-2715 was also called "Pie" and "Pirozhkovoz".

The main modifications of IZH-2715 include: the basic one with an all-metal van, IZH-27151 in the back of a pickup truck with a folding tailgate, and IZH-27156, a six-seater cargo-and-passenger version for short-term transportation of passengers. The car was exported to Latin American countries (for example, to Panama), as well as to Finland under the name "Elite PickUp".

As a power unit, the IZH-2715 was equipped with a standard UZAM-412E engine with a power of 75 hp. and derated - 68 hp in the version for gasoline A-76.

LuAZ-969 "Volyn"

LuAZ-969 "Volyn" was a small Soviet-Ukrainian off-road vehicle produced at a car factory in the city of Lutsk from 1966 to 2002. "969th" was the first "SUV" that could be bought for personal use, because. it was specially created for the needs of the villagers.

The car had a very functional uncomplicated design and the most minimal comfort. It was equipped with two types of MeMZ-969 engines, 890 cm³, 30 hp. and MeMZ-969A, with a volume of 1197 cm³, with a power of 40 hp. The initial serial copies of the LuAZ-969 were only front-wheel drive, but with a power take-off shaft to drive attachments or trailed equipment. The all-wheel drive version of LuAZ began to be produced in 1971.

The body design was semi-supporting with an integrated spar-type frame. The interior layout is even visually strongly shifted forward to ensure constant loading of the front axle in order to provide better traction with the ground. At all-wheel drive modification rotation is transmitted from the power take-off shaft from the gearbox to the gearbox rear axle using a thin shaft without hinges. There was no center differential in the design. Suspension - torsion bar on trailing arms. Drum brakes without booster.

The main modifications include: LuAZ-969A with a more powerful 40-horsepower engine and LuAZ-969M with a new shape and body trim, as well as an updated aggregate.

RAF-2203 "Latvia"

Soviet minibus produced at the RAF Riga Automobile Plant from 1976 to 1997. He successfully replaced his predecessor RAF-977. RAF-2203 became the most massive and almost the only minibus model in the USSR. It was issued 18 thousand copies a year with a total end result in 274,000 vehicles of all modifications.

The minibus, according to the original plan of the designers, was to be completely unified with the units of already existing Soviet cars. The main elements are taken from the Volga GAZ-24, wheel caps from the GAZ-21, dashboard from GAZ-24, chrome mirrors and taillights from the Moskvich-412 car.

As a power unit, an engine from the Volga GAZ-24 was installed, which was located in the cabin between the front seats. The front suspension is independent, spring, transverse levers. Shock absorbers are hydraulic, telescopic, with reinforced springs. The rear suspension is dependent, on semi-elliptical longitudinal leaf springs. The salon was divided into two compartments: for the driver and front passenger, who sat on the covers of the front wheels and the passenger compartment for 10 seats with a passage to back row seats.

The main modifications of RAF-2203 include: RAF-2203 basic passenger minibus for 10 seats, ambulance car - RAF-22031 with several subsequent upgrades, fixed-route taxi- RAF-22032 with a derated engine ZMZ-2401, as well as specialized minibuses of the traffic police RAF-22033 and fire command vehicles RAF-22034. In total, more than 90 different modifications were produced on the basis of the RAF-2203.

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In the first years after the revolution, the Soviet leadership faced a number of serious problems, and the USSR was especially far behind the developed countries of the West in terms of technology. One of major problems for the country's economy was a meager fleet of cars. Even small Finland had a large number of cars in the early 20s, and it’s not worth mentioning America or Germany at all. The problem of lagging behind was solved in the shortest possible time, and already at the end of the 30s, the USSR reached one of the first places in the world in the production of cars.

Prombron C24/45

The first attempt to start serial production of cars was made back in 1921 at the 1st BTAZ plant in Fili, aka the former Russo-Balt, which was evacuated from Riga in 1916, and was nationalized in 1918. The plant's capacities were idle for 3 years, in the 21st year they began to repair old equipment and, in parallel, manufacture sets for new machines according to old drawings. Five cars were assembled the following year, and the first car was donated by M.I. Kalinin, who rode it until 1945. In 1923, an all-Union automobile run took place, in which two Prombron C24 / 45 cars participated, 38 sets for new cars were also created and a small-scale production was being prepared. However, it did not work out to expand the production of cars, since the plant was reoriented to the production of aircraft. All available kits were transferred to the second BTAZ plant and 22 cars were assembled there, but even there the plant was redesigned and the production of passenger cars had to be postponed indefinitely.

