In megacities it is extremely difficult to do without public transport. It is designed to transport people along pre-laid routes with stops at certain places. To such transport major cities include: tram, bus, trolleybus, taxi, subway, trains and electric trains.

Ensuring safety in public transport, as a rule, lies with the passenger himself. To do this, you should know how to behave correctly when traveling in a particular mode of transport and what to do if extreme situation(fire, seizure, explosion or accident).

Ground urban transport

While waiting at a public transport stop, do not get too close to the carriageway. Do not hurry. Do not run and try to jump on the bus on the go. It is better to wait for the next one than to end up with a fracture in the emergency room. You should also go out carefully, slowly and without pushing anyone. A person may slip on the footrest and fall under the wheels or injure his leg.

In the cabin, be vigilant and watch your belongings. The bag should not be behind you or below you. Hang it on your shoulder and press it in front, clasping it with your hand. Be sure to use the handrails. If you find an ownerless item, report it to the conductor or driver.

As much as you would like, you can not sleep in transport. During a sudden stop or collision, you may not be able to react properly. If a dangerous situation arises, listen to the instructions of the driver.

While driving, talking to the driver or asking him questions is prohibited. Do not enter the bus or trolleybus with food and or alcoholic beverages. In the event of a capture, according to the safety rules in public transport, you must comply with all the requirements of the criminals, do not argue or argue with them.

At the beginning of the rescue operation, stay away from glass items and windows. Lie on the floor with your head in your hands and try not to move. Wait for the assault to end. It would be a big mistake to take a weapon thrown by criminals. In this case, the capture team will easily mistake you for one of them.

Underground transport (metro)

The subway is one of the most convenient means movement in densely populated cities. However, dangers can lurk there as well.

• Before the train arrives, stay away from the edge of the platform. Approach the doors when the car has finally stopped.
• If there is a crush, then for your own safety, use other metro lines.
• When a person falls on the rails, do not rush to help him. It would be correct to send several passengers to the metro employee to report the situation, and one person should stand at the edge of the platform and use a bright object to signal the driver to slow down.

• If the person who has fallen cannot get out quickly, but is able to move, he should be advised that the safest option is to lie straight, face down, between the rails. Stay still until the train leaves.
• While on the escalator, do not be distracted, do not try to run along it or jump over the steps. Hold on tight to the handrail.

In the event of an explosion or accident in the tunnel, listen to the recommendations of the engineer. Before leaving the car, you need to wait until the voltage is removed from the contact rail. When smoking, cover the respiratory organs with a handkerchief, napkin or scarf. Beware of the metal parts of the car, it is better not to touch them. The driver must indicate the direction in which to move in order to exit the tunnel. If there is no danger to life, then it is better to wait for the help of rescuers.

Railway transport

When ensuring safety in public transport, such as the train, the following recommendations should be followed:

1. It is better to buy seats in cars located in the center of the train than in the "head" or "tail". This is due to the fact that the central part of the train will be the least injured in a collision.
2. Give preference to places that are opposite to the movement of the train.
3. Find out in advance where the emergency exits are. Usually there are 2 per car.
4. If your fellow travelers look suspicious or do not inspire confidence in you, it is best to keep the lights on in the compartment and try not to fall asleep.
5. When traveling in a compartment, never leave the door half open. This will give other passengers extra information.
6. Always keep all important documents and valuables near you. When you go to bed, put them under your pillow.
7. Do not drink alcohol in the company of strangers. It blunts vigilance.

1. It is forbidden to try to open the doors of the car, stand on the steps or lean out of the open windows while the vehicle is in motion.
2. The stopcock should only be used in very serious situations. In case of its occurrence, it is not recommended to stop the train in places where it will be difficult to evacuate people (tunnel, bridge).
3. Baggage must not contain flammable items, poisonous or chemical substances.
4. If you smell burning or incomprehensible smoke, you should immediately inform the conductor about it.

When braking hard, firmly grasp the handrails and lean your feet against the seat or wall to stabilize your body. It is better to lie on the floor of the cabin. After waiting one blow, you should not change position, subsequent blows are possible, stronger ones. Only when it becomes clear that the train has finally stopped, you can get up.

You must immediately leave the train cabin, because. there is a high risk of fire. If you decide to leave the car through the emergency window, then do it on the field side, i.e. where there are no railroad tracks.

