Everyone has it driver there is a special opinion about the comfort of the car. For one, comfort is a unique hydraulic suspension, for another, air conditioning, and for others, powerful audio and video systems please. Another of the innovations car tuning- it . For lovers of the unusual tuning you can see recommendations on how to do it yourself on the AutoNovator website LED backlight, which gives not only aesthetic pleasure, but has practical significance.

Also, someone, creating comfort in the cabin, covers it with heat-insulating materials so that in winter the summer temperature is always maintained inside. Many drivers evaluate car comfort soundproofing and vibration car. Loud music lovers always get annoyed when noise motor or road noise drowns out musical sounds.

But, surprisingly and not paradoxically, it is a comfortable car that becomes potentially dangerous. Automakers, in their desire to make a beautiful toy out of a car, with a mass of additional accessories, thereby render a disservice to car owners. Statistics and expert data confirm this idea and warn of an increase in the number of accidents in a number of comfortable cars. Swedish researchers, analyzing this problem, came to the conclusion that drivers will experience great difficulty in driving the machine. According to scientists, cars equipped with a soundproofing system are in demand among young people. drivers with little driving experience. The young men in this case belonged to the road noise as a distraction that prevented them from listening to music in the salon car. However, the opinion of professional drivers regarding noise on the road is different. They believe that in isolation from noise it is difficult for the car to have an idea of ​​what is happening around, and it is impossible to fully assess the situation on the road. Professionals believe that all sounds coming from outside into the cabin signal danger and are therefore useful in the process of driving. By the sounds coming, you can determine the quality of the engine, on which road, with what surface it is driving automobile which car is approaching to overtake.

Therefore, Swedish scientists issued an appeal to automakers not to create for drivers vacuum conditions. Noise plays, as it turned out, not only a negative role. Road noise reminds driver that he rides on the road to car instead of lying at home on the couch and listening to music. By the way, scientists from Sweden were supported by people from public organizations of the visually impaired and the blind, for whom cars with a weak engine sound are dangerous.

Of course, as they say, you can’t forbid living beautifully. It is always pleasant and easy to ride in comfort when cheerful music is playing, it is frosty outside, and there is a tropical climate in the cabin. And you don’t think at all about what is happening on the road there, and what awaits you around the next turn ...

The study of the working conditions of drivers indicates the significant importance of the parameters of the internal environment in the car. These parameters are only more or less likely to comply with the established standards, which allows us to extend the concept of reliability to the system that provides the conditions for the habitability of people in the car. In some cases, operational observations are indirect evidence of its insufficient reliability. According to the results of a survey of a large number of professional drivers about the influence of internal environmental factors, the temperature regime in the cab was negatively assessed (hot in summer, cold in winter) - 49% of drivers; the presence of toxic substances (air pollution by exhaust gases) - 60%; vibration influence - 45%, noise -

56% of surveyed drivers.

1.13.1. Climate comfort

Abnormal climatic conditions in the car cabin have a harmful effect on the health of the driver and are one of the reasons contributing to the occurrence of an accident. Under the influence of high or low temperature in the cab, the driver's attention is dulled, visual acuity decreases, reaction time increases, fatigue sets in quickly, errors and miscalculations appear that can lead to an accident.

One of the requirements of occupational safety and health is to exclude the possibility of penetration into the driver's cab of spent

gases that contain a number of toxic components, including carbon monoxide. Depending on the proportion of carbon monoxide in the air and the duration

the driver's work in such an atmosphere, the impact is different.

The most characteristic signs of minor poisoning are drowsiness, fatigue, intellectual passivity, impaired

spatial coordination of movements, errors in determining the distance and an increase in the latent period during sensorimotor reactions. Studies have shown that only a small

amount of carbon monoxide to cause some people to experience a burning sensation, intoxication, headache, drowsiness and disorientation, i.e. such deviations that can lead to an exit from the road, an unexpected turn of the steering wheel, falling asleep.

Carbon monoxide is sucked into the passenger compartment along with exhaust gases in case of technical malfunctions of the car. Deprived of any odor and color, carbon monoxide remains perfectly clean for a long time.

inconspicuous. At the same time, a working person is poisoned three times faster than a person who is at rest.

It should be borne in mind that carbon monoxide enters the driver's workplace also along with exhaust gases emitted by engines of other vehicles. This is especially dangerous for drivers of passenger cars - taxis, city buses and trucks, systematically working in conditions of intensive and dense traffic of vehicles in cities, the highways of which are filled with exhaust gases.

Studies of the air environment in driver's cabins and passenger compartments of buses have shown that in some cases the content of carbon monoxide reaches 125 mg/m3, which is several times higher than the maximum permissible concentration for working area driver. Therefore, long-term driving of a car exceeding 8 hours in urban conditions is extremely dangerous due to the possibility of poisoning the driver with carbon monoxide.

Conditions in which a person does not experience overheating or hypothermia, sudden movement air and other unpleasant sensations can be considered thermally comfortable. Comfortable conditions in winter are somewhat different from the same conditions in summer, which is associated with the use of different clothes by a person. The main factors that determine the thermal state of a person are temperature, humidity and air velocity, temperature and properties of the surfaces surrounding a person. With various combinations of these factors, it is possible to create equally comfortable conditions in the summer and winter periods of operation. In view of the variety of features of heat exchange between the human body and the external environment, the choice of a single criterion that characterizes comfortable conditions and is a function of environmental parameters is a difficult task. Therefore, comfortable conditions are usually expressed as a set of indicators that limit individual parameters: temperature, humidity, air speed, maximum air temperature difference in the body and outside it, temperature of surrounding surfaces (floor, walls, ceiling), radiation level, air supply to a limited room (body , cabin) per person per unit time or air exchange rate.

Comfortable values ​​of air temperature and humidity recommended by various researchers differ somewhat. Yes, Institute of Hygiene

performing light work, the air temperature in winter

20...22°C, in summer +23...25°C at its relative humidity of 40...60%.

Permissible air temperature is +28°C at the same humidity and low speed (about 0.1 m/s).

According to the results of French researchers, for light winter work, an air temperature of +18 ... 20 ° C is recommended with a humidity of 50 ... 85%, and

for summer +24...28 °С at air humidity 35...65%.

According to other foreign data, car drivers must work with more low temperatures(+15...17°С during the winter period of operation and

18...20°C in summer) at a relative air humidity of 30...60% and

the speed of its movement is 0.1 m/s. In addition, the temperature difference between the outside air and inside the body during the summer period should not exceed 10 ° C. The temperature difference inside the limited volume of the body in order to avoid human colds should not exceed 2 ... 3 ° C.

Depending on the working conditions, in order to ensure comfortable conditions, the temperature in winter can be taken equal to + 21 ° С with mild

work, +18.5°C for moderate, +16°C for severe.

At present, microclimatic conditions on cars are regulated in Russia.

So, for cars, the air temperature in the cab (body) in summer should not be higher than +28 C, in winter (at an outside temperature of -20 ° C) - at least + 14 ° C. In summer, when driving a car at a speed of 30

km/h, the difference between the internal and external air temperatures at the level of the driver's head should not be more than 3°С at an external temperature of +28°С and more than 5°С at an external temperature of +40°С. In winter time in the zone

positioning of the legs, belt and head of the driver should ensure the temperature is not lower than +15°C at an outside temperature of -25°C and not lower than +10°C at an outside temperature of -40°C.

Humidity in the cabin should be 30 ... 70%. The supply of fresh air to the cabin must be at least 30 m3/h per person, the speed of air movement in the cabin and the car interior is 0.5...1.5 m/s. The maximum concentration of dust in the cabin (cabin) should not exceed 5 mg/m3.

Ventilation system devices must create an excess pressure of at least 10 Pa in a closed cabin.

The maximum concentration of dust in the cabin (cabin) should not exceed 5 mg/m3.

The maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in the air of the working areas of the passenger compartment and the cabin of the car are regulated by GOST R 51206 - 98 for cars, in particular: carbon monoxide (CO) - 20 mg / m3; nitrogen oxides in terms of NO2 – 5 mg/m3; total hydrocarbons (Сn Нm) – 300 mg/m3; acrolein (С2Н3СНО) – 0.2 mg/m3.

The concentration of gasoline vapors in the passenger compartment and the cabin of the vehicle should not exceed 100 mg/m3.

The temperature regime in the cabin (body) can be approximately

calculated according to the heat balance equation, according to which the air temperature in the cabin (body) remains constant:

The flow of heat into the cabin from various sources. V

In most cases, the heat balance of the cabin (cabin) is determined by a number of factors, the main of which are: the number of people in the cabin (cabin) and

quantity of heat

QH coming from them; quantity of heat,

coming through transparent barriers

(mainly from

solar radiation) and opaque fences

(quantity of heat,

coming from the engine

Qeng, transmissions

QTP, hydraulic equipment

electrical equipment fan.

In this way,

QEO) and together with outside air

QVN supplied

ΣQi  QCh  QCh  QP.O  QNP.O  QDV  QTR  QGO  QEO  QVN  0

It should be noted that the heat balance terms included in the equation should be taken into account algebraically, i.e. with a positive sign when heat is released into the cabin and with a negative sign when it is removed from the cabin. Obviously, the heat balance condition is met if the amount of heat entering the cabin is equal to the amount of heat removed from it.

Temperature conditions and air mobility in the cabins of vehicles are provided by heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems.

Currently, there are various ventilation and heating systems for cabins and car interiors, differing in layout and design. individual nodes. The most economical and widely used

modern cars is a heating system that uses the heat of liquid cooling of the engine. The combination of heating systems and general ventilation of the cabin allows you to increase the efficiency of the entire complex of devices for ensuring the microclimate in the cabin throughout the year.

Heating and ventilation systems differ mainly in the location of the air intake on the outer surface of the car, the type of fan used and its location relative to the radiator

heater (at the inlet or outlet of the radiator), the type of radiator used (tubular-plate, tubular-tape, with an intensified surface, matrix, etc.), control method

the operation of the heater, the presence or absence of a bypass air duct,

recirculation channel, etc.

The intake of air from outside the cab into the heater is carried out in the place of the minimum dust content of the air and the maximum dynamic pressure,

occurring while the vehicle is in motion. In trucks, the air intake is located on the cab roof. Water-repellent partitions, blinds and covers are installed in the air intake,

powered from inside the cab.

An axial fan is used to provide air supply to the cabin and overcome the aerodynamic resistance of the radiator and air ducts.

radial, diametrical, diagonal or other type. Currently, the most widely used double-console radial fan, as it has a relatively small size with a large

performance.

DC motors are used to drive the fan. The speed of rotation of the electric motor and, accordingly, the fan impeller is regulated by a two- or three-stage variable resistor included in the power supply circuit of the electric motor.

The heat output of the heater and its

aerodynamic drag. To increase the efficiency of heat transfer from the radiator, the shape of its channels through which air moves is complicated, various turbulators are used.

A decisive role in the effective uniform distribution of temperatures and air velocities in the cabin is played by the air distributor. The air distributor nozzles are made in various shapes: rectangular,

round, oval, etc. They are placed in front of the windshield, near the door windows, in the center of the instrument panel, at the driver's feet and in other places determined by the requirements for the distribution of fresh air

flows in the cab.

In the nozzles, various dampers, rotary shutters,

control plates, etc. The drive for dampers and rotary shutters is most often located directly in the air distributor housing.

Air ducts to the air distributor are made of sheet steel, rubber hoses, corrugated plastic pipes, etc. V

some cars use cabin parts, the cavity of the instrument panel as air ducts. However, such a design of air ducts is irrational, since tightness is not ensured and air consumption increases. Vehicle traffic safety is largely

depends on reliable and effective protection of the windshield from fogging and freezing, which is achieved by uniform blowing of warm air and heating to a temperature above the dew point.

Such glass protection is structurally simple, does not impair its optical properties, but requires an increase in the ventilation system performance and a high heat capacity of the glass. The effectiveness of glass jet protection against

fogging is determined by the temperature and air velocity at the outlet of the nozzle located in front of the glass edge. The higher the air velocity at the outlet of the nozzle, the lower the temperature in the glass zone differs from

temperature at the nozzle exit.

The layout of the ventilation and heating system depends on the design of the vehicle, cab, individual components and their placement.

At present, air conditioners have become widespread - devices for

artificial cooling of the air entering the cabin (body). According to the principle of operation, air conditioners are divided into compression, air-cooled, thermoelectric and evaporative. Automatic control of the heater operation mode of some vehicles is carried out by changing the flow rate of liquid or air through the heater radiator. With automatic control by changing

air flow parallel to the radiator, a bypass air channel is made, in which a controlled damper is installed.

As already noted, an important place in the ventilation system of the cabin (body)

the car is occupied by cleaning the ventilation air from dust.

The most common way is to clean the ventilation air using filters made of cardboard, synthetic fiber materials,

modified polyurethane foam, etc. However, in order to effectively use such filters, which are characterized by low dust capacity, with fewer maintenance,

dust concentration at the filter inlet. For preliminary air purification, inertial type dust separators are installed at the inlet to the filter with continuous removal of trapped dust.

The basic principles of ventilation air dedusting are based on the use of one or more mechanisms for the deposition of dust particles from the air: the inertial separation effect and the effects of engagement and

deposition.

Inertial sedimentation is carried out with the curvilinear movement of dusty air under the action of centrifugal and Coriolis forces. On the

The settling surface is discarded by particles whose mass or velocity are significant and cannot follow the flow line around the obstacle along with the air. Inertial settling is manifested and

when the obstacles are the filling elements of filters made of fibrous materials, the ends of flat sheets of inertial louvered grilles, etc.

When dusty air moves through the porous partition of the particle,

suspended in the air, linger on it, and the air completely passes through it. Studies of the filtration process are aimed at establishing the dependence of dust collection efficiency and aerodynamic resistance on the structural characteristics of porous partitions, dust properties and air flow regime.

The process of air purification in fibrous filters occurs in two stages.

At the first stage, particles are deposited in a clean filter without structural changes in the porous partition. In this case, changes in the thickness and composition of the dust layer are not significant and can be neglected. At the second stage, continuous structural changes in the dust layer and further deposition of particles in a significant amount occur. This changes the dust collection efficiency of the filter and its aerodynamic resistance, which complicates the calculation of the filtration process. The second stage is complex and little studied; under operating conditions, it is this stage that determines the efficiency of the filter, since the first stage is very short-lived. Of the variety of filter materials used in the filters of the cabin ventilation air dedusting system, three groups can be distinguished: woven from natural, synthetic and mineral fibers; non-woven - felt, paper, cardboard, needle-punched materials, etc.; cellular - polyurethane foam, sponge rubber, etc.

For the manufacture of filters, materials of organic origin and artificial are used. Organic materials include cotton, wool. They have low heat resistance, high moisture capacity. A common disadvantage of all filter materials of organic origin is their susceptibility to putrefactive processes and the negative effects of moisture. Synthetic and mineral materials include: nitron, which has a high resistance to temperatures, acids and alkalis; chlorane having low heat resistance but high chemical resistance; capron, characterized by high resistance to abrasion; oxalon having high heat resistance; glass fiber and asbestos, which are distinguished by high heat resistance, etc. The filter material made of lavsan has high rates of dust collecting, strength and regeneration parameters.

Wide application in filters with pulsed air purge during filter regeneration has received non-woven needle-punched polyester

filter materials. These materials are obtained by compacting the fibers, followed by stitching or needle punching.

