Under the technological process of production is understood the sequence of technical influences on the car in the AP. The scheme of the technological process at the designed ATP is shown in Figure (3.1)

Checkpoint - checkpoint; EO- daily service; TO- technical service; TR - current repair; D-1,2- general and advanced

diagnostics.

Figure 3.1 - Scheme of the technological process of technical

maintenance and repair in ATP

At the checkpoint, inventory and technical acceptance of cars from the line is carried out and the documentation accepted at the AP is drawn up. Then the cars in the EO zone are cleaned and washed. Further, all serviceable cars are sent to the storage area, and those in need of maintenance and repair are sent to the corresponding production areas.

After the maintenance and repair, the vehicles are also sent to the storage area. If the number of cars returning from the line per unit of time is greater than the capacity of the EO zone, then some of the cars after the checkpoint do not go to the EO zone, but to the storage or waiting area for maintenance and repair. These vehicles pass the EO later when the EO area is not loaded.

For cars waiting for MOT and TR, there are waiting posts in the corresponding zones.

Some buses after the EO are subjected to diagnostics before maintenance and repair, and then they arrive at the service and repair posts (Figure 3.1). Release of cars on the line is carried out from the storage area through the checkpoint.

During the TR of a car, dismantling and assembly, metalwork, welding, adjustment, fastening and other works are carried out, as well as the replacement of individual parts, assemblies, mechanisms, devices and assemblies. During the TR of the unit, the same work is carried out, but with the replacement of individual parts that have reached the maximum permissible state, except for the basic ones, in order to reduce vehicle downtime, the current repair of vehicles at the ATP is carried out mainly by the aggregate method from the revolving fund.

Works on repair of units are carried out in the aggregate department.

Electrical work is carried out both at the posts of maintenance and repair, and in the electrical department.

Battery work consists of recharging, charging and repairing batteries and they are performed in the battery compartment.

Repair work fuel equipment are carried out both at the maintenance and TR posts, and in the department for the repair of power supply system devices.

Tire fitting and tire repair works include dismantling and mounting of tires, repair of wheel rims and tubes, wheel balancing.

Works on the manufacture of fasteners, mechanical restoration details after surfacing, boring of brake drums, milling of damaged surfaces, etc. are performed in the fitter-mechanical department.

Reinforcing, wallpaper, tin works are technologically related and are carried out in the respective departments.

Maintenance and repair of technological equipment, buildings and structures at the ATP is carried out by the department of the chief mechanic (CMO).

For storage of spare parts, parts, operating materials, units, etc. appropriate storage facilities exist. For storage of spare parts and units from the working capital there is an intermediate warehouse.

Justification, calculation and description of planning decisions

General plan of the automobile enterprise

Previously, to build a master plan, the required area of ​​​​the site is determined as

where - building area of ​​industrial and warehouse buildings, m 2;

Building area with auxiliary buildings, m 2;

The area of ​​open areas for storage of PS, m 2;

The area of ​​the gas station, m 2;

Kz - building density of the territory,%.

Kz is adopted in accordance with SNiP II-89-80, indicated in table 3.1.

We accept for building a plot for ATP - a blocked type of building.

All main production facilities will be located in one building. Since there are more than 10 service posts at the planned ATP, in accordance with SNiP-II-93-74, a separate building can be designed for car washing. This means that a separate building is needed for the SW.

For industrial buildings, we accept a one-story building scheme.

All production and auxiliary areas and buildings on the master plan are located in accordance with the functional diagram and the scheme of the TO and TR process.

On the territory of the ATP traffic Vehicle carried out on the principle of one-way ring traffic. This excludes the possibility of meeting flows and their intersection.

Since the ATP provides for the storage of vehicles in open areas, the territory of the enterprise must have fences 1.6 m high.

We accept one checkpoint for entry and exit of cars. In addition, it is necessary to provide one spare gate.

Since one-way traffic will be carried out on the territory of the ATP, we accept the width of the passages at least 3 meters.

The minimum distance from the edge of the driveways to the outer wall of the building is taken to be 3 m in the absence of cars entering the building and 8 m in those areas where it is necessary to enter the building for trucks and cars. Since the width of the buildings on the territory of the ATP is less than 100 m, it is necessary to ensure the access of fire trucks to them from at least two sides.

The distance between sites for open storage of vehicles and buildings and structures are accepted in accordance with SNiP-II-60-75

(Table 3.3).

We design the administrative building as a separate building. Connected to the production building by a heated corridor. The entrance to it is carried out from the territory of the ATP. Next to the administrative building outside the territory of the enterprise, we are designing an open area for parking vehicles belonging to the employees of the enterprise. The area of ​​​​one place is 25m 2, the parking lot consists of 35 car places, the parking area will be 875 m 2

To treat wastewater before entering the external sewer network or for reuse, a Kristall treatment plant is provided. There are also tanks for collecting rainwater.

We have a gravity pipeline for sewage disposal from car wash stations with a slope of at least 0.03.

The arrangement of cars in the storage area will be carried out according to scheme 4, figure 3.3.

The width of the driveways in open areas for storing cars is determined using templates, taking into account the conditions: cars are installed in storage places in the forward direction when cars are installed in storage places in the forward direction, it is allowed to turn them in the passage with a single activation reversing; the distance between moving cars and standing ones, as well as the car and buildings and structures must be at least the outer protective zone. The width of the protective zones during the storage of vehicles in open areas is stipulated by SNiP-01-80 (Table 3.5).

On the territory of the ATP, landscaped areas for recreation are provided. The dimensions of the sites are determined on the basis of at least 1 m2 per worker in the most numerous shift, i.e. not less than 80 m2. However, due to the uselessness, we accept a platform with gazebos in the green zone of the ATP as a recreation area.

On the territory of the enterprise, landscaping with a total area of ​​​​approximately 15% of the area of ​​​​the enterprise is envisaged, i.e. approximately 12600 m2.

The built-up area is defined as the total area of ​​buildings and structures in the plan, sheds, open areas for car storage, warehouses, reserve sites. The built-up area does not include the area highways, sidewalks, blind area, green spaces, recreation areas, open parking lots for individual use.

The building density of the territory of the enterprise is defined as the ratio of the built-up area to the area of ​​the site (in %).

The coefficient of use of the territory is defined as the ratio of the area occupied by buildings, structures, roads, sidewalks, blind areas, recreation areas, open areas, landscaping to the area of ​​the enterprise site.

Space-planning solution for ATP buildings

The designed schemes and dimensions of buildings with a rectangular system of modular coordinates are established by GOST 23837-79 “Buildings of industrial enterprises. Dimensional schemes” and GOST 23838-79 “Buildings of industrial enterprises. Parameters".

The total area of ​​the premises that will be located in the main production building is determined. The approximate total area of ​​the main production building is determined by the formula:

where , , are respectively the total areas production areas, offices and storage facilities to be placed in the building, m 2 ;

Coefficient taking into account the area of ​​the building for passages and driveways,

This takes into account the following: the EO zone, the diagnostic department, the painting department will be located in separate buildings; administrative and amenity premises will be located in a separate administrative and amenity building, connected to the production building by a closed passage. Then:

Now let's select a grid of columns. The pitch of the columns for the entire building must be constant. We accept the step as 12 m. The length of the building is L=84 m. The span is assumed to be variable: 36-36-36-24-24-36-36-36 m.