Fire Safety Rules

A fire in public transport is dangerous because a large number of people are in a closed small room. In addition, during the combustion of parts of the transport, rather toxic substances are released that are dangerous to humans.

If you feel smoke and a corresponding smell in the cabin, inform the driver about this and demand a stop to clarify the circumstances. In vehicles that run on electricity, in the event of an accident, the protective insulation may be broken and metal elements may become energized.

For evacuation, roof hatches or side windows are used. In the event of an explosion or heavy smoke, be sure to cover your nose and mouth with something from the items of clothing. At the bottom of the accumulation of smoke is minimal, so you should lie on the floor to avoid poisoning.

When you are able to get out of the vehicle, immediately move to a safe distance. There is a possibility of an explosion of fuel tanks or a short circuit in the power grid.

In the event of a fire at railway transport needs to be done a little differently. The windows should be closed so that the wind entering the car does not further spray the flames. Try to leave through the neighboring cars. At the same time, close the doors firmly behind you. Protect your respiratory organs and eyes.

Once in relative safety, join in rescue work. Give others help.

The car has long ceased to be a luxury. With the help of a comfortable vehicle, you can get to your destination as quickly as possible. But it should be remembered that the car is also a high-risk area. traffic safety Vehicle provided by both the driver and passengers. Therefore, in order for the trip to bring only pleasure, some rules should be followed.

Checking the technical condition of the car

First of all, it is necessary to make an overall assessment of the condition of the vehicle. The driver inspects the condition of removable parts (bumper, far-view mirrors, windshield wipers). Mirrors are a very important element of any car. Before setting off on a long journey, every driver must set them up correctly. Next, pay attention to the headlights. They should be free of nicks and scratches. V good condition also must be the glass of the vehicle.

The safety of driving a vehicle largely depends on the health of the main systems. If the driver cannot make an assessment on his own, you should go to the service station. The presence of malfunctions can also be judged by the place where the car has been standing for a long time. Flow technical fluids may indicate a serious problem. If antifreeze, fuel or brake fluid, you should not go on a long journey. The vehicle must be in perfect working order.

Technical inspection

The safety of driving a vehicle in Russia is regulated by the state through a mandatory technical inspection. Car owners must conduct it annually. If the driver does not have the appropriate ticket, he does not have the right to drive. Only cars that have a working engine, serviceable brake system, security.

Unfortunately, there is corruption in Russia today. According to statistics, about 50% of car owners received a technical inspection ticket thanks to bribes. This only exacerbates the situation on domestic roads. A huge number of accidents occur due to malfunctioning vehicles. But serious problems can be avoided if you honestly and timely inspect the car. Moreover, this procedure does not take much time and does not require large financial costs.

vehicle

The safety of vehicle passengers rests primarily on the shoulders of the driver. There are a number of duties that a driver must perform when driving a car. Only an authorized person may drive the machine. It is documented with the help of a driver's license. This document is issued after passing the appropriate training and passing exams. A driving license (driving license) must always be carried when driving.

Only certain services (police, ambulance). The driver must have a permit for such a device. Violation with reference to a legally installed beacon threatens with a serious fine. And if such actions entailed human casualties, criminal liability is possible.

Insurance

There are various means of providing transport security. One of them is insurance. Today, this document is required for registration. Traffic police officers have the right to ask the driver to provide information about the insurance policy. Why is it needed? This document allows the driver to be more secure on the road and not become a hostage to an emergency. Of course, insurance will not help to avoid an accident. It will protect you from unnecessary expenses. After all, it often happens that the driver, having got into an accident through no fault of his own, simply does not have the funds to restore the car.

An insurance contract can be drawn up in any company. This point is not covered by the law. The cost of the service will depend on the brand of car, the territory of insurance coverage, the conditions of compensation in case of an emergency. Before concluding a contract, an employee of the company evaluates the compliance of the vehicle with safety requirements. If the car didn't pass technical inspection the risk of an accident increases. In this case, the insurance company simply does not want to make a deal.

How is vehicle safety ensured?

When driving a car, the driver must carefully monitor the situation on the road, as well as respond in a timely manner to its changes. It is forbidden to be distracted from control, to talk on mobile phone. If the car has transport safety equipment, they must be used. These are various head restraints and belts. Such means may not be used only by persons who teach driving if the speed is less than 40 km/h.