The disadvantage of such filter materials is the passage of more

fine dust particles through the holes formed by the needles.

A significant disadvantage of filters made of any filter material is the need to replace or maintain them in order to

regeneration (recovery) of the filter material. Partial filter regeneration can be carried out directly in the ventilation system by blowing back the filter material with purified air from the vehicle cabin or by local jet air blowing

from compressor with pre-cleaning compressed air from water vapor and oil.

Design of filters made of woven or non-woven filter media

for cabin ventilation systems should have a maximum filtration surface with minimum dimensions and aerodynamic resistance. Installing the filter in the cabin and changing it should be convenient and ensure reliable tightness around the filter perimeter.

1.13.2. Vibration comfort

From the point of view of reaction to mechanical excitations, a person is a kind of mechanical system. At the same time, various internal organs and individual parts of the human body can be considered as masses interconnected by elastic bonds with the inclusion of parallel resistances.

Relative movements of parts of the human body lead to stresses in the ligaments between these parts and mutual impact and pressure.

Such a viscoelastic mechanical system has natural frequencies and rather pronounced resonant properties. resonant

the frequencies of individual parts of the human body are as follows: head - 12 ... 27 Hz,

throat - 6 ... 27 Hz, chest - 2 ... 12 Hz, legs and arms - 2 ... 8 Hz, lumbar spine - 4 ... 14 Hz, abdomen - 4 ... 12 Hz. The degree of harmful effects of vibrations on the human body depends on the frequency, duration and direction of vibration, individual characteristics of a person.

Long fluctuations of a person with a frequency of 3 ... 5 Hz adversely affect the vestibular apparatus, the cardiovascular system and cause motion sickness. Oscillations with a frequency of 1.5 ... 11 Hz cause disorders due to resonant vibrations of the head, stomach, intestines and, ultimately, the whole body. With fluctuations with a frequency of 11 ... 45 Hz, vision deteriorates, nausea and vomiting occur, and the normal activity of other organs is disrupted. Fluctuations with a frequency of more than 45 Hz cause damage to the vessels of the brain, a disorder of blood circulation and higher nervous activity occurs, followed by the development of a vibration disease. Since vibration under constant exposure has an adverse effect on the human body, it is normalized.

The general approach to normalizing vibration is to limit the vibration acceleration or vibration velocity measured at the driver's workplace to

depending on the direction of the vibration, its frequency and duration.

Note that the smooth running of the machine is characterized by general vibration,

transmitted through the supporting surfaces to the body of a seated person. Local vibration is transmitted through the hands of a person from the controls of the machine, and its influence is less significant.

The dependence of the mean square value of the vertical

vibration acceleration az of a seated person as a function of the oscillation frequency at its constant vibration loading is shown in fig. 1.13.1 (curves of "equal thickening"), from which it can be seen that in the frequency range f = 2 ... 8 Hz, the sensitivity of the human body to vibration increases.

The reason for this lies precisely in the resonant vibrations of various parts of the human body and its internal organs. Most curves

"equal thickening" obtained by exposing the human body to harmonic vibration. With random vibration, the curves of "equal thickening" in different frequency ranges have a common character, but

quantitatively different from harmonic vibration.

Hygienic assessment of vibration is carried out by one of three methods:

frequency (spectral) analysis; integral estimate by frequency and

"dose of vibration".

In the case of separate-frequency analysis, the normalized parameters are the root-mean-square values ​​of vibration velocity V and their logarithmic levels Lv or vibration acceleration az for local vibration in octave frequency bands, and for general vibration - in octave or one-third octave frequency bands. When normalizing vibration, "equal thickening" curves were first taken into account in ISO 2631-78. The standard establishes the permissible mean square values ​​of vibration acceleration in one-third octave bands

frequencies in the range of geometric mean frequencies of 1...80 Hz at various durations of vibration action. ISO 2631-78 provides for the evaluation of both harmonic and random vibration. In this case, the direction of the general vibration is usually estimated along the axes of the orthogonal coordinate system (x - longitudinal, y - transverse, z - vertical).

Rice. 1.13.1. Equal Condensation Curves for Harmonic Vibration:

1 - threshold of sensations; 2 - the beginning of discomfort

A similar approach to vibration regulation is used in GOST

12.1.012-90, the provisions of which are the basis for determining the criterion and indicators of the smooth running of cars.

The concept of “safety” was introduced as a criterion for smooth running, not

causing health problems for the driver.

Ride ratings are usually assigned according to the output value, which is the vertical vibration acceleration az or the vertical vibration velocity Vz determined from the driver's seat. It should be noted here that when assessing the vibration load on a person, the vibration acceleration is the preferred output value. For sanitary standardization and control, the vibration intensity is estimated by the root mean square

az value

vertical vibration acceleration, as well as its logarithmic

Threshold RMS vertical

vibration acceleration.

RMS value az

called "controlled"

parameter", and the smoothness of the machine is determined with constant vibration in the frequency range of 0.7 ... 22.4 Hz.

In the integral assessment, a frequency-corrected value of the controlled parameter is obtained, which takes into account the ambiguity of human perception of vibration with a different spectrum

frequencies. Frequency-corrected value of the controlled parameter az

and its logarithmic level

determined from expressions:

~ ∑ (k zi a zi) ;

 10 lg ∑100.1(Lazi  Lkzj) ,

– root mean square value of the controlled parameter

and its logarithmic level in the i-th octave or one-third octave band;

- weighting factor for the root mean square value

controlled parameter and its logarithmic level in the i-th band

kzi i ; n is the number of bands in the normalized frequency range.

The values ​​of the weight coefficients are given in Table 1.13.1.

Table 1.13.1

The average value of the frequency of a third octave and

One third octave frequency band

Octave Bandwidth

octave bands

According to sanitary standards, with a shift duration of 8 hours and general vibration, the standard mean square value of vertical vibration acceleration is 0.56 m/s2, and its logarithmic level is 115 dB.

When determining the vibration load on a person using the vibration spectrum, the normalized indicators are the root mean square value of vibration acceleration or its logarithmic level in one-third octave and octave frequency bands.

Permissible values ​​of spectral indicators of vibration load per person are given in Table. 1.13.2.

Table 1.13.2

Sanitary standards for spectral indicators of vibration load for vertical vibration acceleration

geometric

Standard average

quadratic value

Regulatory

logarithmic

one-third octave frequency value

vibration acceleration

vibration acceleration

and octave

third octave

frequency band

Octave

frequency band

third octave

frequency band n

In the case of applying the integral and separate-frequency methods for assessing the vibration load on a person, one can come to different results. As a priority, it is recommended to use the method of separate-frequency (spectral) assessment of the vibration load.

At present, normative indicators of the smoothness of the movement of machines, such as vibration accelerations and

vibration velocities in the vertical and horizontal planes, set differentially for different vibration frequencies.

The latter are grouped into seven octave bands with an average geometric frequency from 1 to 63 Hz (Table 1.13.3.).

Table 1.13.3

Normative indicators of the smoothness of the movement of transport vehicles

Parameter

Vibration velocity,

Average geometric oscillation frequency, Hz

1 2 4 8 16 31,5 6

vertical horizontal Vibration acceleration, m/s2: vertical horizontal

On a number of special wheeled and tracked vehicles operated in difficult road conditions, where the amplitudes of the microprofile are significant, it is difficult to ensure the values ​​of the ride smoothness indicators regulated for transport equipment. Therefore, for such machines, standard indicators of smooth running are set at a lower level (Table 1).

Table 1.13.4

Normative indicators of smoothness for machines operating in difficult road conditions

Acceleration in the workplace

driver - (operator)

Vertical:

root mean square maximum from episodic

tremors

maximum from rotary shocks

Horizontal RMS

Transport traction

Ride comfort standards for trucks, buses, cars, trailers and semi-trailers are defined for three types of sections of the NAMI polygon:

I – cement dynamometric road with r.m.s. value of roughness heights 0.006 m;

II - cobblestone paved road without potholes with RMS

roughness values ​​0.011 m;

III - cobblestone road with potholes with r.m.s. roughness values ​​of 0.029 m.