Columns accept following sizes: 600x400 mm. Intermediate (technological) columns must be installed at the outer walls every 6 m.

Wall thickness: external -380mm, internal 120mm; window width - 2000.

The layout of the premises in the building is carried out in accordance with the technological process, production links between zones, departments and warehouses, construction, sanitary and fire safety requirements.

Maintenance zone posts have natural lighting. There are 9 workers and 3 waiting posts in the maintenance area. All of them are universal, ditch, equipped with ditch lifts. There are 5 ditch posts and three specialized posts in the TR zone. In addition to the existing equipment, there are two overhead cranes.

In order to make better use of daylight, we place all production areas along the perimeter of the building, i.e. along the outer walls.

The sites serving the TO zone: electrical, fuel equipment, battery, tire changers are located near this zone.

The sites serving the TR zone: metalwork-mechanical, aggregate, etc. are located near this zone.

We design welding, tire sections with the introduction of a car outside the building

Warehouses for spare parts and assemblies are located near the TR zone.

Warehouse of paints and varnishes is located next to the paint-preparation room in the painting department.

We design the battery compartment from 2 rooms - a room for an electrolyte preparation room and a charging room.

The storage of oils is located in the basement under the pumping station and switchgear near the maintenance area.

The tire warehouse is located next to the tire fitting department, which is located in the same room as the vulcanization.

Warehouses for spare parts, parts, assemblies and assemblies, as well as the aggregate department are equipped with crane beams. In the middle part is the MCC and a rest room. There is a bathroom at the main entrance.

Ditch posts in the TO and TR zones are interconnected by an underground trench of 1 m. The entrance to the ditches is carried out by stairs. Crossing bridges with a width of at least 0.8 m are laid across the ditches.

The layout drawing of the main production building of the ATP, made on a scale of 1:400, is shown on sheet No. 2.

With regular maintenance, the parameters technical condition car are maintained within the specified limits. However, due to wear of parts, breakdowns and other reasons, the resource of the car, its units or mechanisms is consumed, and there comes a moment when the car can no longer be used normally. In other words, there comes its limiting state, which cannot be eliminated by preventive methods. Maintenance, and requires the restoration of the eliminated performance - repair.

The main purpose of technical repair is the elimination of malfunctions or failures that have arisen in the car, its units and the restoration of their performance.

During technical repairs, the following types of work are performed:

dismantling and assembly;

metalwork and mechanical;

copper;

welding and tinsmith;

electrotechnical;

tire repair;

adjusting and some other types.

Car repair work is laborious and sometimes requires significant financial costs. For their implementation, sometimes it is necessary to partially or completely disassemble the product for the installation or replacement of parts, the use of complex Precision, welding, painting and other equipment.

The main basic parts and assemblies include the engine block, gearbox, drive axle, steering gear, front axle beam or cross member independent suspension, body shell. During technical repairs, dismantling, assembly and restoration work can be carried out both on the car as a whole and on its individual units, systems and assemblies. Along with this, during technical repairs, they restore, replace and eliminate various damage to parts, deformations and distortions of the body and its parts, soldering, boring, painting, anti-corrosion protection, replacing glass, fittings, etc.

Technical repair can be current and capital.

During current repairs, they eliminate emerging failures and malfunctions, contribute to the fulfillment of established mileage standards before overhaul with minimal downtime. The need for such repairs is established during control inspections, which are performed during all types of maintenance, as well as at the request of the driver or owner of the car. Carry out current repairs at service stations, auto repair shops, motor transport divisions, auto plants, replacing piston rings, bearing shells in reconditioned units crankshaft, wheel bearings, springs and spring pins, ball pins of the steering gear, perform valve grinding, radiator soldering, etc.

Overhaul is designed to restore the performance of vehicles and their units in order to ensure the established overhaul run, subject to regular technical inspection, current repair and correct operation. The norms of overhaul runs of overhauled units, as a rule, are prescribed at the rate of at least 80% of the run rate for new units and vehicles. The technical condition and completeness of the vehicle and its units must comply with the unified technical conditions for the delivery and release from overhaul.

Overhaul of vehicles should be carried out by specialized auto enterprises with complete disassembly into units, and units into parts. The need for major repairs is determined by a special commission, which is appointed by the head of the automobile enterprise.

Units are not accepted for overhaul if, during their diagnosis or inspection, it turned out that the rules for handing over for repair were violated during registration and if the defects in the basic parts cannot be restored. Units are sent for overhaul if it is necessary to repair the base part, deterioration of the technical condition of the unit due to wear of most parts, and when complete disassembly of the unit is necessary to repair the base part.

At overhaul the unit is completely disassembled, malfunctions are identified, the necessary parts, assemblies are restored or replaced, after which the unit is assembled, adjusted and tested.

To determine the technical condition of the car and volume repair work various diagnostic tools are used. If during diagnosis it is not possible to determine the technical condition or malfunction of components and assemblies, they are removed from the vehicle and disassembled to determine the scope of work. The results of the check are entered into the card of the control and diagnostic inspection of the car.

Cars are repaired in an individual or aggregate way.

An individual repair method involves the dismantling of damaged units, their restoration, repair and installation on a car. With this method of repair, downtime for a car can be significant.

The aggregate method of repair significantly reduces downtime, since in this case repairs are performed by replacing faulty units and assemblies with serviceable ones. In the aggregate way, as a rule, they are repaired at specialized enterprises and workshops, which increases the efficiency of repairs.

4.2 Harmful factors

NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING

Light is a natural condition of human life, necessary for

maintaining health and high performance labor, and based on

the work of the visual analyzer, the most subtle and versatile organ

Light is electromagnetic waves visible to the eye.

optical range 380-760 nm long, perceived by the retina

visual analyzer.

There are 3 types of lighting used in industrial premises:

natural (its source is the sun), artificial (when

only artificial light sources are used); combined or

mixed (characterized by the simultaneous combination of natural and

artificial lighting).

Combined lighting is used when only

natural lighting cannot provide the necessary conditions for

performing production operations.

The current building codes and regulations provide for two

artificial lighting systems: general lighting system and

combined lighting.

Natural lighting is created by direct natural light sources

solid rays and diffuse light of the sky (from the sun's rays,

dispersed by the atmosphere). Natural light is biologically

the most valuable type of illumination to which the eye is most adapted

person.

The following types of natural

lighting: lateral - through light openings (windows) in the outer walls; upper -

through skylights in ceilings; combined - through light

lights and windows.

In buildings with insufficient natural light, a combined

lighting - a combination of natural and artificial light. artificial

lighting in the combined system can function continuously (in areas with

insufficient natural light) or turn on with the onset

Artificial lighting in industrial enterprises is carried out

incandescent lamps and gas discharge lamps, which are sources

artificial light.

General and local lighting is used in industrial premises.

General - for lighting the entire room, local (in the combined system)

To increase the illumination of only work surfaces or individual parts

equipment.

The use of other than local lighting is not allowed.

From the point of view of occupational health, the main lighting characteristic

is the illuminance (E), which is the distribution

luminous flux (F) on a surface area (S) and can be expressed

formula E \u003d F / S.

Luminous flux (F) - the power of radiant energy, estimated by

the visual sensation it produces. Measured in lumens (lm).