To move on the roadway on a motorcycle, moped or any other open transport should be in a special helmet. Passengers must also be provided with the necessary safety equipment. It is forbidden to carry more than one passenger on a motorcycle or moped.

Any action that violates the safety of vehicle occupants is punishable by law. It is forbidden to throw garbage on the road while driving. Even the simplest candy wrapper can create serious obstacles for other road users. Also, do not drive with the car doors open. If the vehicle is out of order, the driver must turn on the emergency signal and drive along the roadway at a minimum speed.

Alcohol while driving

Everyone knows that it is forbidden to drive a car after drinking alcohol. But not everyone follows this rule. Meanwhile, the safety of vehicle passengers cannot be ensured if the driver has taken at least a few sips of wine. Alcohol instantly slows down a person's reaction. It is no longer possible to quickly respond to the situation on the road.

The Vehicle Safety Regulation provides for liability for driving under the influence of alcohol. In 2014, conditions became even more stringent. As soon as the driver gets on the traffic cops a second time, he will be threatened with the loss of freedom for two years. The first time you can get off with a fine, as well as deprivation of the right to drive a vehicle.

Tired? Don't drive!

According to statistics, 40% of traffic accidents occur due to poor health of the driver. Many are so tired that they simply fall asleep at the wheel. It is worth remembering that the driver is responsible for the safety of the passengers of the vehicles, as well as other participants. traffic. Therefore, in no case should you drive if your body temperature is elevated or you have not been able to sleep.

Some medicines may also be a reason to stay at home. There are medications that slow down the reaction of the driver. Before taking any medication, be sure to read the instructions. Usually it indicates whether it is possible to drive after taking the pills. In the law, of course, the possibility of driving in a sick state is not stipulated. But everyone is responsible for his own condition and can assess how it will affect traffic safety.

child in the car

WITH special attention care must be taken when transporting children. A child is not allowed to sit in the front seat until they are 14 years old. Technical means ensure the transport safety of children - these are special car seats and belts. A person whose height does not reach 150 cm must be in a special seat. Child car seats are sold today in any specialty store. They are easy to choose according to the age and height of the child.

In no case should you hold the baby while moving in your arms. If the passenger is not fastened, a collision while driving at 45-50 km / h is tantamount to falling from the second floor. One can only imagine what kind of injury the child will receive. But a high-quality chair will help save life and health. In the event of an accident, a baby is threatened with a maximum of a couple of abrasions and scratches.

The airbag will help save lives

In any emergency, passengers are most likely to be injured by impacts on seemingly soft parts of the vehicle. But even the front seat cannot be as flexible as an airbag. Although this element is not mandatory, it significantly reduces the likelihood of injury as a result of an accident.

The safety of vehicle operation also largely depends on the installation of the main elements. The airbag is no exception. If you fix it incorrectly, it simply will not open. Therefore, it is better to entrust this matter to specialists at the service station.

Comfort is the key to safety

If you have a long trip, you should definitely worry about the comfort of the driver. In the process of driving the vehicle, the back and limbs should not become numb. To be comfortable, you should adjust the seat and the position of the steering wheel. Be sure to check the condition. They should not hamper the driver's movements. You should also think about the fact that in the process of driving the steering wheel will have to be held with both hands. This is the only way to control the vehicle. Therefore, it makes sense to prepare special armrests on which you can put your hands so that they do not get tired quickly.

No matter how long the path is, it is necessary to take rest breaks. Ideally, there should be two drivers in the car. Every 8 hours they will change each other.

Summing up

It is impossible to be completely sure of the safety behind the wheel. But every driver must do everything to save the life and health of his passengers. First of all, it is necessary to obtain a vehicle safety certificate (MOT certificate). Don't drive when you're tired or feeling unwell. Alcohol intoxication with driving is categorically incompatible!

The safety of passengers in the vehicle is ensured by means such as pillows, belts and special seats. Before a long trip, all these elements should be inspected for malfunctions.

In the Rules of the Road "Passenger" is: a person, other than the driver, who is in the vehicle, as well as a person who enters or exits the vehicle. This means that a pedestrian becomes a passenger not when he entered the bus or other vehicle, but at the moment when he decided to do this and began to move towards the door of the bus. Thus, if we use any mode of transport, we are passengers.