Vehicle smoothness standards established by OST 37.001.291-84,

are given in table. 1.13.5, 1.13.6, 1.13.7.

To improve the smooth running of cars, the following measures are used:

The choice of the layout scheme of the car, which ensures the independence of oscillations on the front and rear suspensions of the sprung mass of the car;

The choice of the optimal characteristics of the elasticity of the suspension;

Ensuring the optimal ratio of rigidity of the front and rear suspensions of the car;

Reducing the mass of unsprung parts;

Suspension of the cab and driver's seat of a truck and road train.

Table 1.13.5

Limit technical standards smooth running of trucks

Corrected values ​​of vibration accelerations on seats, m/s2, no more

horizontal

RMS values ​​of vertical

vibration accelerations in

road vertical

al longitudinal

characteristic points of the sprung part, m/s2, no more

Table 1.13.6

Limit technical standards for smooth running of passenger cars

The corrected values ​​of vibration accelerations on the driver's seats and

Road type

passengers, m/s2, no more

vertical horizontal

Table 1.13.7

Limit technical standards for the smooth running of buses

Corrected values ​​of vibration accelerations on bus seats, m/s2, no more

urban other types

driver passengers driver and passengers

1.13.3. Acoustic comfort

Various noises occur in the cab of the car, which adversely affect the driver's performance. First of all, the auditory function suffers, but noise phenomena, having cumulative properties (i.e., properties to accumulate in the body), depress the nervous system, while psychophysiological functions change, the speed and accuracy of movements are significantly reduced. Noise causes negative emotions, under its influence the driver develops absent-mindedness, apathy, memory impairment. The impact of noise on a person can be subdivided depending on the intensity and spectrum of noise into the following groups:

Very strong noise with levels of 120 ... 140 dB and above - regardless of the spectrum, it can cause mechanical damage to the hearing organs and cause severe damage to the body;

Strong noise with levels of 100 ... 120 dB at low frequencies, above 90 dB at medium frequencies and above 75 ... 85 dB at high frequencies - causes irreversible changes in the hearing organs, and with prolonged exposure it can be

the cause of a number of diseases and, first of all, the nervous system;

Noise at lower levels of 60 ... 75 dB at medium and high frequencies has a harmful effect on the nervous system of a person engaged in work that requires concentrated attention, to which work belongs

car driver.

Sanitary standards divide noise into three classes and set an acceptable level for them:

Class 1 - low-frequency noise (the largest components in the spectrum are located below the frequency of 350 Hz, above which the levels decrease) with an allowable level of 90 ... 100 dB;

Class 2 - mid-frequency noise (the highest levels in the spectrum

located below the frequency of 800 Hz, above which the levels decrease) with an allowable level of 85 ... 90 dB;

Class 3 - high-frequency noise (the highest levels in the spectrum are located above the frequency of 800 Hz) with an allowable level of 75 ... 85 dB.

Thus, the noise is called low-frequency when the oscillation frequency is not

more than 400 Hz, mid-frequency - 400 ... 1000 Hz, high-frequency - more

1000 Hz. At the same time, according to the frequency of the spectrum, noise is classified into broadband, including almost all frequencies of sound pressure (the level is measured in dBA), and narrow-band (the level is measured in dB).

Although the frequency of acoustic sound vibrations is in the range of 20 ... 20,000

Hz, its normalization in dB is carried out in octave bands with a frequency of 63 ...

8000 Hz constant noise. The characteristic of intermittent and broadband noise is equivalent in energy and perception

human ear sound level in dBA.

Permissible levels of internal noise for vehicles according to

GOST R 51616 - 2000 are given in table. 1.13.8.

It should be noted that the permissible levels of internal noise in the cabin or saloon are set regardless of whether there is one source here.

noise or more. Obviously, if the sound power emitted by one source satisfies the maximum permissible sound pressure level at the workplace, then when installing several such sources

the indicated maximum allowable level will be exceeded due to the sum of their effects. As a result, the overall noise level is determined by the law of energy summation.

Table 1.13.8

Permissible levels of internal noise of vehicles

Permissible

motor vehicle

Cars and buses for the transport of passengers

sound level, dB A

M 1, except for wagon models or

half-bonnet body layout

M 1 - models with wagon or 80

semi-bonnet body layout.

M 3 , except models with

the location of the engine in front of or next to the place

driver: 78 in the driver's workplace 80 in the passenger area of ​​class II buses 82

in the passenger area of ​​class I buses

Models with arrangement 80

engine in front of or next to the driver's seat:

at the driver's workplace and in the passenger 80

indoors

Vehicles for the transport of goods

N1 GVW up to 2 t 80

N1 GVW from 2 to 3.5 t 82

N3 , except models,

intended for international and 80

intercity transportation

Models for international and 80

intercity transportation

Trailers designed for the transport of passengers 80

Total noise level, dBA, from several identical sources

LΣ  L1  10 lg⋅ n ,

L1 – noise level of one source, dBA;

n is the number of noise sources.

With the simultaneous action of two sources with different sound pressure levels, the total noise level

LΣ  La  ∆L ,

– the largest of the two summed noise levels;

∆L – additive depending on the difference in noise levels between two sources

∆L values

depending on the difference between the noise levels of the two sources

> Lb) are given below:

La − Lb , dBA…..0 1
∆L , dBA…...3 2.5

Obviously, if the noise level of one source is higher than that of another by

8 ... 10 dBA, then the noise of a more intense source will prevail, since

in this case, the addition ∆L

very small.

The total noise level of sources of different intensity is determined by the expression

−0.1∆L1,n 

Σ  1  10 log 1  10

 ...  10 ,

L1 - the highest noise level of one of the sources;

∆L1, 2 − L1 − L2 ;

∆L1.3  L1 − L3 ; ∆L1,n  L1 − Ln ⋅ L2 , L3 ,...., Ln 

Noise levels

2nd, 3rd, ..., nth sources, respectively). Calculation of the noise level, dB A,

with a change in the distance to the source is performed by the formula

Lr  Lu − 201gr − 8 ,

– source noise level; r is the distance from the noise source to

the object of his perception,

The general noise of a moving car is the sum of the noise generated by the engine, units, car body and its components, noise auxiliary equipment and tire rolling, as well as noise from the air flow.

Noise in a particular source is generated by certain physical phenomena, among which the most characteristic in a car are:

impact interaction of bodies; friction of surfaces; forced vibrations of solid bodies; vibration of parts and assemblies; pressure pulsation in pneumatic and hydraulic systems.

In general, vehicle noise sources can be divided into the following:

Mechanical - internal combustion engine, body parts,

transmission, suspension, panels, tires, tracks, exhaust system;

Hydromechanical - torque converters, fluid couplings, hydraulic pumps,

hydraulic motors;

Electromagnetic - generators, electric motors;

Aerodynamic - intake and exhaust system of an internal combustion engine, fans.

Noise has a complex structure and is made up of noise from individual sources. The most intense sources of noise are:

structural engine noise (mechanical and combustion noise), intake and system noise, exhaust system and exhaust system noise, cooling fan noise, transmission noise, tire rolling noise (tire noise), body noise. Many years of research have established that the main sources of noise in a car include an internal combustion engine, transmission elements, tires, and aerodynamic noise. Body panels are a secondary source of noise. Additional sources include noise from engine attachments, some transmission elements, electric motors, heaters, window blowing, slamming doors, etc.

