Let us remind you that TRIZ is an obligatory part of classes at the Eidos Center. TRIZ is a theory of inventive problem solving. Formed by Heinrich Altshuller in the 70-80s of the last century. TRIZ is an applied science that requires constant practical use.

TRIZ helps to find STRONG solutions to the problem without trial and error, without a continuous enumeration of options. This solution is referred to as IFR (ideal end result).

The most effective solution to a problem is one that is achieved only at the expense of existing resources. In practice, the ideal end result is rarely fully achievable, but it serves as a guideline.

When looking for an IFR, you will definitely come across a CONTRADICTION.

Attempts to change in order to improve some parameters of the system lead to the deterioration of other parameters. For example, an increase in the strength of an aircraft wing can lead to an increase in its weight, and vice versa - lightening the wing leads to a decrease in its strength. There is a conflict in the system.

Example:

Geologists conducting research in Alaska complained about foxes that gnawed through the cables coming from the measuring instruments.

Contradiction: Foxes should not gnaw on wires, because. people are harmed by this, and foxes gnaw on wires (this is the reality).

An example of conflict resolution: Cayenne pepper is introduced into the sheath of the wires, the hottest variety known. And the attacks of foxes immediately stop.

We will talk more about the elimination of contradictions in the following articles.

Now try to solve a creative problem:

To wipe the nose of the customer or David?

In 1504, in Florence, Michelangelo Buanorotti was finishing work on a five-meter statue of David. Pierre Soderini, then mayor of the city, came to see how the work was going. He liked the statue. However, coming closer to her and looking up, where the master was working at that time, he said that David's nose, in his opinion, was too big. Michelangelo was at a loss: if you make corrections, the harmony of the sculpture will be disturbed, but if you don’t make it, you can quarrel with the customer and not get money. What should Michelangelo do?

But first, ask yourself these questions:

What parts does the system consist of, how do they interact?
- Which connections are harmful, interfering, which are neutral, and which are useful?
- Which parts and connections can be changed, and which cannot?
- What changes lead to the improvement of the system, and what - to the deterioration?

WHAT DOES A MANAGER MEAN WHEN SAYS "DO A GOOD WORK"?

HOW TO GET WORK FOR THE FINAL RESULT FROM EMPLOYEES?

All managers require employees to work towards the “end result”. But in practice, both of them do not always clearly understand what these words mean and how exactly to achieve such a result.

The leader says: "We must work well." Everyone understands this in their own way. For one, this means getting to work on time. For another - that you need to prepare and submit reports with high quality. For the third - to prevent marriage in the production of sausages. For the fourth, it means serving the customer well. The fifth one thinks that he always works conscientiously and does a good job... So what did you mean, gentlemen leaders?

In order to evaluate the work in terms of the final result, it is important for us to begin by formulating (for ourselves so far) as clearly as possible (and often better in the language of numbers) how it will be measured.

And it is important to remember that the more specifically we formulate this ultimate goal to our employees, the higher will be the likelihood that, firstly, they will understand us, and secondly, we will achieve results.

On the contrary, when we avoid a specific description of what exactly needs to be done, but only encourage employees to do their best, in reality, what was required by the job description is not being done.

AGREE WITH EMPLOYEES:

When you have figured out what you mean by work "for the final result", the task arises for you - to convey these criteria to employees,

School management

so that the staff also clearly understand how you and they will know (by what criteria?) that the result has been achieved. And what do you mean by "good work".

So, if your sellers have to sell three pieces of equipment per month, each transaction must be in the amount of at least 200,000 thousand rubles, does it mean that the result of the seller’s good work by the end of the month is money received from customers to your company’s account in the amount of 600,000 rubles? And is it necessary from three clients? Or is it still important that at least three pieces of equipment be sold? Or are we talking about at least three transactions, while the subject of the transaction can be both related equipment and services? If it is important for you that there are exactly three transactions, then the “final result” in the understanding of the employee should be as follows: three transactions with different clients carried out by the reporting period. In this case, you will create the following motivation system: your employees will try to find more and more new customers, constantly expanding the market. But sales managers will want to know if it is possible (in the most extreme case), when there are no three transactions, to consider as the “end result” the one transaction they made, but for the same amount - 600,000 rubles?

In other words, figure it out: do you control the turnover, or the number of transactions, or maybe something else? And in this case, do your employees know what exactly you are checking? Employees will know this for sure, especially when you back it up with appropriate financial motivation. For example, tie their salary to the number of transactions.