Many people think: “The rules of the road apply to drivers and pedestrians. And I am a passenger, they take me, which means that the driver is responsible for me. In fact, road safety also depends on passengers, and there is a section in the Rules of the Road that defines the duties of passengers.

The work of vehicle drivers in the conditions of large cities and highways saturated with traffic is very stressful and responsible. And passengers should not create additional difficulties for drivers, distracting them by breaking the rules.

It is important to wait correctly for a bus, trolleybus, tram, taxi. All urban transport moves along certain routes and stops not where the driver or passengers want, but at established points, which are called stops. Therefore, you should expect city transport standing at the stops indicated by signs, the sidewalk or the roadside, without going out onto the roadway.

It should be borne in mind that the tram stop is almost always in the middle of the carriageway and passengers have to cross the pavement. Traffic regulations require car drivers to give way to passengers walking towards or away from a stopped tram. But all the same, you need to be extremely careful and, before going to the tram, you need to look around and make sure that the crossing is safe.

• When a bus, trolleybus or tram approaches the stop, behave calmly - do not fuss, do not push. Approach the door only after a complete stop of transport. Do not stand in front of the doors, let the exiting passengers pass.
• Do not enter vehicles with ice cream and drinks. Even if the cabin is free, with a sharp push or braking, you risk dirtying other passengers.
• Entering the vehicle, do not linger near the doors and on the platform, go to the salon. In the cabin, hold on to the handrails so as not to get bruised by possible sudden braking.

• To avoid being squeezed by the doors, do not try to sit down at the last moment before the departure of the bus, trolleybus, tram.
• Passengers are prohibited from preventing the doors from closing or opening them until the vehicle has come to a complete stop due to safety requirements. Most buses and trolleybuses have doors that open automatically from the driver's cab. The driver does not always see what is being done at the door if one of the passengers held them. The driver, being sure that the doors are closed, sends a bus or trolleybus. As a result, the passenger may be trapped between the door leaves. Do not try to open them yourself: it is very dangerous!

• It is also dangerous to open the doors before the bus or trolleybus comes to a complete stop, because passengers can fall out of it on the go.
• Do not lean against the doors: they can open on the go, do not put your head and hands out of the windows.
• Do not stand on protruding parts and running boards of vehicles;
• Do not distract the driver by talking while driving.
• When driving, you should not sleep, if possible, you need to monitor the situation on the road.
• If during the movement there is a danger of a collision of the vehicle with another object, you must take a stable position and firmly grasp the handrails (belts) with your hands; seated passenger should rest their feet on the floor, and hands in front seat(panel) and tilt your head forward.
• In the event of a collision and the inability to stay upright, try to group in the fall and cover your head with your hands, and ideally see the landing site.
• In the event of an accident with a trolleybus or tram, to avoid electric shock, you should only leave them by jumping.

• Inside a tram, trolleybus, and especially a more mobile bus, try to hold on to the handrails in case of emergency braking or stopping. The best fulcrum is the handrail above your head.
• It is better to stand facing the direction of movement in order to be able to notice the danger in advance and have time to react to it. In addition, from this position, in a collision and braking, you will fall face forward, which is much safer than falling on your back.
• Umbrellas, canes, etc. pose a certain threat in the event of sudden stops and braking. objects with sharp and protruding edges.
• It is unsafe to walk in a moving vehicle, instead of standing, holding onto the handrails, it is also dangerous to doze off. In these cases, a person simply does not have time to react to the threat and falls before he has time to understand what is happening to him.
• In any public transport there are inscriptions: "Places for passengers with children and the disabled." But even if you are sitting in the wrong place, you should still give it to a disabled person, an elderly person, a woman, and just an older person. You should also help an elderly person or a woman with a child, a blind person get off the bus or trolleybus.
• To exit, you need to prepare in advance, if possible, get closer to the doors. After stopping and opening the doors, when passengers begin to exit, do not push or fuss. Older children should help elderly passengers, the disabled and toddlers. Small children traveling with adults get out after them.
• When leaving public transport, do not stop in front of the doors, but step aside so as not to interfere with the exit of other passengers.