The listed sources generate mechanical and acoustic vibrations, different in frequency and intensity. The nature of the frequency spectrum

disturbances is very difficult to analyze due to the overlap and frequency interconnection of work processes and disturbances from transmission elements, running gear, aerodynamic processes, etc.,

and also in view of the fact that many sources are both causative agents of mechanical and acoustic vibrations. In the vibration spectra of the main transmission units and noise, mainly

harmonic components from the main excitation sources

(engine and transmission).

The dynamic interaction of parts of the vehicle's assemblies generates vibrational energy, which, propagating from vibration sources,

creates the sound field of a car, tractor, i.e. car noise.

In accordance with this, the following ways can be outlined to reduce the intensity of noise:

Reducing the vibration activity of aggregates, i.e. decrease in the level of vibrational energy generated in the source;

Taking measures to reduce the intensity of fluctuations in the way of their

distribution;

Impact on the process of radiation and transmission of vibrations to attached parts, i.e. reduction of their vibroacoustic activity.

Reducing the vibration activity of the source is achieved by improving the kinematic properties of vehicle systems and selecting parameters mechanical systems so that their resonant frequencies are

as far as possible from the frequency range containing the operating frequencies of the units, as well as reducing to a minimum the levels of oscillations at the reference points and minimizing the amplitudes of forced oscillations. Noise reduction can be achieved by creating a low noise process

combustion, improving the vibroacoustic characteristics of body parts, assemblies, introducing damping into their design, improving the design and manufacturing quality of movable

parts, increasing the acoustic efficiency of intake and exhaust silencers, etc.

Fight against noise and vibrations during their distribution in the process

radiation and transmission of vibrational energy to attached parts and

aggregates can be carried out by "detuning" the system of bearing elements from resonant states by means of vibration isolation, vibration damping and vibration damping.

Vibration isolation - the choice of such parameters of mechanical systems that provide localization of vibrations in a certain area of ​​the car without

its further distribution.

Vibration damping - the use of systems that actively dissipate the energy of vibrations of vibrating surfaces, as well as the use of materials with a large decrement

attenuation.

Vibration damping is the use in units tuned to a certain frequency and shape of vibrations, systems operating in antiphase.

Suppression of noise at the very source of its occurrence is an active method of noise suppression and the most radical means of combating noise. However, in many cases this method, for one reason or another, is not

can be applied. Then you have to resort to passive methods of noise protection - this is vibration damping of surfaces, sound absorption, sound insulation.

Soundproofing refers to the reduction of sound (noise) entering the receiver due to reflection from obstacles in the transmission path. The soundproofing effect always occurs when the passage of sound

waves through the interface between two different media. The greater the energy of the reflected waves, the less the energy of the transmitted ones and, consequently, the greater the soundproofing ability of the interface between the media. The more sound energy is absorbed by the barrier, the higher its sound-absorbing

ability.

Noise caused by medium and high frequency vibrations is transmitted to the cabin mainly through the air. To reduce this transmission, a special

pay attention to sealing the cabin, identifying and eliminating acoustic holes (acoustic holes). Acoustic holes can be through and non-through slots, technological holes, areas with

low sound insulation, significantly worsening the overall sound insulation of the structure.

From the point of view of the characteristics of the transmission of sound energy, there are

large and small acoustic openings. A large acoustic hole is characterized by a large ratio of the linear dimensions of the hole to the length of the sound wave incident on the hole compared to unity. In practice, we can assume that sound waves pass through a large acoustic hole according to the laws of geometric acoustics, and the sound energy passed through the hole is proportional to its area. Each hole category has one or more effective methods their elimination.

To determine effective ways to reduce noise, it is necessary to know the most intense sources of noise, to carry out their separation, as well as

determine the need and magnitude of reducing the levels of each of them.

Having the results of separation of sources and their levels, it is possible to determine the sequence of finishing the car in terms of noise.

Control questions

1. For what purpose is the safety of the design of vehicles regulated?

2. What are the main properties that determine the safety of the design of vehicles

3. By what criteria is the impact of active vehicle safety on road safety determined?

4. What is the relationship between vehicle weight and risk

injury in an accident for its passengers?

5. What determines the width of the dynamic corridor during curvilinear motion?

6. What are the size classes for cars sold in Europe?

with GOST R 52051-2003?

8. What forces act on a car accelerating uphill?

9. What changes in the technical condition of the car affect its traction dynamics and how?

10. What is the dynamic factor of a car?

11. What is called transverse stability car?

12. What is called the longitudinal stability of the car?

13. What is vehicle directional stability?

14. What are the main technical requirements (test methods)

apply to the braking properties of vehicles?

15. What standards regulate the stability and controllability of vehicles as properties of active safety?

16. What types of stability tests do you know?

17. What indicators are evaluated during the "stabilization" test?

18. What types of car steering exist?

19. For what technical reasons is it possible to lose control of the car?

20. What is the stopping distance of a car?

21. How a Type 0 test is carried out brake systems Vehicle?

22. What indicators determine the requirements for tires and wheels?

23. Specify the main characteristics of coupling devices.

24. What devices are used for information support of vehicles?

25. What are the technical requirements for lighting and light signaling devices?

With the growth of progress and material well-being, the statement “A car is not a luxury, but a means of transportation” is slowly but surely losing its relevance. Today, when buying a car, the future owner is increasingly paying attention to such a component as comfort. This characteristic includes many parameters that at first glance have nothing in common:

• The design and type of suspension, as well as the model of tires installed on the car;
• Noise insulation of the cabin and engine compartment;
• The presence of an air conditioning system;
• Ergonomic seats and spacious interior;
• Material quality interior decoration;
• Window tinting or curtains;
• Availability of active and passive safety systems.

The last component is the basis for the passengers and the driver to feel protected, because the feeling of comfort starts from there.

Considering all these parameters when buying a new car means opting for elite models, the cost of which may be too heavy a burden for the budget. Search the best option, which would correspond not only to desire, but also to possibilities, can become a long and tedious quest that can pretty much get on the nerves of a future car owner. We decided to take part in the search and present to your attention an overview of the most comfortable cars that you can buy in car dealerships in Russia. For greater convenience, the selection of models in the rating was made in three fundamentally different categories of cars.

The most comfortable crossovers

This type of car involves a large and spacious interior, high seating position and large diameter wheels. All this is an integral part of more comfortable conditions of movement. This rating group will feature the most comfortable crossover models.

4 Renault KAPTUR

Best price
The country: France (produced in Russia)
Average price: 884,000 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.4

All-wheel drive French SUV entered the top of our rating because this model completely changes our understanding of Renault cars. Bright, slightly futuristic design, with the possibility of individualizing the look of the car with the help of Atelier Renault elements, immediately attracts the attention of others. The comfortable and elegant interior has excellent noise isolation, and three-circuit door seals almost completely absorb sound waves from the outside as soon as you close the door.

Ergonomic seats create "their" pleasant atmosphere. Using a car for long trips will never be boring - the standard interior can be changed in accordance with the preferences of the owner - just choose one of the ready-made design solutions. The presence of cruise control, climate system, active safety services with elements of intelligent driver support - this is also Renault KAPTUR.

3 KIA Sorento Prime

Spacious salon. Anatomic chairs with heating and ventilation
Country: South Korea
Average price: 2,495,000 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.6

As a result of the technical updates of the model implemented this year, the third generation Kia Sorento received, among other things, a modernized and more spacious interior. The interior space of the car is emphasized by energy-efficient trim elements made of high-quality materials. Anatomic seats with built-in heating and ventilation system are literally made for long trips. Even rear passengers can adjust the backrest of their seat.

A premium multimedia system with a subwoofer, a wireless console for charging your phone - everything is created exclusively for comfortable movement in space. Elements of active and passive protection, highly appreciated by Euro NCAP experts, make driving a car as convenient and safe as possible.