In the physiology of visual perception, importance is attached not to

incident flow, and the level of brightness of illuminated industrial and other

objects that are reflected from the illuminated surface in the direction of the eye.

Visual perception is determined not by illumination, but by brightness, under

which is understood as the characteristic of luminous bodies, equal to the ratio of the intensity of light

in any direction to the projection area of ​​the luminous surface on

plane perpendicular to this direction. Brightness is measured in

nitah (nt). The brightness of illuminated surfaces depends on their luminous properties,

the degree of illumination and the angle at which the surface is viewed.

The intensity of light is the luminous flux propagating inside a solid angle,

equal to 1 steradiant. The unit of light intensity is the candela (cd).

The luminous flux incident on the surface is partially reflected,

absorbed or passed through the illuminated body. Therefore, light

the properties of the illuminated surface are also characterized by the following

coefficients:

reflection coefficient - the ratio of the luminous flux reflected by the body to

falling;

transmittance - the ratio of the light flux passing through

Wednesday, to the falling;

absorption coefficient - the ratio of the light flux absorbed by the body

to the falling one.

The required levels of illumination are normalized in accordance with SNiP 23-

05-95 "Natural and artificial lighting" depending on the accuracy

performed production operations, light properties of the working surface

and the part in question, the lighting system".

To hygienic requirements reflecting the quality of production

lighting include:

uniform distribution of brightness in the field of view and limitation of shadows;

limitation of direct and reflected brilliance;

limitation or elimination of fluctuations in the light flux.

Even distribution of brightness across the field of view is essential

to maintain human performance. If in sight constantly

there are surfaces that differ significantly in brightness (illuminance),

then when looking from a bright to a dimly lit surface of the eyes

forced to readjust. Frequent re-adaptation leads to development

visual fatigue and complicates the performance of production operations.

The degree of unevenness is determined by the coefficient of unevenness -

ratio of maximum to minimum illumination. The higher the accuracy

works, the smaller should be the coefficient of unevenness.

Excessive blinding brightness (brilliance) is a property of luminous

surfaces with high brightness violate the conditions of comfortable vision,

impair contrast sensitivity or render both of these at the same time

actions.

Luminaires - light sources enclosed in fittings - are intended

for the correct distribution of the luminous flux and protection of the eyes from excessive

brightness of the light source. The armature protects the light source from mechanical

damage, as well as smoke, dust, soot, moisture, provides fastening and

connection to a power source.

By light distribution, luminaires are divided into luminaires

direct, diffused and reflected light. Direct light luminaires more

80% of the light flux is directed to the lower hemisphere due to the internal

reflective enamel surface. Diffused light fixtures emit

luminous flux into both hemispheres: one - 40-60% of the luminous flux down, others

60-80% up. Reflected light luminaires more than 80% of the luminous flux

directed upwards to the ceiling, and the light reflected from it is directed downwards into

working area.

To protect the eyes from the brilliance of the luminous surface of the lamps, it serves

protective angle of the luminaire - the angle formed by the horizontal

from the surface of the lamp (the edge of the luminous thread) and a line passing through

edge of reinforcement.

Luminaires for fluorescent lamps mainly have a direct light

distribution. A measure of protection against direct glare is the protective angle,

shielding grilles, diffusers made of transparent plastic or glass.

With the help of the appropriate placement of luminaires in the volume of the working

the lighting system is being created. General lighting can be

uniform or localized. General placement of fixtures (in

rectangular or staggered) to create rational illumination

produced when performing the same type of work throughout the room, with a large

workplace density (assembly shops in the absence of a conveyor,

woodworking, etc.) General localized lighting is provided

to provide illumination in a given plane at a number of workplaces

(thermal furnace, blacksmith hammer, etc.), when near each of them

an additional lamp is installed (for example, oblique light), as well as when

performance in the workshop areas of various types of work or, if available,

shading equipment.

Local lighting is designed to illuminate the work surface and

can be stationary and portable, lamps are more often used for it

incandescent, as fluorescent lamps can cause stroboscopic

Emergency lighting is arranged in industrial premises and on

open area for temporary continuation of work in the event of an emergency

switching off working lighting (common network). It should provide not

less than 5% of the illumination from the standard with a general lighting system.

INDUSTRIAL VIBRATION

Prolonged exposure to high vibration levels on the human body

leads to the development of premature fatigue, reduced productivity

work, an increase in morbidity and often to the emergence of professional

pathology - vibration disease.

Vibration is a mechanical oscillatory motion of a system with elastic

Vibration according to the method of transmission to a person (depending on the nature

contact with sources of vibration) are conventionally divided into:

local (local), transferred to the hands of the worker, and general,

transmitted through the supporting surfaces to the human body in a sitting position

(buttocks) or standing (soles of the feet). General vibration in the practice of hygiene

rationing is referred to as vibration jobs. In production

conditions, there is often a combined effect of local and general vibration.

Production vibration in terms of its physical characteristics has

rather complex classification.

According to the nature of the spectrum, vibration is divided into narrow-band and

broadband; in terms of frequency composition - to low-frequency with a predominance

maximum levels in the octave bands of 8 and 16 Hz, mid-frequency - 31.5 and

63 Hz, high frequency - 125, 250, 500, 1000 Hz - for local vibration;

for workplace vibration - respectively 1 and 4 Hz, 8 and 16 Hz, 31.5 and

According to temporal characteristics, vibration is considered: constant, for

which the magnitude of the vibration velocity changes by no more than 2 times (by 6 dB)

for an observation time of at least 1 min; non-constant, for which the value

vibration velocity changes at least 2 times (by 6 dB) during the time

observations for at least 1 min.

Inconstant vibration, in turn, is subdivided into oscillating during

time for which the level of vibration velocity is continuously changing during

time; intermittent when operator contact with vibration during operation

is interrupted, and the duration of the intervals during which

contact is more than 1 s; impulse, consisting of one or

several vibrational influences (for example, shocks), each

with a duration of less than 1 s at a repetition rate of less than 5.6 Hz.

Industrial sources of local vibration are manual

mechanized machines of impact, impact-rotary and rotary

action with pneumatic or electric drive.

Impact tools are based on the principle of vibration. To them

include riveting, chipping, jackhammers, pneumorammers.

Rotary impact machines include pneumatic and

electric punchers. Used in the mining industry

predominantly in the drilling and blasting method of extraction.

Manual mechanized rotary machines include

grinders, drilling machines, electric and gasoline-powered saws.

Local vibration also occurs when grinding, emery,

grinding, polishing work performed on stationary machines with

manual supply of products; when working with hand tools without motors,

for example, leveling work.

The main regulatory legal acts regulating the parameters

industrial vibrations are:

Sanitary norms and rules when working with machines and equipment that create local vibration transmitted to the hands of workers

and "Sanitary norms for workplace vibration" No. 3044-84.

Currently, about 40 state standards regulate

technical requirements to vibration machines and equipment, systems

vibration protection, methods for measuring and evaluating vibration parameters, and others

The most effective means of protecting a person from vibration is

elimination of its direct contact with vibrating equipment.

This is done by applying remote control, industrial

robots, automation and replacement of technological operations.

Reducing the adverse effect of vibration of manual mechanized

tools per operator is achieved by technical solutions:

reduction of vibration intensity directly at the source (due to

constructive improvements);

means of external vibration protection, which are

elastic-damping materials and devices placed between the source

vibrations and hands of a human operator.