AMO F-15

The first truly serial Soviet car was the AMO F-15 truck. It was produced at the AMO plant of the same name named after Pietro Ferrero (Moscow Automobile Society), the future ZiLe. The development of the truck was carried out on the basis of the Italian Fiat 15 ter, which was assembled from ready-made kits conducted from 1917 to 1919. In 1924, most of the drawings were received, and there were also two ready truck Fiat. The first 10 cars were assembled from ready-made kits of parts in just 6 days and this event was timed to coincide with the proletarian demonstration on November 7th. Immediately after that, the AMO F-15 vehicles went for testing, during which it was confirmed high quality cars and it was decided to establish serial production at the facilities of AMO. In 1925, only 113 cars were assembled at the plant, but production increased every year and by 1931, a total of 7,000 copies were assembled. In 1931, it was replaced by new models AMO-2 and AMO-3, and in 1933 the legendary ZiS-5 began to be produced.

AMO F-15 had pretty good technical specifications for its time and for the emerging Soviet industry, the production of such machines was very important. Its dimensions were not much larger than a modern passenger car. The length is only 5 meters, and the width is 1.7 m. The carrying capacity was only 1500 kg, and the maximum speed did not exceed 42 km / h. Engine power was 35 hp. at 1400 rpm

NAMI-1

It is NAMI-1 that can be called the first Soviet mass-produced passenger car. Its development was not purposeful, but was a project of a student of the Moscow Mechanics and Electrotechnical Institute K.A. Sharapov, who tried to combine the simplicity of a motorized stroller and the spaciousness of a car in one product. His scientific adviser E.A. Chudakov appreciated the ideas of the young engineer and after passing graduation project on his recommendation, Sharapov was hired by NAMI, where, under the leadership of Professor Brilling, a team was created to finalize the project. Full set drawings was made already in 1926 and the car was ready for the first pre-production batch. In 1927, two copies were released in different bodies, who went on the Crimea-Moscow-Crimea rally and showed their best side.

However, there were problems with the launch of the series. at the Moscow State car factory No. 4 "Avtomotor" (later "Spartak") simply did not have enough experience to establish mass production, and there were also constant interruptions in the supply of components. The final assembly took place at the Spartak plant, and almost all parts were ordered from other enterprises or abroad. Also, the workers lacked the qualifications for high-quality assembly of machines, which subsequently greatly affected the quality and final price. NAMI-1 cost almost three times more than Ford-T, which was then produced in the USSR under license, and it was simply not bought even in conditions of shortage. According to various sources, from 350 to 512 cars were produced in total, most of which were bought by Avtodor and distributed among state institutions.

However, despite the mediocre quality, NAMI-1 had good characteristics. It could accelerate to 90 km / h, its three-liter 22-horsepower engine consumed only 8-10 liters of fuel per 100 km, which was an excellent indicator for that time. Subsequently, in the early 30s, a greatly improved version of the car was created, but it did not go into the series, since in Nizhny Novgorod a new plant was being prepared for launch with a design capacity ten times greater than the capabilities of Spartak, and Fords produced under license were to become its main model.

GAZ-A and GAZ-AA

The Soviet leadership was well aware of the serious backlog of the USSR in the automotive industry and any available means were used to accelerate development. One of the most successful steps was the signing on May 1, 1929 with by Ford agreement on technical assistance for the organization and establishment of mass production of passenger cars and trucks. The plant was built in record time and already on January 1, 1932, it was opened, and on its first running conveyor under license, the production of a Ford-A passenger car and a Ford-AA truck was launched. These two models became truly the first mass-produced cars in the USSR, and the receipt of all the documentation for manufacturing made it possible to begin the development of Soviet cars, modern and not inferior to their foreign counterparts. On the basis of model A, a large number of modifications were created, and already in 1936, the GAZ-M1 became the main model at the Gorky Plant. In total, 42 thousand machines of this model were built, not counting various modifications.

Together with the documentation for the Ford-A model, the documentation for the Ford-AA cargo truck was transferred to the Soviet Union, which was maximally unified in detail with passenger car. The production of a 1.5 ton truck also began in 1932, in 1933 the first production truck was created on its basis. soviet bus GAZ-03-30. In 1938, the model received a new 50-horsepower engine and was produced in this form until 1949, and a total of 985 thousand of these trucks were produced in various modifications.