• When you get out of the vehicle, you become a pedestrian again, and, therefore, you must again obey the requirements of the rules for pedestrians. Be especially careful if you need to cross to the opposite side of the road: your path is only along the crossing!
• Remember: by violating the rules for using public transport, you endanger both your life and the lives of many passengers and passers-by!

If you have witnessed a train accident, call 112.

General safety rules on the train:
From a security point of view, the most best places in the train - central cars, a compartment with an emergency exit-window or located closer to the exit from the car, lower shelves. As soon as you are in the car, find out where the emergency exits and fire extinguishers are located.
Observe the following rules:

. choose seats against the movement of the train, because. in the event that hooligans throw a stone through the window, you are much more likely that it will not hit you;
. when the train is moving, do not open the outer doors, do not stand on the steps and do not lean out of the windows;
. stow your luggage carefully in the overhead bins;

. do not pluck the stopcock unless absolutely necessary;
. remember that even in case of fire it is impossible to stop the train on the bridge, in the tunnel and in other places where evacuation is complicated;
. smoke only in designated places;
. do not carry flammable, chemical and explosive substances with you;
. do not plug household appliances into the electric network of the car;
. if you smell burning rubber or smoke, contact the conductor immediately;
. settle down (especially at night) in those compartments where someone is already there;
. do not fall asleep if your fellow travelers distrust you;
. remember your fellow travelers: names, signs, terminal stations;
. do not get drunk and do not accept treats from fellow travelers;
. keep the light in the compartment on, even if it interferes with rest;
. do not leave the doors ajar, as this allows you to see from the corridor what is happening in the compartment;
. when you are traveling in a reserved seat, keep your documents or wallet in safe place, briefcase - closer to the wall;
. take the most valuable things (money, keys, documents) with you even to the toilet - in your wallet, fanny pack or shoulder bag;
. at intermediate stations, when passengers get off, thieves can easily take advantage of the general turmoil by quickly running through the car, so keep your bag, jacket and personal belongings close to you, do not leave them on the next seat.

How to act in case of a railway accident.
In the event of a crash or emergency braking make sure you don't fall. To do this, grab the handrails and rest your feet against the wall or seat. It is safest to get down on the floor of the car. After the first blow, do not relax and keep all the muscles tense until it becomes completely clear that there will be no more movement.


Immediately after the accident, quickly get out of the car through the door or windows - emergency exits (depending on the situation), as there is a high probability of a fire. If necessary, break the compartment window only with heavy improvised objects. When leaving the car through the emergency exit, get out only to the field side (where there are no railway tracks) of the railway track, taking documents, money, clothes or blankets with you. In case of fire in the car, close the windows so that the wind does not fan the flames, and get away from the fire in the front cars. If not possible, go to the end of the train, tightly closing all doors behind you. Before you go out into the corridor, prepare breathing protection: hats, scarves, pieces of cloth moistened with water. Remember that in case of fire, the material that lined the walls of the wagons - malminite - emits toxic gas that is life-threatening.

Once outside, immediately engage in rescue work: if necessary, help the passengers of other compartments to break windows, pull out the injured, etc.

If fuel is spilled during an accident, move away from the train to a safe distance, because. possible fire and explosion.

If the current-carrying wire is broken and touches the ground, move away from it with jumps or short steps to protect yourself from step voltage. The distance over which the electric current spreads along the ground can be from two (dry ground) to 30 m (wet).

Safety rules when staying at railway transport facilities.
Walking on tracks in unspecified places is the most common violation in railway transport. But it is known that the unexpected appearance of a person on the tracks or under a standing train can lead to an accident and traffic disruption. The drivers of the Moscow Railway have vast experience and are thoroughly instructed in case of emergencies, but even their professionalism and automatic reaction cannot make a multi-ton train stop in a split second.