In the complex of measures, an important role is given to the development and implementation

scientifically substantiated modes of work and rest. For instance, total time

contact with vibration should not exceed 2/3 of the duration of the working

active recreation, physioprophylactic procedures,

industrial gymnastics on a special complex.

In order to prevent the adverse effects of local and general

Vibration workers should use personal protective equipment:

mittens or gloves (GOST 12.4.002-74. "Personal protective equipment

hands from vibration. General requirements"); special footwear (GOST 12.4.024-76. "Shoes

special vibration protection").

At enterprises with the participation of sanitary and epidemiological supervision of medical institutions, services

labor protection, a specific set of medical

biological preventive measures, taking into account the nature

influencing vibration and related factors of the production environment.

6. ELECTROMAGNETIC, ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS. STATIC

ELECTRICITY

Electromagnetic fields can have a hazardous effect on workers

radio frequencies (60 kHz-300 GHz) and power frequency electric fields (50

The source of electric fields of industrial frequency are

current-carrying parts of existing electrical installations (power lines,

inductors, condensers of thermal installations, feeder lines, generators,

transformers, electromagnets, solenoids, impulse installations

half-wave or capacitor type, cast and sintered

magnets, etc.). Prolonged exposure to an electric field on the body

a person can cause a violation of the functional state of the nervous and

cardiovascular systems. This results in increased fatigue

decrease in the quality of work operations, pain in the heart area,

changes in blood pressure and pulse.

The main types of means of collective protection against exposure

electric field currents of industrial frequency are shielding

devices - an integral part of an electrical installation, designed to

protection of personnel in open switchgear and on air

power lines.

A shielding device is necessary when inspecting equipment and when

operational switching, monitoring the production of works. Structurally

shielding devices are designed in the form of visors, canopies or

partitions made of metal ropes, bars, nets.

Portable screens are also used for maintenance work

electrical installations in the form of removable canopies, canopies, partitions, tents and

Shielding devices must have an anti-corrosion coating and

grounded.

The source of electromagnetic fields of radio frequencies are:

in the range 60 kHz - 3 MHz - unshielded items of equipment for

induction metal processing (hardening, annealing, melting, soldering, welding and

etc.) and other materials, as well as equipment and devices used in

radio communications and broadcasting;

in the range 3 MHz - 300 MHz - unshielded items of equipment and

devices used in radio communications, broadcasting, television, medicine, and

also equipment for heating dielectrics (welding of plastic compounds, heating

plastics, gluing wooden products, etc.);

in the range 300 MHz - 300 GHz - unshielded items of equipment and

instruments used in radar, radio astronomy, radio spectroscopy,

physiotherapy, etc.

Prolonged exposure to radio waves on various body systems

the consequences of a person have a variety of manifestations.

The most characteristic when exposed to radio waves of all ranges

are deviations from the normal state of the central nervous system and

human cardiovascular system. Subjective sensations of the irradiated

staff are complaints about frequent headache, drowsiness or general

insomnia, fatigue, weakness, excessive sweating, memory loss,

absent-mindedness, dizziness, darkening in the eyes, causeless feeling

anxiety, fear, etc.

To ensure the safety of work with sources of electromagnetic waves

a systematic control of the actual normalized parameters is carried out on

workplaces and places of possible location of personnel. Control

is carried out by measuring the strength of the electric and magnetic fields, and

also by measuring the energy flux density according to approved methods

Ministry of Health.

Protection of personnel from exposure to radio waves is used for all types of

work, if the working conditions do not meet the requirements of the standards. This defense

carried out in the following ways and means:

matched loads and power absorbers that reduce tension

and the field density of the energy flow of electromagnetic waves;

shielding of the workplace and radiation source;

rational placement of equipment in the working room;

selection of rational operating modes of equipment and work mode

personnel;

the use of preventive measures.

The most efficient use of matched loads and absorbers

power (antenna equivalents) in the manufacture, tuning and testing

individual blocks and complexes of equipment.

An effective means of protection against the effects of electromagnetic radiation

is the shielding of radiation sources and the workplace using

screens that absorb or reflect electromagnetic energy. Const selection

screens operation depends on the nature of the technological process, power

source, wave range.

radiation (leakages from circuits in microwave transmission lines, from cathode leads

magnetrons and others), as well as in cases where the electromagnetic

energy does not interfere with the operation of the generating set or

radar station. In other cases, as a rule, apply

absorbing screens.

Reflective screens are made from high quality materials.

electrical conductivity, such as metals (in the form of solid walls) or

cotton fabrics with a metal base. solid metal

screens are the most effective and already with a thickness of 0.01 mm provide

weakening of the electromagnetic field by about 50 dB (100,000 times).

For the manufacture of absorbing screens, materials with poor

electrical conductivity. Absorbing screens are made in the form of pressed

rubber sheets special composition with conical solid or hollow

spikes, as well as in the form of plates of porous rubber filled with carbonyl

iron, with pressed metal mesh. These materials are glued

on the frame or on the surface of the radiating equipment.

An important preventive measure for protection against electromagnetic

exposure is the fulfillment of requirements for the placement of equipment and for

creation of premises in which there are sources of electromagnetic

radiation.

Protection of personnel from overexposure can be achieved by

placement of RF, UHF and microwave generators, as well as radio transmitters in

specially designed premises.

Screens of radiation sources and workplaces are blocked with shutdown

devices, which makes it possible to exclude the operation of radiating equipment when

open screen.

Permissible exposure levels for workers and requirements for conducting

workplace controls for power frequency electric fields

set out in GOST 12.1.002-84, and for electromagnetic fields of radio frequencies - in

GOST 12.1.006-84.

Enterprises widely use and receive in large quantities

substances and materials with dielectric properties, which

contributes to the generation of static electricity.

Static electricity is generated by friction

(contact or separation) of two dielectrics against each other or

dielectrics on metals. In this case, rubbing substances can accumulate

electric charges that easily flow into the ground if the body is

conductor of electricity and it is grounded. On dielectrics, electrical

charges are held for a long time, as a result of which they received

name for static electricity.

The process of occurrence and accumulation of electric charges in substances

called electrification.

The phenomenon of static electrification is observed in the following main

in the flow and when spraying liquids;

in a jet of gas or steam;

upon contact and subsequent removal of two solid dissimilar bodies

(contact electrization).

A discharge of static electricity occurs when the voltage

electrostatic field over the surface of a dielectric or conductor,

due to the accumulation of charges on them, reaches a critical (breakthrough)

quantities. For air, the breakdown voltage is 30 kB/cm.

For people working in an area exposed to an electrostatic field,

there are various complaints: irritability, headache,

sleep disturbance, loss of appetite, etc.

Permissible levels of electrostatic fields are established

GOST 12.1.045-84 "Electrostatic fields. Permissible levels for workers

places and requirements for conducting Control "and Sanitary and Hygienic

norms of permissible electrostatic field strength (No. 1757-77).

These regulations apply to electrostatic

fields created during the operation of electrical installations high voltage

direct current and electrification of dielectric materials, and install

permissible levels of electrostatic fields in the workplace

personnel, as well as general requirements for control and means

Permissible levels of electrostatic fields

are set depending on the time spent at the workplace.

Maximum allowable level of electrostatic fields

set to 60 kV/m for 1 hour.