ZiS-5

By 1930, the USSR produced many different cars, however, the most important thing was missing - mass character. All factories were hand-assembled, which naturally affected both the price and the quantity of products produced. The plan of the first five-year plan included the creation of several automobile plants with a conveyor at once, and the first one was launched in 1931 at the AMO plant, later renamed ZiS (Stalin Plant). At that time, not very successful AMO-2 and AMO-3 models were produced, but by 1933 the models were completely finalized and the new ZiS-5 went into mass production. On the full power the plant came out by 1934, when up to 1500 cars were produced monthly. But the main advantage of the new car was the fact that all the details were domestic production and it was not required to pay for licenses and the help of foreign specialists.

The technical characteristics of the car also looked very worthy for its time. The ZiS-5 was equipped with a 5.5 liter engine, which had a power of 73 hp. The carrying capacity was 3000 kg, while it could still be equipped with a trailer weighing up to 3500 kg. The maximum speed is 60 km/h. The design turned out to be so successful that it was produced in various modifications until 1958, and a total of 570 thousand copies were produced.

I-5

Management Soviet Union perfectly understood that if the entire line of automotive products is not produced, then it will have to be bought abroad and depend on Western states. If there were fewer problems with light and medium trucks, then heavy trucks in the union were not produced by the 30s, but for large-scale construction projects of the first five-year plans they were very necessary. The first heavy truck in the USSR can be called the Ya-5, which was capable of carrying up to 5 tons. However, only 2200 units were produced, as it was equipped with American engines, which had to be abandoned. Later, they began to install engines from the ZiS-5, but they did not provide the necessary power and, for the sake of traction characteristics, the maximum speed had to be reduced. On the basis of the Ya-5, several models were created, including the most load-lifting, eight-ton YaG-12.

If in the mid-20s it can be said about the Soviet automotive industry that it practically did not exist, then after only 10 years several giant factories were launched at once, which allowed the USSR to become one of the leaders in the industry in terms of the number of cars produced, and by 40 He also managed to catch up in quality, and the new ZiSs, GAZs, Yaroslavl cars were just as good as their foreign counterparts, and all the needs of the country were fully met. During the first five-year plan, new KIM and GAZ plants were built, and significant funds were invested in the modernization of such enterprises as AMO (ZiS), Putilovsky Plant, YaGAZ and other smaller plants. In terms of the production of trucks, the USSR completely came in second place, second only to the United States in this indicator. By 1941, the all-time milestone of 1 million cars had been reached. different brands, and in 1940, 145 thousand different cars were produced.

Hello dear readers, today we will present to your attention best cars THE USSR. As you understand, our TOP will include those cars that were popular among the population of the Soviet Union back in the middle of the 20th century. Perhaps you will meet some of them on the modern roads of the country. The list will be quite large, so I propose to immediately proceed to its consideration.

ZAZ 968

The well-known "Zaporozhets" was quite popular during the Soviet Union. In particular, this applies to the ZAZ 968 model. It was the dream of many. It was produced right up to 1994, but with the advent of more advanced technology, it gradually disappeared into history. Special modifications of this Zaporozhye giant were created, which were specially intended for the disabled. Engine power of 30 liters. from. in those years it was quite enough for trips around the city. In those days, in the first place was not speed, but quality. ZAZ 968 fully met the needs of the inhabitants of the Soviet Union.

Moskvich 412

This is the ninth place in our ranking. Even today you can find this model on the roads of our country. The peak of popularity of the steel horse came in the mid-70s. An engine capacity of 1.5 liters was enough to compete even with foreign brands which were quite rare then. Motor power - 72 liters. from. For the time it was pretty good. Our country in the 70s even exported the model to foreign countries. Moreover, the geography of distribution was quite wide.

VAZ 2107

The famous seven, which has not been published for just a couple of years, is in 8th place in our rating. In the early 80s, this particular brand was one of the most popular. Then she did it conscientiously. Engine power - 74 liters. from. It's just perfect for that time. At the same time, the car was very economical, and consumed only 7 liters of gasoline per 100 km. The design for that time is simply progressive. Today used model can be purchased at any car market for an affordable price, but since the 90s, the quality of the brand has deteriorated significantly.

GAZ 12 ZIM

Just a chic car that was produced in the Soviet Union from 1948 to 1960. That period was the peak of its popularity. Today it can only be found in the collection of rich oligarchs. The engine of the brand worked on the 72nd gasoline. The engine power was enough for the city of that time. This work of art was sometimes used as a taxi.