2 Porsche Macans

The most comfortable lounge
Country: Germany
Average price: 3,512,000 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.9

The first thing that catches your eye when you open the doors of this car is the seats. They provide the most comfortable fit for passengers and the driver, adjusting to their preferences in 8 positions by simply pressing certain buttons. Adjustable lumbar support for long journeys is an indispensable feature, providing the body with maximum comfort. In the basic version, all seats are heated, and a heated steering wheel is available as an additional option. Also, the standard version of the crossover is equipped with a three-zone climate system, which allows you to create an individual microclimate for both front and rear passengers.

Choosing a car with air suspension, new owner will receive an SUV that completely isolates the driver and his companions from the surrounding reality. The car will simply “float” over the road, all the bumps of which will not be able to disturb you in any way. Soundproofing the cabin with the use of modern materials will allow you to talk without raising your voice, even at high speed. As an additional option, you can install multi-layer tinted thermal glass, which will increase the already high level of comfort. There is also a more conservative, but effective alternative - mechanical curtains.

1 Audi Q5

The most comfortable suspension. Popular model in the domestic market
Country: Germany
Average price: 3,325,000 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.9

The Germans are very attentive to details, so their cars are the most comfortable, and occupy a special niche in the market. The Audi Q5 crossover, which was in the first position of our top rating, will amaze you with the smallest thoughtfulness of details and high-quality interior trim. Ergonomic seats and a control system with individual settings allows you to achieve maximum comfort during the trip. In addition, Audi is considered the most “advanced” car and boasts many high-tech systems on board that make the trip not only comfortable, but also safe.

One of these systems is Audi Drive Select, which adapts the operation of vehicle components in accordance with the priorities of the owner. A simple choice of mode - and the car becomes a high-clearance SUV or turns into sports car, with low ground clearance and rigid suspension. In the Comfort position, the standard engine and gearbox dynamics are activated, and the air suspension begins to work more smoothly, which immediately affects the ride comfort. This option is especially relevant for long trips.

The most comfortable sedans

As a rule, these are premium-class cars, which are distinguished not only by maximum comfort, but also by a high level of safety, as well as the presence of integrated modern and high-tech systems that make everyday operation pleasant and easy. The models presented below are the best and most comfortable cars that are sold today in Russia.

4 Nissan Sentra

The most attractive price. Spacious interior
The country: Japan (assembled in Russia)
Average price: 916,000 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.2

Already with an external examination of the car, one gets the impression of the spaciousness of its interior - the length of the car is just over 4.6 meters. The strict and laconic elegance of the external appearance of the car accompanies the passenger and inside - aluminum inserts in the interior of the cabin give it a more expensive, respectable look. Convenient management onboard systems, the availability of services (depending on the selected configuration) that provide more comfortable and safer movement.

For long trips, seat comfort is of particular importance. The Nissan Sentra has a rather high landing, almost like in crossovers - there is no feeling that you are “falling through”. Lateral support, easy adjustment and plenty of legroom for rear passengers will make any journey as comfortable as possible.

3 GENESIS G70

Innovative driver support systems. Luxurious Salon
Country: South Korea
Average price: 1,999,000 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.4

This unusual, luxurious car is the first representative of the premium segment of the South Korean Hyundai Motor Company. The elegant and modern design of the model anticipates the elite comfort of the cabin and the innovative solutions implemented in the GENESIS G70. At your service is a projection of instrument readings on the windshield, an intelligent surround view function, passive and active safety systems, a luxurious sound system consisting of 15 surround speakers, and many other high-end modern "chips".

The interior of the cabin is distinguished by luxury and high quality materials used for decoration. The most comfortable and "smart" driver's seat has deep lateral support and electronic adjustment in 8 positions (only lumbar support has 4 points of adjustment). Ergonomic rear passenger seats provide a comfortable fit, which is key on long journeys.

2 Lexus LS

image model. High level of comfort
Country: Japan
Average price: 5,540,000 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.8

The fifth generation of the most sought-after LS model, with a striking and dynamic design, is an integral attribute of swiftness and success. Only by sitting down on the magnificent, enveloping seats, you can fully experience all the luxury and comfort of the interior of this car. In addition to ventilation systems and dual-zone heating, 7 types of acupressure are available to rear passengers, which relieve fatigue and relax, which is very important for long trips.

The high-quality acoustic system, comparable in sound to a home theater, a huge legroom for the rear passengers (a little more than a meter) and an adaptive suspension will allow you to completely step back from the outside world as soon as the door of this luxury car closes. The three-year manufacturer's warranty is proof High Quality and reliability, which is an integral part of comfort.

1 Mercedes S 350 d 4MATIC

Popular premium sedan. Comfort suspension
Country: Germany
Average price: 6,720,000 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.8

The German "Mercedes" at all times of its existence symbolized the success, prosperity and subtle sense of style of its owner. This is a good reason for his entry into the top. best models our rating. Confident behavior on the road provides all-wheel drive and auxiliary control systems. Inside, the owner will find an exquisite interior, finished with high-quality materials, with excellent noise isolation, ergonomic controls, a range of cutting-edge intelligent driver support services and comfortable seats. Thanks to these components, the driver (especially the passenger) is not so much tired from trips as resting and relaxing, using the time behind the wheel to recuperate.

The special mode of operation of the Curve suspension, which dampens the inertial forces when cornering, makes the journey surprisingly comfortable. Futuristic soft neon lighting, which emphasizes the interior lines of the interior trim, adds pleasant emotions to passengers. A modern and very convenient projection screen displays not only the necessary information about the operation of the car directly on the windshield, but also a navigation map (depending on the type of configuration). Its peculiarity lies in the fact that the driver sees the information not on the windshield - the illusory picture "floats" above the hood of this luxury car.

The most comfortable Chinese cars

The constantly growing quality of Chinese models has become a good reason and reason for the most comfortable cars from China to be included in the top of our rating.

2 LIFAN X70

Best interior soundproofing. Great popularity in Russia
Country: China
Average price: 799,000 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.3

When designing this crossover, Chinese experts provided 14 special niches in the body structure for installing additional sound insulation. In total, there are 28 noise-absorbing zones, guaranteeing the best acoustic protection for passengers and the driver. Body contouring, anatomical seats provide maximum comfort for long journeys.

For the driver, the support of the ESP complex, Hill Start Assist (stabilization system when starting on slopes) and many other systems that provide ease of use of the car will be noticeable. It is also worth noting the strict design style of interior decoration - laconic, with smooth lines of transitions, it is designed to enhance the harmony and comfort of this car.

1 GEELY EMGRAND GT

The most luxurious. Comfort seats for rear passengers with adjustment
Country: China
Average price: 1,209,000 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.4

The secret of this car lies in the fact that it was based on the proven and reliable Volvo S 80 platform (the Chinese now own this trademark). Large and comfortable, EMGRAND GT is equipped with the latest technology and is a serious competitor to more expensive and famous brands, the cost of which is much higher.

When finishing the spacious interior, a high-quality polymer was used, so there is no smell of phenolic compounds, traditional for many cars from China, here. Dual-zone climate system, comfortable electrically adjustable seats (including the rear ones), premium class multimedia system, intelligent system driver support and many other features indicate that we have an expensive and prestigious car of the highest class.

Increasing vehicle comfort

In some cases, the electronic system improves not only some properties of the car, for example, its active safety, but also increases its comfort. An example of such a device is modern system wiper control. Given this circumstance, in this paragraph only those devices are considered, the main purpose of which is to create comfortable conditions for the driver. Information about devices that primarily serve to improve other technical and operational properties of the vehicle, although they increase comfort, is given in other paragraphs.

The reverse situation is also possible, when electronic devices created as comfort systems have simultaneously improved other properties of the car. So, systems for maintaining a constant speed made it possible to obtain noticeable fuel savings, etc.