When the intensity of electrostatic fields is less than 20 kV / m, the time

stay in electrostatic fields is not regulated.

In the range of intensity from 20 to 60 kV / m, the allowable residence time

personnel in an electrostatic field without protective equipment depends on

specific level of stress in the workplace.

ESD protection measures are aimed at preventing

the occurrence and accumulation of charges of static electricity, the creation

conditions for the dissipation of charges and the elimination of the danger of their harmful effects.

The main protective measures include:

preventing the accumulation of charges on electrically conductive parts

equipment, which is achieved by grounding equipment and communications, on

which charges may appear (devices, tanks, pipelines,

conveyors, loading and unloading devices, racks, etc.); decrease

electrical resistance of processed substances; decline

intensity of static electricity. Achieved

appropriate selection of the speed of movement of substances, with the exception

splashing, crushing and dispersion of substances, removal of electrostatic

charge, selection of friction surfaces, purification of combustible gases and liquids from

impurities;

removal of static electricity charges accumulating on people.

Eliminates the danger of electrical discharges that can cause

ignition and explosion of explosive and flammable mixtures, as well as harmful

human exposure to static electricity. Basic protection measures

are: installation of electrically conductive floors or grounded areas, scaffolds

and work platforms, grounding of door handles, stair handrails, handles

devices, machines and devices; providing workers with conductive footwear,

antistatic gowns.

HARMFUL CHEMICALS

Harmful is a substance which, upon contact with the body

person causes work-related injuries, occupational diseases or

health deviations. Classification of harmful substances and general

safety requirements are introduced by GOST 12.1.007-76.

Degree and nature of disturbances caused by the substance

the body depends on the route of entry into the body, dose, time of exposure,

the concentration of the substance, its solubility, the state of the perceiving tissue and

organism as a whole, atmospheric pressure, temperature and other

environmental characteristics.

The effect of harmful substances on the body can be

anatomical damage, permanent or temporary disorders and

combined consequences. Many potent harmful substances

cause a disorder in the body of normal physiological activity

without noticeable anatomical damage, effects on the work of the nervous and

cardiovascular systems, general metabolism, etc.

Harmful substances enter the body through the respiratory system, gastrointestinal

intestinal tract and through the skin. The most likely penetration

the body of substances in the form of gas, vapor and dust through the respiratory system (about 95%

all poisonings).

The release of harmful substances into the air is possible during

technological processes and production of works related to the use,

storage, transportation of chemical substances and materials, their extraction and

manufacturing.

Dust is the most common adverse factor

production environment, Numerous technological processes and operations

in industry, transport, agriculture are accompanied

generation and emission of dust, large

contingents of workers.

The basis for the implementation of measures to combat harmful substances is

hygienic regulation.

Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPC) of harmful substances in the air

working area are established by GOST 12.1.005-88.

4.3 Organization of workplaces?????

4.4 Safety requirements at the site

The proposed Safety Instructions cover almost all activities in a car service and include:
IOT for administrative and managerial personnel;

IOT for the accumulator;

IOT for a gas welder;

IOT for a car repairman;

IOT for a fuel equipment repairman;

IOT for a repairman;

IOT for manual welding electric welder;

IOT for the provision of first aid;

IOT when hanging a car and working under it;

IOT when performing tire repair work;

The form of the introductory briefing registration log;

The form of the register of instructions on labor protection.

The instructions are drawn up and executed in accordance with all the rules and requirements of the regulatory authorities on the basis of the relevant regulatory documentation. On the basis of the same documentation, samples of log forms for registering introductory briefings and accounting for labor protection instructions were made, in which covers and headings of tables are presented in the form and in sequence, in accordance with the current legislation.
Consider the safety requirements before starting work.
Upon the arrival of auto mechanics to work, they must change into working overalls, consisting of: shoes, work overalls, shirts, hats, jackets. You also have personal protective equipment with you: gloves, goggles. The complete set of overalls can vary depending on the types of work performed. Clothing must be buttoned and tucked in, trousers must be over shoes, cuffs fastened, hair pulled back under a tight-fitting headdress.

Before work, the worker checks that the tools and devices are in good condition, not worn out and meet safe working conditions:

The wooden handles of the tools must be smoothly processed, there must be no potholes, chips or other defects on their surface, the tool must be correctly mounted and firmly fixed.

Percussion instruments (chisels, barbs) should not have cracks, burrs, hardening, their occipital part should be smooth, free of cracks, burrs and chips.

The ends of hand tools used for threading into holes during installation (crowbars for assembly, etc.) must not be knocked down.

Pullers must have serviceable paws, screws, rods and stops.

Safety requirements during work

During work, the worker constantly monitor the health of the equipment and do not leave it unattended. When leaving the workplace, the equipment stops and is de-energized.

Work is carried out in the presence and serviceability of fences, interlocks and other devices that ensure labor safety, and with sufficient illumination of the workplace.

Do not touch moving mechanisms and rotating parts of machines, as well as live parts of equipment under voltage, without first de-energizing the hazardous object.

Foreign objects and tools are located at a distance from moving mechanisms.

When starting the machine, unit, machine tool, the worker must personally make sure that there are no workers in the area of ​​​​work of the machine.

In case of poor health, the worker stops work, leads workplace to a safe state, turns to the chief mechanic, who decides the severity of the consequences and decides to let him go home, continue working some time after taking the medicine, or take him to the hospital. If the chief mechanic is not in place, then a person replacing him must be appointed. Safety requirements in emergency situations. In case of noticed malfunctions of production equipment and tools, as well as if, when touching a machine, machine, unit, an electric current is felt, or there is a strong electrical appliance , electric motors, electrical equipment, sparking or broken wires, etc., workers are immediately warned about the danger, and the chief mechanic is informed.
If necessary, evacuation of people from the danger zone is organized.
In case of accidents with people, each of the workers can provide first aid, because. everything you need is in the first aid kit, while immediately informing the chief mechanic, and saves the situation in which the accident occurred, if this does not threaten the life and health of others and does not violate technical process before the arrival of persons, investigation of the causes of the accident.
In the event of an electric shock, release the victim from the action of the current as soon as possible, since the duration of its action is determined by the severity of the injury. To do this, there is a knife switch in the car repair shop for quickly de-energizing the room.

Safety requirement at the end of work.

At the end of the shift, the workplace is put in order (equipment and tools are cleaned of dust and dirt, garbage and waste are collected and taken to the designated place, tools, fixtures and unprocessed parts are collected and put in the designated place).

Fences and safety signs are installed at open openings, openings and hatches.
The equipment is de-energized, ventilation and local lighting are turned off.

The worker takes off overalls and other personal protective equipment, puts them in a closed closet, if the overalls need washing or repair, you need to tell the chief mechanic, he will issue another one, and the dirty clothes will go to the dry cleaner. The rules of personal hygiene are followed.
Fire safety

During the first and subsequent briefings, each employee is explained the location of the fire shield, what and how it is necessary to extinguish this or that source of fire, so that it is safe for the worker himself.

Workers are prohibited from obstructing aisles and access to firefighting equipment, this is a strict violation of fire safety regulations.

Fuel spilled on the ground lubricants covered with sand. Sand impregnated with oil products must be immediately removed and taken to a place agreed with the sanitary and epidemiological station.

The used cleaning material is removed into a special metal chest with a lid.