VAZ 2103

Sixth place goes to the VAZ 2103. A typical Zhiguli, which was developed jointly with the Italian company Fiat. It was produced at the Volga Automobile Plant from 1972 to 1984. The four-cylinder engine was capable of accelerating to hundreds in 16 seconds. Its power was 77 liters. from. Today, cars can be found on the streets of our country, but every year there are fewer and fewer representatives of this family.

VAZ 2108

The top five is opened by the VAZ 2108, which in the mid-80s made a revolutionary revolution in terms of design. After that, Soviet brands began to have a very respectable appearance. Years of release - 1984-2003. The standard engine had a power of 64 hp. from. At the same time, it allowed to accelerate to a speed of 100 km / h in 15 s. A very economical brand that consumed only 5.4 l / 100 km.

GAZ 2410

Our beloved Volga is on the 4th position of our list. It was produced for a relatively short time, only 7 years, starting in 1985 and ending in 1992. The 2.5 liter engine had a power of 100 hp. from. For that time, very good indicators. At the same time, a person bought at his disposal a fairly roomy steel horse. There is even a limousine.

Volga 21

The Volga 21 opens the top three. It was produced from 1955 to 1970. The iron horse was produced in several modifications at once. At the same time, it was accessible to the middle class of the population of the Soviet Union. Perhaps that is why it became popular. The 2.5-liter engine had a power of 75 hp. from. Today, a car can be found on the roads of the country, but this happens less and less. The model cannot be called economical. It consumes in mixed mode 15 l / 100 km.

Of course, the vast majority of these cars are big black sedans for the party elite. However, in the development in the Union there were also such “folk” copies, which are still expensive to look at today. But let's start with BChS.

This beautiful black sedan replaced the outdated ZIS-110, which was not included in our selection only because its 8 cylinders under the hood were arranged in a row, not at an angle. But ZIL-111 received new motor with a similar marking, which had 6 liters of working volume, two hundred Horse power and a torque of 442 Nm. In tandem with him, a dual-range torque converter "automatic" worked.

On the basis of this sedan, the ZIL-111V phaeton, the successor to the ZIS-110V executive convertible, was also developed a little later.

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This, in turn, is the heir to the ZIL-111 - already at that time it was necessary to follow the automotive fashion so as not to “oversleep” the current design trends. New sedan received a new motor - of course, with the same markings as the sedan itself. This carburetor unit already gave out 300 forces with a volume that had grown to 7 liters, and the torque increased to 559 Nm. The automatic transmission, with which the new motor worked, also received an additional step.

In the photo: ZIL-114 "1967–71

Of course, several special modifications were also produced on the basis of the ZIL-114. One of these is the ZIL-114A station wagon, which received a medical specialty. In the USSR, such machines were called "Black Doctors".

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This is a shortened version of the ZIL-117 limousine, which received the same technical basis, which is the original. The seven-liter ZIL-114 engine, with a reduced weight of the car, provided more confident dynamics, and a decrease in the base had a positive effect on handling.

In the photo: ZIL-117 "1971–77

ZIL-117 also did not escape popularity as the basis for special vehicles. In addition to copies for the special services, a two-door phaeton with a cloth awning was also produced - such cars participated in parades on Red Square.

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The limousine, which was supposed to receive the name ZIL-115 as the legal successor to the previous car in the collection, became known as the ZIL-4104 due to the change in the index system. The same name was given to its engine - V 8 with a volume of 7.7 liters. This unit received a slight increase in power relative to its predecessor - it increased to 315 hp, but the torque increased more noticeably, to 608 Nm. The motor retained the main features: an aluminum block with cast iron sleeves, two valves per cylinder, valve lifters and carburetor system nutrition.

In the photo: ZIL-4104 "1978–83

The government limousine traditionally went to serve in various departments, receiving various modifications. In addition to the ZIL-41044 phaeton, there was also a “short” sedan ZIL-41041, and the “Black Doctor” ZIL-41042, and a special version of the ZIL-41072 “Scorpion”, and many other special vehicles.

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This car has become a cosmetic update of the ZIL-4104: this is clear even from the name. Having saved technical part and the body are unchanged, it received new lighting equipment, a modernized version of the design of the front end and a different style of chrome elements on the body.

In the photo: ZIL-41045 "1983–85

This is the last update of the ZIL-4104: such cars were produced until 2002, and after that they began to be produced piece by piece on special orders. The car was again left technically unchanged, but refreshed from the outside, making the exterior stricter and “square”.