Often the final results of labor are confused with the intermediate results that must be achieved in order to arrive at the main result. For example, for a telephone marketing manager, is 40 calls a day an end result or an intermediate result? Yes, if you and the employee do not care how they ended, as long as “40” was written in the report for the day. Not if you want completed sales or clear appointments at the exit.

It's not just employees who get confused.

One head of the sales department, whom the management reproached for not fulfilling the plan, was glad that in his department the financial turnover increased by 10% every month and so - within six months. He was very proud of this, called this figure " good result”of his leadership work and claimed that his salespeople thereby work for the final result. The management of the company disappointed this boss. It was explained to him that the end result of the work of this department is a 100% completed monthly sales plan (albeit in a “bash”). For more than half a year, the department brought losses to the company, only 30% of the established plan was fulfilled here. As for the increase in turnover by 10% monthly, this figure does not show the final result, but states at what speed the department is moving towards fulfilling the 100% sales plan. That is, it reflects a certain process or path, movement, so to speak. With the help of this figure, we can make calculations and find out that at such a pace of work,

Chapter 4. How to get employees to work for the final result?

After approximately 20 months, the department will reach the originally planned result, having achieved 100% of the plan.

Another important question that arose in this company: why did the head of the sales department not achieve his goal for the whole six months of work?

The head of this department was appointed almost by accident. A vacancy opened up, he was offered, he accepted. It was important for him to grow, and another growth in the company at that time was not expected. The product that this department sells is not interesting to him then or now. While managing this department, he himself was still involved in larger sales. As a result, he did not believe that this product could be successfully sold, and therefore, deep down, he considered the individual sales plans of his employees to be too high. As a result, in his interaction with the staff, he never refers to the figures of the plan. When asked by the sales director, when was the last time this boss gave the employees the exact number of the plan that each of them must fulfill, the boss said that he did not remember it. He always motivated people by telling them to “do a good job and fulfill the sales plan,” and it was not customary to say which one.

This example shows that if you leave everything as it is, neither in twenty months, nor in five years, this department will not come to the final result.

It turns out that managers expect results from their employees in their work, often not realizing that they themselves do not believe in the final result of work!

“The ideal end result can be likened to a rope, holding on to which a climber makes an ascent of a steep slope. The rope does not pull up, but it gives support and does not allow you to slide down. It is enough to release the rope from the hands - the fall is inevitable ”(Heinrich Altshuller)

RBI - Ideal End Result is one of the basic concepts of TRIZ. IFR is an image of solving a task (problem) with minimal (ideally zero) resource costs (labor, money, information, time, space, people, etc.), without complications and undesirable effects.

Real life example: A boy of eight years old was locked in a room by his sister. He faced a problem: how to get out? Use force, threats, raise a cry? But the door is too strong, there is no one at home, except for his sister, and no one will hear him ... He thought and made his sister SAMA open the door for him. The boy pulled up a chair on his side of the door and said, “Look, I THAT LOCKED YOU!” Within a few seconds, the sister herself opened the door, freeing herself "from captivity."

The boy can be called savvy by nature, but such resourcefulness, the ability to get out of the current situation in an unconventional way, can be learned with the help of TRIZ.

When formulating the IFR, it is desirable to use the word "Sam" (Sama, Samo, Sami). Commonly used ICT formulations are:

The CAMA system performs this function;

There is no system, but its functions are performed;

The function is not needed.

Do not think whether it is real or impossible to achieve it, doable or not doable, doable or not. Be creative!

How to put it in real PERFECT end result?

Do not guess in advance the degree of reality of the feasible. Ideality is a forward-upward direction. The bottom line is that any task must be solved in the direction of increasing ideality, striving for the ideal.

Do not think in advance how and in what ways the IFR will be achieved.

Use IFR keywords such as Sam, Samo, Sam, etc. The action should be performed by itself without additional mechanisms, devices, etc.

Imagine that you have a magic wand and what the result will be if you just wave it and say, for example: “Cribble crab boom!” (This technique will remove psychological inertia, you will eliminate the path to achieve the goal and focus on the end result).

Maximize the use of existing resources (material, energy, material, etc., primarily "free").

Use the ideal solution template: " everything remains unchanged, but the desired result is achieved" or " everything remains the same, but the unwanted effect is gone».