It is forbidden to store in the workplace flammable objects and combustible liquids, acids and alkalis in quantities exceeding the shift requirement in a ready-to-use form.

In the auto repair shop, smoke detectors with a fusible element are used as fire alarms, which notify of a fire with a siren.

A worker who has committed violations of the requirements of labor protection instructions may be subject to disciplinary liability in accordance with the internal regulations, and if these violations are associated with causing material damage to the auto repair shop, the worker also bears liability according to established order

During operation, the technical condition of the rolling stock, due to the influence of natural wear, aging, deformation and corrosion of parts, assemblies and assemblies, is continuously changing. Each of these reasons, individually or in combination with others, can cause breakdown or damage - the failure of the car, disrupting its performance and leading to the cessation of transport work. The reasons for the manifestation of truck failures, identified through experimental studies, are as follows:

Depreciation - 40%

Plastic deformation -26%

Fatigue failure -18%

Thermal destruction - 12%

Others - 4%

One of the main permanent causes of changes in the technical condition of mechanisms is the wear of parts, the intensity of which increases during operation. With an increase in the wear of parts, the likelihood of their loss of performance increases, i.e. With an increase in the mileage of the car from the beginning of operation, the probability of its failure increases.

A huge number of variable factors influence the occurrence of a car failure. These include: the quality of the material from which the part is made; accuracy and cleanliness of parts processing; assembly quality of cars and units; vehicle operating conditions (natural and climatic conditions, quality of roads, traffic intensity, etc.); quality of operating materials; the level of organization of production for maintenance and repair of vehicles; qualifications of drivers and maintenance workers, etc.

So, for example, the use of certain driving techniques changes the rate of wear and the number of car breakdowns by 2-3 times. Those. An experienced, highly skilled driver using rational driving techniques can achieve a rate of wear and tear that is three times lower than that of an unskilled, inexperienced driver.

The processes occurring in technology and nature under the influence of a large number of variable factors, the values ​​of which are unknown, cannot be described by a rigid connection of functional dependence. Probabilistic methods are used to describe and study such random processes. A characteristic of a random variable is probability - a numerical measure of the degree of possibility of the occurrence of the event under study.

The probability of a vehicle failure g(L) for a mileage L is determined based on the processing of statistical information from the results of testing a large number of vehicles:

where: g(L) - the number of cars that failed for the run L; N - the total number of cars tested.

The probability of non-failure or, as it is commonly called, the probability of failure-free operation P (L) is directly related to the probability of failure:

The sum of the probabilities of failure and uptime is a reliable event, i.e. one of these events is a fait accompli:

The probability of failure-free operation of a car is often called a function or law of reliability. A graphical representation of the probability of failure-free operation and the probability of failure are shown in Figure 2.1.

Fig.2.1. Graph of the change in the probability of no-failure operation and the probability of failure of the car for the mileage L.

The most important indicators characterizing the performance of products are the failure rate parameter  L and failure rate(L). Bounce flow parameter i represents the number of failures per product per unit run:

where m i(L) - the number of failures of each of the N products for run L;

N is the total number of products;

L - run interval.

Failure rate (failure hazard) (L) is a function that characterizes the change in the number of failures per one operable product per unit run:

where n (L) is the number of products that have lost their functionality during the run L.

Numerous experimental studies show that the dependence of the failure rate on the run has a characteristic form (Fig. 2.2).

Rice. 2.2. Graph of the change in the failure rate depending on the mileage.

The curve of change in the intensity of failures during operation has three pronounced periods characterizing the technical condition of the rolling stock.

The first period (run-in period) is characterized by an increase in the failure rate parameter and failure rate due to the "run-in" of parts of units and assemblies. The running-in period takes a small interval compared to the total life of the vehicles. Preventive actions during this period are carried out according to the instructions of manufacturers.

In the second period (the steady state period), the most stable technical condition of the rolling stock is observed with a slight increase in the failure rate.

The third period (the "aging" period) is characterized by a sharp increase in the failure rate. Along with wear, the influence of fatigue stresses increases on the manifestation of failures during this period. Due to a sharp increase in the risk of failures, in the third period, the operation of the car becomes economically unprofitable, it has to be removed from service and sent for a major (recovery) repair or written off.

Thus, the main period for the duration of the operation of the car, which interests us, is the period of the steady wear rate of parts of components and assemblies, when the failure rate (L) is practically constant:

(L)  const

The regularity of the appearance of sudden failures with a relatively constant value of the danger of failures, in the theory of reliability, is described using an exponential law. For the exponential law, the probability of failure g(L) for the run L will be equal to:

where:  - average number of failures per unit run.

A car is a complex technical system consisting of a very large number of elements (parts), each of which has a relatively high reliability. Rare failure flows of individual elements, when considered as a whole for a car or fleet of vehicles, form a stable failure flow with a characteristic different from the failure flow of individual elements. Such failure flows in probability theory are called Poisson, and when (L) const- stationary Poisson or simple.

The probability of failure g k (L) "k" of cars per run L for the simplest failure flow is described by the expression:

To simplify the calculations, with a fairly high reliability, this expression can be replaced by a linear relationship:

Based on this dependence, given the indicators of the permissible failure probability for the car fleet and the average number of failures per unit run, it is possible to determine the frequency of maintenance L, which will provide the necessary (given) level of reliability of the car

L TO =
;

During operation, the performance characteristics of the rolling stock are constantly changing. The degree of increase in the failure rate parameter, failure rate and other parameters characterizing the technical condition of the rolling stock depends both on the design features of the vehicle and its operating conditions, and on the system of measures to maintain the rolling stock in working condition.

Vehicle maintenance and repair system

The maintenance and repair system, using the given patterns of changes in the technical condition and reliability parameters, should organize the technical operation of vehicles in such a way as to ensure the required level of reliability of their operation.

Maintenance of the rolling stock in working condition and ensuring the required level of reliability of their work is carried out by carrying out preventive actions (maintenance) and performing repair work.

Maintenance serves the purpose of maintaining the operability of the rolling stock by preventive measures that reduce the wear rate of parts, assemblies and assemblies of the car and prevent the occurrence of their failures in the period between regular maintenance. The purpose of the repair is to restore the lost performance of the rolling stock by eliminating the failures that have occurred.

Preventive and repair impacts provide for the same goal - ensuring the transportation of goods and passengers by technically sound rolling stock. The efficiency of the maintenance and repair system depends on the organization of work and the rational interaction of all its departments that perform various functions, but are interconnected by a single goal - maintaining the rolling stock in a technically sound condition at minimal cost. At the same time, the level of working capacity of the rolling stock significantly depends on the correct choice of prevention modes - the frequency and depth (labor intensity) of preventive actions.

The random nature of the change in the technical condition of the rolling stock necessitates the implementation of preventive measures for each individual car not with a constant predetermined nomenclature and scope of work, but in accordance with the revealed actual

need. The organization of the operation of the maintenance and repair system without taking into account the randomness of events, as a rule, is the cause of frequent and long downtime of the rolling stock in the current repair and their high cost. Studies show that up to 90% of the labor and material costs allocated for maintenance and repair are aimed at performing work in the current repair area.