The braking distance of the train varies from 33 to 1000 m, an instant stop is not possible. Therefore, it is recommended to cross the tracks only in places specially designed for this, always at a right angle to the direction of the tracks, without stepping on the rail head, so as not to slip and fall. A railroad switch is a place prohibited for crossing; it is impossible for an ignorant person to predict the operation mode of the switch. When crossing tracks, in no case should you move onto the railway track immediately after the train has passed: it is important to make sure that there is no oncoming train, for which you need to wait until the tail car of the train is out of sight.
A person who finds himself between moving trains risks doubly: the force of the air flow created by the trains reaches 16 tons. It seems that no sane person would want to fall into such a vice.
Stationary cars are stationary only at first glance. It is impossible to approach them closer than 5 meters - any car at the station is in operation, so it can start moving at any moment. It is strictly forbidden to be under standing or, moreover, moving rolling stock. This is never done by the railroad themselves.
According to statistics, it is not uncommon for people to walk parallel to the railroad tracks. If a person cannot avoid following the rail track, then it is unacceptable to go in the rut of the passing direction: being distracted only by an oncoming train, a person may not hear the signals of a passing one from behind.
There are certain rules of conduct on the station territory, the violation of which is extremely dangerous:
It is not allowed to step over the boundary line on the platform until boarding a stationary car, and jumping from the platform or climbing onto it from the tracks is very risky.

When boarding an electric train, the passenger must be aware that the forced opening of the entrance doors, the passage through the doors at the moments of their automatic opening or closings are unacceptable, because the compression pressure of the doors is equivalent to 8 atmospheres, and falling from a train moving at high speed is "incompatible with life." It is just as dangerous and just as unacceptable to lean out of the car windows.

A special conversation concerns the contact network. The voltage in the wires is extremely high: from 3.5 to 27500 volts (for comparison: at home in the electrical wiring - 220 volts). A severe burn from the contact wire can occur at a distance of less than 2 meters.

The organization and implementation of outdoor activities in natural conditions is often associated with the need to use various modes of transport (land, air and water). The number of vehicles in the world is constantly increasing, their speed is increasing, their reliability and comfort are increasing, engines and fuel are improving, contributing to the reduction of the natural environment.
However, it is impossible to fully ensure the safety of the movement of passengers in any mode of transport. Accidents and disasters in transport have occurred and continue to occur. In this regard, many drivers and tourists are killed and injured every year.

Safety in all modes of transport is provided by a person and depends on his level of training and responsibility when using the vehicle. The safety of tourists is ensured by specialists who participate in the preparation of vehicles, their management, and control compliance with traffic rules. There are special services responsible for the safety of land, air and water vehicles.

Each tourist (passenger), for his part, can also increase the level of personal safety. He must potentially be ready for an emergency and, if necessary, use his capabilities to the maximum to save life and health. In addition, the passenger is obliged to comply with a number of safety rules when traveling by a certain type of transport.

In modern conditions, experts in the field of life safety have developed various recommendations for the safe behavior of a passenger on the road and his actions in various emergency situations. Consider some situations that may arise when traveling by car and train.

Tourist safety in the car

Imagine that you are driving with your parents in a personal car out of town. Be sure to fasten your seat belts before you start driving, and putting on the belt just for show (without the necessary tension) in an accident will cause additional injuries.

1) the whole body (muscles) should be strongly strained;
2) you should pull your head into your shoulders;
3) you should raise your hands up, clasp your head with your hands, protecting it from a blow;
4) you should not relax until the car comes to a complete stop;
5) do not jump out of the car when it collides or rolls over.

If the car rolls over, you should fall into the adjacent seat (if you are not wearing seat belts), grab the seat tightly and bury your face in it.
When a car ignites (as a rule, a fire starts under the hood), it must be remembered that a person can stay in a burning car for no more than a minute, since the entire car burns out within a few minutes. To ensure personal safety, you must cover your mouth and nose with a cloth (scarf, handkerchief, shirt) and quickly leave the passenger compartment after stopping the car.

Traveler safety on the train

When boarding a train, the following rules must be observed:

1) you should not run along the platform next to the car of the arriving train;
2) stand closer than 2 m from the edge of the platform while the train is passing;
3) you should approach the car after the train has completely stopped;
4) to board the car only from the side of the platform or boarding platform;
5) upon entering the carriage, assist passengers to place things in the compartment;
6) get everything you need from your luggage on the road before putting it on shelves and in special compartments;
7) place heavy things at the bottom so that when the train pushes them, they do not fall off the shelf.