The acquisition of a useful quality or the elimination of a harmful one should not be accompanied by the deterioration of other qualities or the appearance of a harmful quality.

How can a preschooler be trained to seek, find, and formulate an Ideal End Result? Of course, with the help of game tasks and exercises, actively using fiction.

"Help Tanya get the ball"

Read to the child a poem by A.L. Barto "Our Tanya is crying loudly." Suggest thinking - how can you get the ball? Listen carefully to all the child's suggestions (trial and error), gently guiding him.

Take a wand. - Wonderful! But if the puddle is too big... You can't get the ball with a stick...

Go into the puddle and get the ball. - Great! But look, Tanya is in sandals, she will get her feet wet...

Let her go home then and put on her rubber boots. But the puddle is too deep, the water will get into the boots ...

Suggest your Ideal End Result: how can you make the ball CAM float to Tanya?

The range of options narrows, all actions are already performed with the ball: blow on it, create waves, throw pebbles, etc.

"The Robinson Crusoe Method"

It does not matter if the child is still too young to get acquainted with the work of D. Defoe. For fantasizing, you can use any available work.

We read "Aibolit" - wonderful!

Would you like to visit Africa? ... - You and I flew to Africa, but our plane broke down ... We need to build a house until dad saves us to protect ourselves from the sun, hurricane and wild animals; we need something to eat; we need to make clothes out of something, etc.

"The Magical Disappearance of an Object"

Draw the child's attention to any household items and suggest imagining what would happen if one morning everyone woke up, but ... there were no forks (chairs, cabinets, shoes, etc.) ... What should I do?

After checking for ideality (there is no object, but its function is being performed), tell the child that in ancient times these objects really did not exist, you can illustrate how people did without them (this will lead the child to a systematic approach, which we will talk about later); if the child is able to fantasize, offer to come up with what this object might look like in the future).

"The robot is broken"

“In a certain kingdom, in a certain state, in one small town with very small inhabitants (you can think up the beginning of a fairy tale yourself), all items for the inhabitants were made by a robot. And one day it broke. Instead of brick for houses, furniture, clothes, asphalt for sidewalks, etc. he began to make only ... rulers (plates, albums, flower pots, etc.). How can residents use these rulers in their lives?

From personal experience: use of substitute items - milestone in the development of play activities of preschoolers. I don’t even know if such an abundance of “almost like real” toys in the modern toy industry is for the benefit of children. What our children just don’t have for playing, for example, “to the store” - and scales, and a cash register, and even plastic money-coins, and buns, sausages, eggs, milk cartons, etc. You don’t need to invent anything (brick pies, eggs - balls from rattles, money from finely torn album sheets or - aerobatics! - made by transferring a real coin through thin paper with the back of a pencil) - everything is already ready.

But even now I observe a huge thirst for children to invent, fantasize. It is very important not to extinguish this spark. In our kindergarten we regularly hold children's and family art competitions to stimulate the creative potential of pupils. How unusual to make a Christmas tree? (IFR - there is no Christmas tree, but something performs its function). The competition was attended by works made of paper, pasta, plastic bottles, thread, tinsel, natural and waste material. How to tell about your street? (The object speaks about itself) Layouts, drawings, collages, computer presentations were presented.

Tell us in the comments what you and your child did to achieve or get closer to the IFR when solving any creative, non-standard tasks.

And what does a car cost society? The answer to this question is as difficult as it is important.

At the dawn of motoring, there was a frantic struggle to increase the speed of the car. Immediately there was a problem of stability on the road, especially when cornering. The car became lower, longer, wider. The bearing part became heavier - the frame, the base of the body. In order to move faster and accelerate, more and more powerful engine- and intensifies chassis: gearbox, cardan gear, driving wheels.

The requirements for the reliability of brakes are growing - and the mechanical drive is being replaced by hydraulic, and then pneumatic. A compressor appears, and with it a whole pneumatic system ... The suspension is improved - springs, shock absorbers, level stabilizers. To ensure the safety of passengers in a collision, the body is made of thicker metal.

Again, the weight and dimensions are growing ... And all this to transport one or two, maximum 7-8 people!

It only seems that the car is on four wheels. In fact, it is an octopus with hundreds of thousands of hands. In the US, for example, one in six workers work for him directly or indirectly. Consider for yourself: approximately 10 million cars are produced annually.