The maintenance and repair system for rolling stock is a complex system representing the integration of a number of production units that are closely related to each other. The work of the entire complex system as a whole depends on the work of each of them. To ensure the maximum effect from the joint work of the departments of the TO and TR system, it is necessary, first of all, to determine the most rational methods and principles for organizing production in these departments and the strategy for the operation of the TO and TR system. In our case, the strategy is understood as a certain action plan and the corresponding principle of organizing technical impacts on rolling stock under various operating conditions.

There are three main strategies for preventive and corrective actions. Let's call them A, B, C:

■ Strategy "A" - performance of work on the occurrence of failures (random);

■ Strategy "B" - performance of work in a planned manner (scheduled);

■ Strategy "C" - includes elements of strategy A and B (mixed).

Strategy "A" provides for the implementation of both repair and preventive actions as needed at a random, not pre-planned time. Clarification of the scope of technical actions to eliminate self-manifested failures and quality control of work can be carried out when diagnosing a car.

The implementation of technical actions according to a random strategy is preferable for cars during their intensive wear (the third period of operation). In this period, the implementation of scheduled preventive maintenance on vehicles does not provide a sufficient level of probability of their failure-free operation.

work between planned impacts due to the impossibility to change the increasing frequency of technical impacts in a planned manner at a time when the patterns of changes in reliability characteristics are unreliable and practically unexplored.

Strategy "B" involves the implementation of all necessary preventive and repair work during the planned installation of the car into the system. The work necessary for the car to ensure a sufficient level of its trouble-free operation between scheduled installations in the system is established by the entire monitoring and diagnostic system. The frequency of planned actions (setting the car into the system) L pl is determined by the required level of probability of the car's failure-free operation P (L):

Taking into account the diagnostic resolution P d , the frequency of planned actions will be equal to:

Strategy "B" is expedient during the period of the established mode of operation of the car (the second period). However, it can also be used to keep the car in working condition and in the initial period of their operation.

Strategy "C" (mixed) has elements of both of the strategies we have considered. A mixed strategy underlies the construction of the existing preventive maintenance and repair system for vehicles. The organization of work under this strategy complies with the recommendations set out in the "Regulations on the maintenance and repair of rolling stock of road transport."

The ratio of the volumes of preventive and repair work performed under the "C" strategy depends on the quality of manufacturing, design and technical

the technical condition of the rolling stock, the organization of the technological process and the state of the production base, operating conditions, the established frequency and volume of maintenance.

The choice of the strategy of technical actions has a significant impact on the amount of costs and the efficiency of the system to maintain the rolling stock in a technically sound condition. The wrong choice of strategy can be accompanied, on the one hand, by large downtimes and volumes of work to eliminate failures (strategy on demand), and on the other hand, by an excessively large amount of preventive maintenance of vehicles and their units (planned strategy with insufficiently developed diagnostics). When choosing the most profitable strategy of technical actions, both economic and technical criteria are used.

As a technical criterion, the coefficient of technical readiness  t, which is one of the most generalizing characteristics of maintaining the rolling stock in working order, can be used. The highest coefficient of technical readiness is provided with the planned strategy "B" for the implementation of technical actions (Fig. 2.3.), which is the most preferable from the point of view of ensuring a higher level of rolling stock performance.

Rice. 2.3. Graph of change in the coefficient of technical readiness in the process of operation with different strategies.

From an economic point of view, the preferred strategy will probably be the one that will ensure the minimum cost of maintaining the rolling stock in working condition. As studies have shown (Fig. 2.4.) and according to economic criteria during the period of running-in and normal operation of the rolling stock, the most preferable is also the planned strategy for the implementation of impacts.

Rice. 2.4. Graph of changes in the costs of maintenance and repair of vehicles during their operation with different strategies.

According to the foregoing, of all the indicated strategies for technical impacts, the planned strategy "B" is more effective. However, it should be borne in mind that the planned strategy provides for a large amount of diagnostic work, the identification and elimination of faults in the process of preventive maintenance, which is not always possible in practice due to the low resolution of diagnostics or the lack of the necessary diagnostic equipment. Therefore, in the production of maintenance and repair of vehicles, a planned strategy is used to perform routine maintenance, and a random strategy is used to eliminate self-manifested and identified breakdowns and malfunctions.

In view of the foregoing, in world practice, a preventive system for performing technical actions is used to maintain vehicles in working condition. This system consists in the planned (preventive) performance of routine maintenance and repair as needed. The choice of modes of planned technical impacts is important for ensuring a given level of non-failure operation of vehicles and reducing the cost of their maintenance and repair. There are various methods for establishing rational maintenance regimes: technical - economic; economics - probabilistic; probabilistic, etc.

The technical and economic method consists in determining the frequency of maintenance L opt by the minimum specific total costs
for maintenance and repair of vehicles per unit of mileage (Fig. 2.5).

Rice. 2.5. Technical and economic method for determining the frequency of maintenance.

Due to the different modes of operation of cars, their units and parts, the need for their repair also arises through various runs.

Different periodicity of maintenance and TR require parts, assemblies, assemblies with different reliability indicators (Fig. 2.6.). However, given that it is practically impossible to install and perform maintenance of all units, assemblies and parts separately at different intervals, they are carried out at average intervals.

Rice. 2.6. Reliability indicators of various groups (1,2,3) of parts.

To solve the problems of ensuring a predetermined level of reliability of the operation of vehicles, the method of determining the frequency of maintenance according to the maximum permissible value of the level of technical condition of the rolling stock is of interest (Fig. 2.7.). It consists in determining the frequency of maintenance according to the maximum permissible level of the parameter of the technical condition of the rolling stock based on the pattern of its change in mileage. The maximum permissible level of technical condition is set for each unit or group of parts, depending on the nature of their work, operating conditions, type of transportation, etc.

Rice. 2.7. Determination of the frequency of maintenance of parts (assemblies) of various groups (1,2) according to the level of probability of no-failure operation.

With this method of determining the frequency of impacts, it becomes possible to manage the reliability of the car fleet, which consists in assigning maintenance intervals that provide a given level of reliability (probability of failure-free operation) of various groups of parts and assemblies.

According to the existing provision for MOT and TR, the car is scheduled (by mileage or calendar terms) for the next maintenance, during which a pre-planned amount of routine maintenance is performed in specialized areas. The list of works associated with maintenance repairs and some routine maintenance is specified when diagnosing a car.

Diagnostics reveals failures and malfunctions of the car and determines the amount of work to eliminate them. Identified failures and malfunctions are eliminated in the main production using units and assemblies repaired in auxiliary production shops.

At the current level of development, diagnostics cannot yet establish the technical condition of all individual connections of vehicle components and parts, the testability of which ranges from 0.5 to 0.74. As a result, 25 - 50% of all car maintenance work has to be regulated by the implementation of the corresponding range of work. Diagnostics can detect failures of individual systems and components with a probability (reliability) of 0.8 - 0.85. According to the research, up to 40% of all malfunctions are self-manifested failures that are eliminated in the current repair area.

In the future, with the development of the design of vehicles and diagnostic tools, it is expected to increase the overall testability of vehicle components and assemblies and the resolution of diagnostics, which will help reduce the amount of work of random effects and increase the likelihood of trouble-free operation of the rolling stock.

Organizational structures and methods of operation of the M&T system

The interconnected and orderly work of individual units of the system is the essence of the organization of the work of the system as a whole. Therefore, for the analysis of the operation of the TO and TR system, this organizational structure is of particular interest. The organizational structure of the system should be understood as the established division of labor between people, their grouping in the system and its subdivisions, which determine the sequence and order of work.