When moving a train, the following personal safety rules must be observed:

1) you should not lean out of the window while the train is moving;
2) open the outer doors of the train;
3) stand on the bandwagon;
4) unnecessarily touch the stopcock;
5) move far from the train, leaving the car at stops;
6) you should think over your actions if the place is on the top shelf, so as not to fall from it in case of sudden braking of the train;
7) for drinking, use water only from titanium (a large water boiler) located next to the conductor's compartment, or sold in plastic bottles.

In the event of a fire, the conductor must be informed immediately. If it is impossible to put out the fire and contact the head of the train or the driver, it is necessary to stop the train using the stop crane and try to get out of the car through the doors or windows. It is strictly prohibited in this case:

1) jump out of the car of a moving train;
2) try to get on the roof of the train.

If the burning train continues to move, and the fire broke out in the front cars, then you should go to the train cars where there is no fire, tightly closing the doors behind you (it is advisable to move crouching and breathe through a wet cloth).
Sometimes accidents happen on the railroad. In this case, during the push (strike), you should try to grab the fixed parts of the car with your hands or group and cover your head with your hands to avoid injury.
When overturning the car in the event of an accident, you should grab onto the ledges of the shelves and other fixed parts of the car, close your eyes and rest your feet against the wall. After the car gains stability, it is necessary to look around and outline the way out of it, if the door is jammed, you should get out through the windows.

Ensuring the personal safety of a tourist on water transport

Every day in our country, river and sea vessels transport more than a million people. Modern ships are equipped with satellite navigation and radio communications. All ships at sea are monitored and maintained constant radio contact.

All passenger ships have life-saving equipment in case of an accident: inflatable rafts, boats, life jackets and suits. For all passengers and crew members there are places on the life-saving equipment (boat and raft).

In addition, there are international maritime distress signals issued by ships in distress to draw attention to themselves and receive assistance. Having received such a signal, the captain of any vessel in the vicinity is obliged to take all measures to assist those who are in danger.

At the same time, despite all security measures, several dozens of ships are lost every year. The main reasons for the death of ships are their collision at sea, the occurrence of a fire on a ship, and a storm.

Safety regulations. Practice shows that troubles can be avoided if certain safety rules are followed. Experts recommend that every person who has climbed onto the deck of a ship know and strictly follow a number of generally accepted rules. Each passenger must know where he should be and what to do in case of evacuation and in which specific boat his place is determined.

In an emergency, don't panic. Each ship has its own evacuation procedure, which must be followed. Each passenger must be able to use a life jacket, for which it is necessary to study the instructions for its use.

You also need to know what to do in case of a fire alarm. Therefore, it is especially important to remember the path along which you will have to get to the boat deck.

Passengers should refrain from walking on the open deck if it is wet or when the sea is rough. It is also important to know the location of the ship's first-aid post.

It should be remembered about the possible appearance of another nuisance - seasickness. It occurs during motion sickness and is accompanied by headache, cold sweat, nausea and vomiting. To prevent this disease, it is recommended:

Do something to distract yourself;
- stay outdoors, avoid the sun;
- drink very little and take a small amount of food every hour, despite the lack of appetite.

Actions of a tourist in a shipwreck. One of the most important rules that a person needs to remember in a shipwreck is not to panic and quickly follow all the instructions of the captain and crew of the ship.

You should take documents with you, after wrapping them in a plastic bag, put on a life jacket without taking off your clothes and shoes. It is necessary to quickly, but without haste, climb to the upper deck and, at the command of the crew, when the turn comes up, board the life-saving equipment (boat, raft).

If it is not possible to get into the boat (on the raft), it is necessary to jump into the water with half-bent legs down (the life jacket is already on), covering the nose and mouth with one hand, and with the other clasping oneself by the belt so as not to rip off the life jacket. Once in the water, it is necessary as quickly as possible to sail away from the side of the ship. If necessary, you should take part in joint actions to rescue and provide assistance to those who need it.

Seeing the boat, in which there are free places, you should swim up to it and, with the help of rescuers, climb on it. If there are no places in the boat, you need to ask for help to throw a cable (halyard, rope), you need to tie a cable under your arms and swim after the boat.

Being in a boat (on a raft) with strong solar radiation, it is necessary to protect the head and exposed areas of the body in order to avoid sunstroke and burns. During emergency navigation (on an auxiliary vessel), one should rationally use the supply of water and provisions and believe in salvation.