Comfort devices contribute to the creation of the best psycho-physiological state of the driver, thereby increasing traffic safety. Therefore, electronic systems that improve the comfort of a vehicle cannot be treated as a luxury. Let's look at this in the following examples.

In areas with a hot climate in high-class cars, for example, the American company Cadillac, Seville, Eldorado, air conditioners are widely used, which provide complete air exchange in the cabin in 15-20 seconds with dehumidification and heating. At an outside air temperature of 54 °C, a temperature of 25 °C is set in the car interior for 10 minutes. The cost of air conditioners reaches 10% of the cost of the car.

The Cedric-Gloria car of the Nissan concern is equipped with a modern air conditioning system in the cabin. The system is designed to automatically stabilize the set value of the air temperature in the passenger compartment as a result of adjusting the temperature and flow rate of the supplied air. The air temperature outside and inside the cabin is used as the initial data.

The system consists of two nodes. The unit, installed in the front of the car, is designed to adjust the position of the diffuser for supplying air to the passenger compartment. The unit, located at the rear of the vehicle, automatically regulates the supply of cooled air. The passenger in the rear C-Denier can change the speed of the fan located in the rear of the cabin and adjust the degree of air cooling.

The development of electronic air conditioning control systems was accompanied by a number of difficult tasks. For example, in the cars of the General Motors concern, at the first stages, the system reacted to electromagnetic interference and often heated the air when it needed to be cooled.

The choice was also difficult the best place installation of a temperature sensor inside the passenger compartment due to the effect of radiation from the walls of the car.

It is no coincidence that the Nissan concern system uses two air temperature sensors inside the cabin.

The operation of the air conditioner requires a lot of energy, therefore, at a low frequency of rotation of the crankshaft, usually at idle, turning on the compressor (as well as gearboxes with automatic control) may cause the engine to overheat or stop. There are several ways to solve this problem. The simplest is to automatically turn off the compressor clutch at a low speed crankshaft engine. In more complex systems, an automatic electronic device is installed that allows the engine to increase torque when an additional load is turned on as a result of adjusting the ignition timing.

And here is another device. Many drivers, due to lack of time, neglect correct installation seat position. The degree of discrepancy between the characteristics of the seat and the features of the constitution of the driver is reflected not only in the well-being of a person, but also in the rate of increase in fatigue, i.e., ultimately, traffic safety. Bosch and Keiper Automobiltechnik have developed a “system that allows the driver to quickly and without hassle restore the previously selected best seat position after changing the adjustment.

The principle of the system is simple. There are four electric motors on the seat frame that change the backrest position and seat height, cushion tilt and seat-to-front panel distance. The driver, by pressing the appropriate buttons, controls the electric motors and finds the most comfortable position for himself. After the selection is completed, the specific button must be pressed. At the same time, from four potentiometers connected to electric motors, digitized data corresponding to a given seat position are entered into the memory device.

The memory device can fix two or three seat positions. Thus, on one car, two (three) drivers can memorize the most comfortable seat positions for themselves, or one driver can fix several positions corresponding to different driving modes.

After changing the seat adjustment, the driver restores the previously selected position by pressing a button. This activates relays that supply power to the electric motors, which change the position of the seat until it reaches the preset settings stored in the memory device.

The disadvantage of the described system is that information about the positions of the seat is stored only as long as the memory device is supplied with voltage from battery car. After disconnecting the battery, it is necessary to re-arrange the input of data on the desired positions into the memory.

This disadvantage is deprived of a similar system installed on the Lagonda car. The system has ’six buttons to control the position of the seat: adjust the height, distance from the instrument panel and tilt the seatback. Two buttons are used to memorize two best positions that remain in memory after the power supply is turned off.

In some cases, for example, when driving on a road with low traffic intensity, the driver tries to maintain a constant speed. This problem can be successfully solved with the help of a device for maintaining a constant speed (UPPS) movement.

Modern devices of this type include a device developed by Bosch and installed on Audi-5000 cars of the Volkswagen concern. The driver, by pressing the button on the turn signal lever, gives the command to the car to move with a constant acceleration equal to 1 m/s2. When the desired speed is reached, he releases the button and the electronic device itself maintains a constant speed value. If the car moves at the required speed and further acceleration is not needed, you can press and immediately release the button.

UPPS allows you to press the throttle control pedal to increase speed at the right time, for example, when overtaking. After the end of the maneuver, an automatic return to the previously set mode is provided. To disable the UPSS, simply press the brake pedal. Speed ​​stabilization error does not exceed 2 km/h for the entire range of engine power output.

To reduce the possibility of unintentional switching on, the device reacts to pressing the button only at speeds greater than 30 km/h. The UPS has overload protection. It will automatically turn off when a certain temperature is exceeded.

In the described device, the value of the desired speed is fixed in the memory of the computing unit after the button is released. If there is a difference between the set and actual speed value, the electric motor is switched on, changing the position throttle valve. In vehicles with powerful engines instead of an electric actuator, vacuum devices are usually used to turn the throttle.

TO Category: - Car Electronics

A fishing rod or a long key is a hijacking method when attackers use a wave system designed for special services. Relaying the key signal allows you to open the car, even if the owner is at a considerable distance. Ways to deal with this type of theft.

During operation, scratches appear on the windows of the car from wipers, scrapers and other small abrasives. Scratches and abrasions can significantly reduce the driver's visibility while driving, especially in the evening. In order not to change the glass, you can try to polish it yourself.

Soundproofing car doors can significantly reduce the level of extraneous sounds in the cabin. The procedure for installing Shumka is not so complicated, so you can even make it right with your own hands. What materials are commonly used for soundproofing, what are the positive and negative sides of installing Shumkov for doors.

50% of car owners produce independent soundproofing of a car, while the other half orders this service in specialized workshops. Is it really so difficult to make a noise in a car with your own hands, what materials should be used. How much material is needed and what types are better to use.

It is useful to study the rating of the most stolen cars in Russia for all car owners, as well as for those who are just going to purchase a vehicle. The article contains statistics of car thefts since 2014. Fresh data for 2018, by the number of thefts in general and by specific gravity.

Double glazing your car will help you avoid constant fines for the installed tinting. Having once spent a certain amount of money, you can forget about the problem forever. But it is advisable to approach the choice of the contractor responsibly in order to avoid problems with double glazing in the future.

Since the vehicle is a source of increased danger, there is a list of malfunctions, in the event of which the driver does not have the right to use the vehicle at all. There is also a list of malfunctions with which the car can independently continue to move to the place where the breakdown is repaired.

Did you smell gasoline in your car? It is necessary to calculate the place of the leak, because you should not joke with gasoline. There can be several reasons for the smell. First you need to figure out exactly at what moment it appears, and even then start the search. It may start to smell when the engine is started, and then the smell disappears. We are trying to figure out what is causing the smell of gasoline in the car.

Due to the fact that once a law was passed on the permissible level of tinted car windows, drivers had such a problem as removing the tint. You can make it in several ways - on your own, or by contacting the workshop. Removing tint on your own is not so difficult, it is enough to know how to do it correctly.

Many have heard such an expression as an engine preheater. Its main function becomes clear from the name - facilitating the winter start of the car. There are many different heaters from different manufacturers. According to the type of implementation, they can be divided into two: autonomous and electric. You can learn about each of them from this article.

One of the necessary and important improvements to the car, without a doubt, is such a device as heater salon. Thanks to this device, the required temperature can be maintained in the cabin, without the need to start the engine. Such a unit is in greatest demand among truckers, as it allows you to relax on the road under much more comfortable conditions.

Such a device as anti-sleep allows the driver to avoid an emergency if he is tired and starts to fall asleep at the wheel. The sharp, piercing signal that the device emits, as soon as the head leans forward, will wake anyone up. Although by and large, it is best not to tempt fate and not hope for a device, but simply stop and relax.