In the photo: ZIL-41047 "1986–2008

This car, unlike most Zilov cars, did not become serial. Initially, it was supposed to replace the "short" ZIL-41041, having received a modern appearance and new technical stuffing. The appearance of the new car was noticeably “more democratic” than that of the rest of the family, but the equipment was not inferior to them.

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The same ZIL-4104 engine with a volume of 7.7 liters and a power of 315 hp was placed under the hood, and the main technical distinction the new car was the lack of a frame - they planned to transfer it to a load-bearing body. However, the car did not receive development, remaining to exist in two copies, on which technical solutions and options for internal equipment were worked out.

In the photo: Under the hood of the ZIL-4102 Experienced "1988

ZIL-118 "Youth"

ZIL-118 "Youth" is not a passenger car, but a minibus, but we simply could not ignore it: its appearance was too chic - however, only in the first incarnation. The history of this curious car, but here we offer just to admire this example of the style of its time and class.

In the photo: ZIL-118 "Youth" "1962–70

Finishing the speech about Zilov cars, you can take a break from black sedans: in the history of the plant there were sports cars. One of these is the ZIL-112S: a fast roadster with a fiberglass body. Not one, but two different V-shaped “eights” could be installed on it. The first had 6 liters of working volume and developed 240 hp, and the second - already 7 liters, which at different times gave from 270 to 300 horsepower. The maximum speed of the roadster was about 270 km / h, and acceleration to hundreds took less than 5 seconds.

GAZ-13 "Seagull" is another legend of the Soviet automobile industry. Having absorbed the style of foreign cars of that time, it looked luxurious, bold and solid at the same time. The GAZ-13 engine was a match for the exterior: a 5.5-liter V 8 produced 195 hp. and 412 Nm. It had two valves per cylinder and an aluminum block, and was combined with a three-stage automatic transmission. In addition to it, the GAZ-13D engine was installed on the car, which, with the same volume and torque, already had 215 hp.

In the photo: GAZ-13 "Seagull" "1959–81

Of course, it was not without various modifications and based on gas machines. So, for example, Chaika had an open version with a soft top, bearing the GAZ-13B index.

In the photo: GAZ-13B "Seagull" "1961–62

The successor of the first Seagull, new car under the GAZ-14 index, it began to look completely different - stricter, simpler and more angular, approaching Zilovsky limousines in its style. Twin headlights, a long and low profile, a dosed amount of chrome - this was the Seagull in the second generation. At the same time, the GAZ-14 engine was registered under the hood, developed on the basis of the same GAZ-13 and having 5.5 liters, but a little more power and torque - 220 hp. and 450 Nm, respectively. It was fed by not one, but two carburetors at once.

In the photo: GAZ-14 "Seagull" "1976–89

On the basis of the "second" Chaika, both the traditional phaeton for parades under the GAZ-14-05 index, and the Black Doctor GAZ-RAF-3920 were created.

In the photo: GAZ-14-05 and GAZ-RAF-3920

A separate caste of powerful gas vehicles with V 8 is cars for special services, the so-called. GAZ-23 - a sedan based on the GAZ-21, which received a reinforced body, adapted to install a slightly modernized power unit from Chaika. The ZMZ-23 engine had a volume of 5.5 liters and 195 hp. power, accelerating the sedan to one hundred kilometers per hour in 16 seconds and providing a top speed of 160 km / h. Of course, under the new technical realities, not only the body was finalized, but also brake system, and transmission, and chassis.

In the photo: GAZ-23 "Volga" "1962–70

This sedan replaced the GAZ-23. The new "catch-up" also received an upgraded engine from Chaika and automatic transmission: with a 5.5-liter ZMZ-2424, according to various sources, it accelerated to 160-180 km / h.

In the photo: GAZ-24-24 "Volga"

The logical development of the model was the GAZ-24-34, which received a body from the GAZ-24-10, in which, according to a well-established scheme, a V 8 and a three-stage “automatic” were installed, simultaneously modifying all the main components of the car.

In the photo: GAZ-24-34 "Volga" "1987–93

This little known car was supposed to become a representative car of a new generation, not just replacing Chaika, but becoming much more modern and technologically advanced, and at the same time compact. Judge for yourself how many technical innovations were put into the car at the creation stage: four-wheel drive with forced locking of the center differential, disc brakes on all wheels, hydraulic booster, climate control, original body glazing ... and this is only a small part of the interesting technical solutions - we talked in detail about