They use hundreds of types of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, non-metallic materials (plastics, leather, fabrics, etc.), radio engineering, varnishes, paints, glass, rubber, fuels, lubricants ...

The production of all this does not pass without a trace for the environment, it gives rise to a lot of environmental problems.

Design offices, laboratories, test benches and ranges. Automatic lines and robots for the manufacture of thousands of parts every second. Kilometer assembly lines. Computers and computers for CNC machines, for planning, collecting and analyzing information ... More? You are welcome!

We need roads. In the United States, roads now occupy about 10% of the country's area. Their construction and maintenance require a huge fleet of special machines that can extract materials, pour them, fasten them, cover with asphalt and concrete, apply marking lines ...

A car, like any car, sometimes breaks down. You need equipment and tools for repairs. Thousands and thousands of auto repair shops. Gas stations, oil producing enterprises and refineries, a network of pipelines and giant oil tankers. Again, environmental issues.

The car must be stored somewhere. And huge areas of the territory of cities are allocated for garage complexes. It is necessary to maintain order on the roads, and a special national traffic police service is being created.

Accidents happen on the roads, people are killed or maimed. This means that we need medicines, first aid kits, ambulance stations, hospitals and sanatoriums. And funeral teams...

Not cheap, however, the car is very expensive!

Any system, be it a car or a fishing rod, is created and exists not for its own sake, but for the sake of performing some useful function for a person. So, the main useful function of a car is to move people and goods from place to place.

Strictly speaking, a person needs this function, and not at all the system that performs this function, giving rise to a mountain of all sorts of problems.

From this point of view, TRIZ has the concept of an ideal system:

An ideal system is a system that does not exist, but whose function is performed.

By the way, Pushkin's Baba Yaga had a vehicle close to ideal: her stupa moved “by itself”. But the stupa itself was still there, you had to get into it, you had to get out of it, so this vehicle is not one hundred percent perfect.

Fully perfect option the car looks like this: there is no car at all, but you arrive at a given point at the right time.

And you don't need a rod. You need the function it performs. And what is its main function? Throw a worm, hook and pull out a fish that will swallow this worm.

Think about the question of the “ideal fish” for yourself. Just don’t think that such a fish should take off its own scales, gut and dive into the bowl with the fish soup. Indeed, in an ideal ear there should not be fish, but its smell, taste and nutritional value should be.

From all this follows one practically very important position:

All systems develop in the direction of increasing the degree of their ideality.

In TRIZ, other laws of system evolution (ZRS) have also been identified, but this law - the law of increasing the degree of ideality of systems - is perhaps the most important among them.

When solving specific inventive problems, this law makes it possible to abandon many empty samples and immediately formulate the ideal answer to the problem - the ideal final result (IFR). As in the case of the worm. The ideal worm itself falls into the water, holds itself there, and itself extracts the fish that has eaten it from the water.

Sometimes this is enough to solve the problem.

Of course, in most cases it is not possible to obtain IFR in its pure form. The meaning here is somewhat different. Setting the IFR allows you to immediately choose right direction work, narrow the search area and concentrate efforts on finding strong solutions to the problem.

Let us illustrate the effect of the law of increasing the degree of ideality on the example of a technical system.

The serial car "Niva" weighs 1150 kg and has a 53 kW engine (about 70 hp). To participate in international auto racing, the Niva was modernized: a boosted engine was installed, which developed power up to 200 hp. with., and the weight of the entire car was reduced to 700 kg.

The numbers of absolute (arithmetic) change usually say little: it was - it became. Relative indicators speak much more. Previously, each Horsepower engine carried 1150 kg: 70 liters. With. = 13.5 kg/l. With.

Now each “horse” carries only 700 kg: 200 hp. With. = 3.5 kg/l. With. Almost four times less!

Can city officials make a million out of nothing? Out of nowhere, unknown. And from zero - for sure, they can! The fact is that in Madrid, on one of the central squares, from where the mileage of roads in Spain is measured, a bronze zero is laid in the asphalt. Most of the tourists visiting the city are traditionally photographed at the Madrid zero. Naturally, for a fee that goes to the city treasury ...

Task 1. The fight against reckless drivers on the roads is an important task of the traffic safety service. Of course, in the presence of a traffic cop, all drivers strictly follow the rules, but on all roads and intersections you can’t put a traffic cop on. How to be?