Tinting, whatever it may be, reduces visibility and increases the possibility of an emergency. Therefore, permissible light transmission standards have been introduced, and drivers who violate these requirements are fined. One option to avoid punishment is electro tinting. What it is and how it works, read in this publication.

One of additional options designed to increase the comfort of the driver and passengers is heated seats. The option is purely seasonal, but very popular. In luxury trim levels, heated seats are present by default, while others can install it on their own, with their own hands.

The rain sensor is optional and is designed to make life easier for the driver and increase the level of comfort. There is no need to turn the wipers on and off on your own, the sensor turns them on automatically as soon as water gets on the windshield.

The safety of the driver and passengers of the car is a very important issue, and when it comes to children, there can be no compromise at all. For the greatest safety of children, the driver must use special child seats, which are fastened using the existing belts, or the isofix system, if available. What is it and in what machines is available, read the article.

Many motorists, entering a turn at a decent speed, experienced the feeling that a little more and the car would roll over. This is due to the effect of centrifugal and other forces on the car. In the fight against the possibility of a car overturning, manufacturers complete them with various systems that prevent rollovers.

Transporting a bicycle by car is often difficult, especially when the car is not large. What can we say about how to transport several bicycles at once. To do this, there are various mounts on the towbar of a car, both factory-made (flexfix from opel) and many other solutions.

This article will focus on a special type of glass tinting, which is provided by the manufacturer. skoda cars. It's called sunset and can be applied directly at the factory. Do we need such an option, is it worth overpaying our hard-earned money for it and what is the use of it - let's try to figure it out.

Heat-shielding glazing, its other name is athermal, protects the car interior from overheating. This is achieved with the help of various additives in the manufacture of glass. Athermal glasses are used by skoda car manufacturers and a number of others. Also recently, tinting with athermal films is gaining popularity.

Owners of Skoda brand cars are probably familiar with such a concept as the varioflex system. This is a very convenient implementation of the interior space of the cabin, thanks to which, the seats back row can be folded in various variations, and if necessary, completely removed. The varioflex system allows you to make passenger car almost complete truck.

modern car it is already difficult to imagine without such an option as air conditioning. A great variety of them have been invented, and each is good in its own way. This article will focus on the principle of operation of all such systems, and on a semi-automatic air conditioner, which is called Climate (climatic).

For maximum comfort of the driver and passengers, there are a great many different systems. One of these is the seat ventilation system. On the expensive cars, v maximum configuration this option is becoming more and more common. But this does not mean that a person with an average income cannot afford seat ventilation. It is possible to install it yourself.

Cars equipped with keyless access systems make life much easier for the driver. There is no need to arm or disarm the car - the smart key system does all this perfectly. It is enough that the electronic key is in the pocket, and then the driver will be identified as the legal owner of the vehicle.

Power windows is the dream of any owner of a domestic vehicle. If now modern VAZ models are equipped with this option already from the factory, then on the classics, for example, the same 2107, you will have to install the window regulator yourself. The article contains information about all possible types of power windows and their device.

What's happened on-board computer in a car, for what purposes it is installed and why it is so popular among car owners. The answer is simple - this device allows you to control many parameters of the car, notify the owner of malfunctions, and generally make life easier for the owner of the vehicle.

Why do we need a projection display (head up) and to what extent it is able to facilitate driving, as well as to protect all road users as much as possible. Modern electronic means, one of which is a display capable of projecting instrument readings onto the windshield, do an excellent job of increasing safety and comfort.

Surely many of us, at least once, had to fall under such heavy rain that even the windshield wipers could not cope with the streams of water pouring from the sky. And what could be worse than a fine drizzle that makes the wipers work continuously, and the view still leaves much to be desired. Modern technologies make it possible to treat car windows with an “anti-rain” agent, from the action of which water simply rolls off the glass.

The system of course stability, or dynamic stabilization of the car, is necessary in order to prevent uncontrolled skidding at the time of sudden braking, or loss of traction of one of the wheels. Based on the readings of multiple sensors, the system ensures that the driver does not get into emergency due to road conditions or your inexperience.

Noise isolation excites the minds of many car owners, which is not surprising. After all, who doesn’t want to drive a car without hearing the noise of the wheels, enjoy the silence, or let’s say the music in the cabin, which is not drowned out by the rustle of gravel under the wheels and the roar of passing cars. Yesterday, the soundproofing procedure was long and expensive, but today, thanks to the advent of liquid rubber, it is available to everyone.

It is difficult to overestimate the importance of such a system as assistance during descent and ascent. It is especially needed, and even necessary, for novice drivers who experience problems just when they need to move uphill. Having many names, depending on the manufacturer, the principle of operation of this system remains unchanged.

In the struggle for road safety, humanity is increasingly improving the filling of the car in order to achieve comfort and safety. Long travel times invariably affect the driver's condition, and sometimes driver fatigue leads to fatal consequences.

What is voice control of a car is not difficult to guess from the name of this option. The article will tell you exactly how you can implement the work of such a system, it also contains information about how the voice control system has evolved over time, and how the very first differs from the latest developments in this area.

What kind of miracle is an active head restraint and is there any benefit from it for the driver. Let's try to figure this out. Numerous tests have proven that an active head restraint significantly reduces the risk of damage to the driver's cervical vertebrae in a rear impact. So far, this security system is not common at all, but we think over time everything will change, and the equipment of the car with active head restraints will become the norm.

The surround view system in the car is another step towards road safety. This system allows you to monitor the traffic situation around the car in real time. This is achieved through video cameras and proximity sensors installed in a circle. Each manufacturer names their systems differently, but they have the same basic principle of operation.

What is an expeditionary trunk is everyone, in any case, most car owners. How important and necessary to have this type of trunk for those who travel by car is a moot point. The article describes its main advantages, and also contains information on how you can independently make a trunk from improvised means.

There are a lot of road signs, and the driver has only two eyes, so it can be difficult to keep track of everyone. To facilitate the control of the traffic situation, a device such as a traffic sign recognition system was invented. It will warn the driver that it is necessary to observe the speed limit on this section of the road, or that overtaking is prohibited here. The system is very useful, but as practice shows, it does not always work as it should.

Man has always sought to automate certain processes as much as possible, and driving is no exception. This article will focus on such a system as park assist. System automatic parking able to park the car on its own, without any human intervention. Whether there is a driver in the car or not, the vehicle will find a free space and park the car.

Many sooner or later face a problem when the rear window heating stops working completely. This happens most often due to the breakage of the filaments, which provide this very heating. Let's take a look at the most simple ways restoration of glass heating, which is within the power of any motorist with straight arms.

We have already found out what an immobilizer is and for what purposes it is needed in a car. In this article, let's discuss when and how a device such as an immobilizer bypass is required. It is clear that this anti-theft protection system can turn against you in case of key loss, program failure or equipment breakdown. This is where the knowledge of how you can turn off the immobilizer comes in handy.

An immobilizer is an anti-theft tool for a car that works on the principle of blocking certain features of the car, individual components or assemblies, which in turn leads to the immobilization of the vehicle. And since hijackers rarely use tow trucks and other loading equipment when stealing, the chances that the car equipped with an immobilizer will remain with the owner are quite high.

What is a parking sensor and is it necessary to install it. Quite a few varieties of parking sensors have already been invented, with and without cameras, with monitors built into the rear-view mirrors and without them, but the essence of the device remains unchanged - it is designed to make life easier for the driver, especially for a beginner. It is a kind of third eye. How it works and how to install it, read in this article.

A central lock in a car is an indispensable thing, and it is found, in our time, on the vast majority of cars. What role does central locking, on what principle its work is organized can be found in this article.

Do you buckle up while driving? More and more people in our time, realizing that courage can go sideways, began to take care of themselves first of all and fasten their seat belts. And this is very correct. How the procession of seat belts began, what were the first of them, and what the evolution of safety has led to today - about this and more in this article.