Ensuring the personal safety of a tourist in air transport

Air transport is the most modern, relatively safe and comfortable mode of transport.
It is known that airplanes have a high flight speed and can deliver passengers, including tourists, to a given point on the planet in a matter of hours.
At the beginning of the XXI century. even the first space tourists appeared, who commercial basis traveled around the earth.
Comfortable flight conditions and quick arrival at the destination make air transport more and more attractive for long-distance travel.
On the ground, dozens of highly qualified aviation specialists are responsible for flight safety. These include engineers and mechanics who prepare the aircraft for departure, air traffic control specialists who control the aircraft on the ground and in the air, weather service specialists who prepare weather forecasts at take-off and landing aerodromes and along the aircraft's flight route, as well as specialists who maintain continuous , reliable communication with the aircraft crew.
Air liners carrying passengers are operated by aviation specialists (pilots, navigators, flight engineers, radio operators) who are able to bring the aircraft to any destination in adverse weather conditions, at any time of the year, day and night.

Each aircraft is equipped with special means to ensure the safety of passengers in flight and in the event of a dangerous situation.
To ensure personal safety, passengers must comply with a number of rules. Let's consider the most important of them.
Preparing passengers (tourists) for takeoff. Hand luggage of tourists must be placed under the seat in front of the seat. It is forbidden to place hand luggage at emergency exits and in the aisles.
The shelf above the passenger's head is designed for outerwear and personal items.
Having taken your place in the cabin, you must make sure that the folding table in front of the passenger is closed, and the back of the seat must be brought to a vertical position. Next, you should open the curtains on the windows, fasten and tighten the seat belts tightly.
Passengers need to carefully listen to the flight attendant's information about the rules of conduct, safety equipment on board the aircraft and emergency equipment: emergency exits, their location and designation.
Experts recommend remembering the rules for using an oxygen mask (an oxygen mask is provided for each passenger on board the aircraft). The stewardess will explain how to use an oxygen mask in the event of a depressurization of the aircraft in the air. It will show you how to use a life jacket in the event of an emergency landing on the water. The passenger also needs to remember where the life jacket is located (in the panel above the seat or under the seat of the seat on which he sits, depending on the type of aircraft).
In the airplane. In the event of depressurization of the aircraft cabin in the air, you must immediately put on an oxygen mask, fasten your seat belts and prepare for an emergency descent. To activate the mask before putting on, you need to pull sharply.

In the event of an accident on takeoff, it is necessary to take a safe fixed position:

1) bend and tightly clasp your hands under your knees;
2) tilt your head to your knees as low as possible;
3) rest your legs on the floor, after stretching them out;
4) at the moment of impact, group and strain the body;
5) you should not leave your seat until the aircraft comes to a complete stop.

In an airplane fire. Modern aircraft are equipped with reliable fire extinguishing equipment. In the event of a fire, the crew, in accordance with the instructions, will take all measures to put out the fire and land the aircraft at the nearest airfield.

In the event of a fire, passengers must obey the commands of the crew. After the plane lands, you need to leave it as soon as possible, protect yourself from heat and smoke with clothes, make your way to the exit crouching, breathe only by covering your mouth and nose with a cloth (scarf, sleeve). Experts recommend not to take hand luggage with you.

During an emergency landing of an aircraft. If the aircraft crew decides to make an emergency landing, passengers are warned about this in a timely manner. During an emergency landing, you must follow the instructions of the commander and crew of the aircraft.

If passengers have the opportunity, they should wear outerwear that will protect against injury. Experts advise passengers to group and tighten their bodies and try to stay in place during the sharp braking of the aircraft after it lands. You should not get up from your seat until the aircraft has come to a complete stop and the appropriate command from the crew. After the aircraft stops, leave it using the emergency exit and move away from it to a safe distance (at least 100 m). when an aircraft makes an emergency landing on water, it is necessary to put on a life jacket and inflate it immediately before leaving the aircraft.

Experience shows that the most dangerous factor in an emergency is panic. In most cases, panic occurs when tourists (passengers) are not prepared for an emergency and do not know how to mobilize themselves for calm, reasonable actions in the current situation. Therefore, once on the plane, you should think about what to do in various dangerous situations. This will allow a person, if it really comes emergency situation, to act more calmly and confidently in order to save their lives and other victims.

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