This problem is solved in all countries. In Japan, for example, on one far from perfect day for local reckless drivers, the number of police officers on the roads has sharply increased. Seeing a policeman, the reckless driver had to quickly slow down and comply with all other traffic rules.

And only when they got closer, the drivers noticed with annoyance that most of the “cops” were dummies! But there were some real ones...

Replacing an object with its copy is one of the typical techniques used in TRIZ. But now we will pay attention to something else: there is no object (a living policeman), but its function (traffic control) is performed.

Here's another example.

Task 2. On the Crimean coast, it was necessary to fill up a new beach. It was supposed to be covered with pebbles - rounded pebbles, but only gravel was available - stones with sharp edges. What to do? Take out pebbles from other beaches? Invent a machine for processing gravel?

It was decided to use the gift power of the surf. Barges with gravel were unloaded directly into the sea, two hundred meters from the shore. The rest was done by the waves: they rolled over the sharp edges of the stones and carried them ashore.

As you can see, both examples illustrate the law of ideality well. When using this law to solve problems, it is important not to forget the word “self” (“self”, “self”). There is no trick or trick here. Remembering that the system itself, through the use of resources, achieves the required action, we immediately cut off a lot of weak and helpless solutions.

Indeed, the drivers themselves (without the presence of a living policeman) began to abide by the rules, the sea current itself (without the involvement of cars) ran around the edges of the stones, the tourists themselves (without insistence and requests) replenish the city treasury of Madrid ..

Perfect end result

The solution of mathematical problems and tasks "for ingenuity" is often performed using the "by contradiction" method. The essence of the method is that the solution of the problem starts from the end. Determine the end result - the answer. Having understood it, they "pave" the way to the beginning, that is, they solve the problem.

It would be tempting to solve technical problems in a similar way. But how do you know the answer?

Indeed, when solving technical problems, the answer is not known, but you can go further ... You can imagine the ideal of the device being developed - the ideal device - ideal end result (IFR).

RBI- a beacon to which one should strive when solving a problem.

RBI- a solution that we would like to see in our dreams, carried out by fantastic creatures or means (magic wand). For example, a road exists only where the wheels of a vehicle touch it.

Ideal technical system - this is a system that does not exist, and its functions are performed, i.e. goals are achieved without means.

IFR of the vehicle - when it is not there, and the cargo is transported (the cargo itself moves in the right direction at the required speed). Enough technical systems, in the name of which there is the word MYSELF. For example, a dump truck (the original view of the dump truck, which allows you to tip over the body almost independently, is shown in Fig. 13).

CAM - means without the direct participation of a person. Previously contributed to this mechanization, now automation and cybernetization, in particular, computerization. Washing machine SAMA (according to the program) performs necessary work. The CAM computer translates text, makes cartoons, or designs certain objects.

About ideal devices dream and explorers of the ocean depths:

Example 1

The ideal life-saving equipment on the water is an unsinkable boat in all weather conditions.

"... shipbuilding companies in a number of countries have developed the design of an" unsinkable "rescue boat, completely sealed and accommodating 35 people in the cockpit, who attach themselves to the seats with rescue belts. The boat is made of durable lightweight material and can eject from height of 25 m. Even having gone under water, it again floats to the surface, assuming a normal position.

One of the main features of the "ideal device" ("ideal system") is that it should appear only at the moment when it is necessary to perform useful work, and at this time the system bears 100% of the calculated load. At all other times, this system should not exist or it should perform other useful work. This property has long been familiar to us from fairy tales - "Self-assembled tablecloth", etc.

Many examples can be given from life; all retractable, foldable and inflatable items. For example, folding and attached furniture (table, armchair, sofa, bed, etc.), inflatable items (boats, life jackets, mattresses, watercresses, pontoons, etc.)

Example 2

To save people in the event of an emergency landing of an aircraft on water, British engineers have developed a rescue device, which is a pontoon that automatically inflates compressed air. ("Unsinkable Boat". Panorama, Science and Technology, 1979, No. 6, p. 34).

Second feature perfect car or ideal device , what it doesn't exist at all, a Work which they must fulfill produced by itself (using a magic wand).

The perfect truck- it body moving the load. All other parts of the truck are superfluous, they are only necessary to achieve this goal.

vehicle RBI - when he is not, and the cargo is transported(the cargo "self" moves in the right direction at the right speed).

Let us give examples of the ideality property.

Example 3

" Car seat belts need to be changed periodically. This is due to concerns that the material is weakened. They invented a tape that by its appearance will show when to change it. "(Inventor and Rationalizer, 1977, No. 8, MI 0801).

Example 4

"A layer of colored paint is applied to the tread pattern and the mileage traveled by the car until the applied layer is worn off is recorded. This method of assessing tire wear is simple, suitable for studying the durability of new types and designs." This method can be used when inspecting tires for replacement. (Inventor and Innovator, 1974, No. 9, MI 0946).

Example 5

Window glass needs to be washed. It is quite difficult and time-consuming to carry out this operation in workshops with high and large windows. If the workshops are "glazed" with lavsan film, then when a light breeze blows, the film sheds dust from itself. This film is transparent, light, and is not afraid of hydrofluoric acid vapors. Lightweight frames can be used to "glaze" windows with such a film.

Example 6

The contact of rubbing surfaces made of steel leads to their wear, so the interaction area is lubricated.

Polish experts say that any steel will become self-lubricating(IFR), without losing their best mechanical properties, if 0.3% lead is added to it. Can improve cutting speed, extend tool life. (Inventor and Innovator, 1975, No. 2, MI 0203).

Example 7

In bolted connections, so that the nut itself does not turn away during operation, a second (counter) nut is screwed onto the bolt.

The ideal in this case would be "the nut secures itself (counter)". Now there are already many different designs of self-locking nuts. One of them.

The nut is securely held in place by sharp-edged teeth located at the end, which are directed tangentially to the threaded hole and have an inclination of 7-10°. This solution allows you to use self-locking nuts repeatedly. At the same time, the terms of installation and dismantling are reduced by 30%, the reliability of connections is increased and the range of fasteners is reduced. Such a nut is especially necessary for those connections that experience loads of various nature. (Socialist Industry, No. 170 (3062), 07/26/79, p.4 "Self-locking nut").

In the case of bolted connections without a nut, the lock must be MYSELF bolt "... on the end surface of the head (in this case, a bolt, but it may also be a nut), facing the part to be connected, concentric pointed annular protrusions are made (Fig. 16)" . (A.S. No. 297812, BI, 1971, No. 10. p. 124).

Striving for the ideal is a general trend in the development of technical systems.

V Vehicle ah, this trend is manifested, in particular, in a steady increase in the share of their use of useful weight. This explains the increase in the displacement of ships, especially tankers. (Logachev S.I. Marine tankers. - L .: Shipbuilding, 1970, p. 28).

Example 8

A tanker with a displacement of 3,000 tons usefully uses 57% of its displacement, and a tanker with a displacement of more than 200,000 tons - 86% (Fig. 17). (Logachev S.I. Marine tankers. 1970, pp. 42-43), thus approaching the ideal.

Example 9

"The processing of parts with abrasive wheels is accompanied by an increase in temperature in the contact zone, which adversely affects the surface layer of the part and increases the wear of the wheel itself.

IFR in this case - the circle itself protects the part and itself from overheating.

It is interesting to note that the desire for an ideal is inherent not only in the technical system as a whole, but also in its individual parts and processes occurring in them.

Ideal Substance

Ideal Substance - substances No, a its functions(strength, impermeability, etc.) remain. That is why in modern courts the tendency is to use all lighter and stronger materials , that is, materials with an increasing specific strength and rigidity.

Task. Power transistors

Let us define the ideal final result in the problem of high-power transistors. Radiator RFI(heat sink) - missing radiator , providing full heat dissipation from the transistor.

There should be no radiator, and the heat must be removed by the transistor itself, or the radiator should appear only when the transistor begins to overheat, or the radiator should be moved outside the given radio electrical equipment (REA), or some other element should play the role of a radiator. Thus, the directions of the solution are set.

In the first direction, should follow the path of creating transistor without power loss so that the problem of heat removal does not arise. This direction is the most difficult and, as a rule, not suitable for the development of REA.

Quite acceptable second direction, because you can create a heat conductor with titanium nickelide (nitinol) petals - a material that has shape memory effect . (A.S. No. 958 837). At normal temperature, the petals are pressed against the transistor, and when the temperature rises beyond the permissible limits, they are bent, increasing the heat sink area.

The removal of the heat sink from the REA - the third direction - is implemented quite simply by placing the radiator together with the transistor on the outer wall of the block, as is done in measuring instruments: digital voltmeters and frequency meters. Or you can use a heat pipe, which allows you to divert locally generated heat to a considerable distance from its source.

The use of elements available in the block for heat removal (fourth direction) is a solution similar to a radio-electronic module containing, in addition to heat-loaded semiconductor devices, elements with heat-conducting housings, for example, an electromagnetic relay that perform their functions. (A.S. No. 847 537). To reduce the dimensions of the module, the relays are arranged in two rows, and heat-loaded elements are placed between the rows with the possibility of thermal contact with the heat-conducting relay housings.

Example 10

The ideal body of an underwater vehicle should have a minimum relative mass, which is primarily ensured by the qualities of the material: its low density, high specific strength and rigidity, representing, respectively, the ratios of the yield strength and modulus of elasticity to the density of the material. (Dmitriev A.N. Design of underwater vehicles. - L: Shipbuilding, 1978, p. 72).

Therefore, the hulls of modern underwater vehicles are made of titanium. It has high mechanical properties, corrosion resistance in sea water, and non-magnetic properties. (Dmitriev A.N. Design of underwater vehicles. p. 75).

Ideal Shape

In some cases, one can speak of perfect shape.

Ideal Shape- provides a maximum of useful effect, for example, durability, at a minimum of the used material.

Example 11.

For an underwater vehicle, the ideal shape of a rugged hull is a sphere. It "has high stability and low density. The spherical body has a minimum ratio of surface area to volume ...". (Dmitriev A.N. Design of underwater vehicles. p.69).

Ideal Process

Ideal Process - getting results no process, that is instantly. Reducing the process of manufacturing products is the goal of any progressive technology.

So, the sectional method of assembling ships has been replaced by a more progressive - block. With the sectional method, the ship's hull was first assembled on a slipway from separate sections (deck, side, bottom, etc.), and then the equipment was installed. The block assembly method consists in the fact that blocks are fed to the slipway, which are large volumetric parts of the vessel with built-in equipment. Blocks are assembled in the assembly shop from separate sections. The necessary equipment is installed here. Thus, on the slipway, it remains only to join the individual blocks.

The constant struggle to increase the speed of cargo transportation also characterizes the tendency to strive for an ideal process. An increase in the speed of cargo transportation is achieved by a steady increase in the speed of vehicles and a reduction in the time for loading and unloading operations.

Example 12.

The average speed of container ships increased from 15 to 25 knots between 1960 and 1975. (Logachev S.I. Transport ships of the future. Ways of development. - L .: Shipbuilding, 1976, p. 99). Reducing the time of loading and unloading operations in the navy is provided by means approaching the ideal. These are vessels with a horizontal ro-ro type of unloading (trailer carrier), on which the cargo "self" enters the vessel and leaves it on wheels; on lighter-carriers (barge ships), the cargo "self" floats to the ship and from it to its destination (a kind of "wagons") (Logachev S.I. Transport ships of the future. pp. 42-67).

It is more ideal when not only the means is eliminated, but also the work (process) itself, and even function is no longer needed.

Consider as an example dish washing process.

Example 13

In the past, dishes were washed by hand. Particularly dirty places had to scrub for a long time with a brush. At the same time, polished dishes were scratched. Then the development of this process was carried out in several directions. For example, there have been various detergents, speeding up and improving the washing process. After applying such products, you only need to wash off the dirt. Appeared dishwashers. Appeared and disposable tableware.

In the latter case no washing process required , nor the function itself - Cleaning dishes. In this way, washing process has become perfect – he ceased to exist .

Consider another manifestation of ideality characteristic of high-tech technical systems.

Example 14

Oscilloscope- a device that shows the signal and its change over time. An ideal oscilloscope should not exist, but its function (showing the type of signal) should be. Those. display the signal without the device. The oscilloscope function was transferred to the computer. The program must perform all functions: analog-to-digital conversion, displaying the type of signal and recording it. In the future, a similar solution was used in the modem. Initially, the modem was a complex device, now it is a program.

This is the tendency to replace the device with a program or the transition from real objects to virtual ones..

The ideal solution, of course, is almost impossible to obtain. .

RBI- it reference to which one should aspire. The proximity of the obtained solution to the IFR and defines decision quality .

Comparing the real solution with the IFR, define contradiction.

In this way, IQR is a tool necessary for identifying contradictions and for assessing the quality of a solution.

Consequently, the IFR serves as a kind of "guiding star" in solving technical problems.