The organizational structure of the MOT and TR system of cars depends on the principle of work, in accordance with which the technology of the production process is built. The principle of production can be of two types: technological and subject. In the first case, production is based on technological operations (EO, TO-1, TO-2, TR), in the second - a car (unit) and its ability for trouble-free transport operation.

Rice. 2.8. Organizational structures of the system of TO and TR of cars in the ATP.

The choice of a production structure with a rational, technologically justified distribution of work among shops, sections and workplaces, taking into account specific conditions and technological links between all subsystems and their elements, is the basis for making many organizational decisions. The production structure of the maintenance and repair system must comply with the adopted strategy and organization of its work.

Three types of production structures are used in ATP: technological, subject, mixed (subject-technological) (Fig. 2.8).

The work of the main production with the technological structure is built according to the method of specialized teams. Each team specializes in

performing only one of the types of technical impacts (EO, TO-1, TO-2, TR), which ensures the technological homogeneity of each section, increases the productivity of work due to specialization.

With the existing planned preventive maintenance and repair system, the technological structure has become widespread in the organization of work in the main production. However, due to the violation of the systemic principle of the relationship between various types of technical influences, the management of the entire system as a whole becomes more complicated, because the end result of the labor of disparate groups of workers is not a car, but only a certain technical impact. This makes it difficult to control the quality of work performed and pay for labor according to the final result. The most significant disadvantage of this type of structure is the low quality of car maintenance and repair, which leads to an increase in random failures, an increase in downtime in repairs and a decrease in the technical availability of the car fleet.

The subject structure of production can be built according to subject automobile or subject aggregate principles.

With an aggregate (aggregate-divisional) structure, specialized integrated teams are created to perform a set of works (TO-1, TO-2, TR) for individual groups of units and mechanisms assigned to this team. The aggregate structure allows to increase the productivity of individual workers compared to the technological structure due to the specialization and mechanization of work, the responsibility for the quality of work performed by a group of units for the entire fleet of vehicles is specified. But it should be noted that with such a structure, the systemic principle of maintenance and repair is also violated, i.e. as the end result of labor, individual units are considered, and not the car as a whole.

As the practice of the work of the ATP has shown, the use of an aggregate structure is the most appropriate when organizing the work of auxiliary production.

The subject automobile structure differs from the aggregate structure in that the object of labor of repair workers is not a group of units, but the car as a whole. With such a structure, maintenance is carried out according to the need, determined by the diagnostics, by one integrated team for one vehicle entry into the system. This makes it easier to take into account the assessment of the quality of work performed by the team in terms of the failure-free operation of vehicles on the line. The disadvantages of this structure include some organizational difficulties in the distribution of spare parts, garage equipment and production areas among teams and the need for universalization of repair workers.

Considering that the subject automotive organizational structure of the maintenance and repair system contributes to an increase in the responsibility of repair workers for the technical condition of the rolling stock and improving the quality of maintenance and repair, it seems appropriate to use it when organizing work in the main production. The disadvantages inherent in this structure can be reduced through the appropriate organization of the work of complex teams and various managerial influences. So, when fixing repair teams for a group (column) of cars and simultaneously performing maintenance and repair work in one car into the system, it is possible to achieve high quality of work and a significant increase in the reliability parameters of cars in operation.

The mixed subject-technological structure of the organization of work has the advantages and disadvantages of the subject and technological structures listed above. A mixed structure is used in some ATPs to organize the work of the main and auxiliary industries. For example, according to the technological principle, work can be carried out on SW and TO-1, and according to the subject principle - TO-2 and TR. The structure can also be classified as mixed, when the units are repaired according to the subject principle, and the cars are serviced and repaired according to the technological principle. Each of the considered structures has its own specifics, its own method.

organization of production, has certain advantages and disadvantages. Each of them has its own organization of workplaces.

The organization of workplaces differs primarily in the type of production posts for performing basic operations and individual elements of the technological process, which determines the number of stages and the sequence of performing operations of technical impacts. Car maintenance and repair can be organized at specialized posts, production lines or universal posts.

Specialized posts are used to perform certain types of maintenance and repair. So in the main production at specialized posts, some nomenclature work (lubricating, fastening, etc.) can be performed, in auxiliary production they can be used to organize work on individual components and assemblies (maintenance and repair of the engine, electrical equipment, etc.). Diagnostic work is also carried out, as a rule, at specialized posts.

A further development of the method of specialized posts was the in-line method of organizing work. With the flow method of performing actions at each post, it is necessary to perform work in a strictly established order for a limited time in accordance with the line tact. However, as we pointed out earlier, the volume of one or another impact on the rolling stock is a random variable that depends on numerous factors and has a large dispersion from its mathematical expectation. As a result, asynchrony occurs in the operation of posts, which in a number of cases leads to loss of working time, downtime of equipment and rolling stock.

With a planned strategy for setting up rolling stock in the system, the most appropriate is the use of the subject organization of work (automobile in the main production and aggregate in the auxiliary). In this case, work in the subsystems of diagnostics and auxiliary production, as a rule, is performed at specialized posts, and in the main production at universal posts.

The principles of work organization and production technology, taking into account the characteristics of the enterprise and operating conditions, must be worked out in detail and provided for in the process of technological design.

Dismantling and assembly works, performed in the TR zone, include the replacement of faulty units, mechanisms and assemblies on the vehicle with serviceable ones, the replacement of faulty parts with new or repaired ones, as well as disassembly and assembly work related to the repair of individual parts.

Of the disassembly and assembly works for TR, the most characteristic are the replacement of: engines, rear and front axles, gearboxes, radiators, clutches, suspension parts, springs, worn parts in units and assemblies.

To perform these works, various stands, fixtures, tool kits and special tools are used: wrenches, torque wrenches, etc.

The organization of production in the zones of TR ATP is possible on the basis of two methods: universal and specialized posts.

Universal posts method provides for the performance of work at one post by a team of repair workers of various specialties or highly skilled general workers.

A universal TR post is usually an inspection ditch equipped with equipment that ensures the performance of any TR work on a vehicle.

Specialized posts method provides for the performance of work at several posts specialized for performing a certain type of work (engine, transmission, etc.).

Each specialized post is equipped with equipment in accordance with the nature of the work performed on it. The specialization of TR posts makes it possible to mechanize the labor intensity of work as much as possible, reduce the need for the same type of equipment, improve working conditions, use less skilled workers, improve the quality of work and labor productivity by 20–40%.

An example of a layout solution for the location of equipment at a dead-end post and the organization of post work can be shown in Fig. 3.2 approximate layout of a universal post in the area of ​​current car repair.

Work stations for replacement and TR engines trucks , as a rule, are organized on isolated standard inspection dead-end ditches. Specialized work stations for TP engines can be of two types: for removing and installing engines and for TP engines on cars. They differ in equipment and the number of simultaneously working performers.

It is expedient to place a working post for TR engines near the motor (aggregate) section, next to the section for completing, checking and running engines. It is advisable to equip the post with diagnostic equipment to ensure control and adjustment after the work of the TR. Engine components and parts removed during current repairs (block head, water pump, valves, springs, etc.) are cleaned and repaired in the engine (aggregate) section.

Rice. 3.2. Approximate technological layout of a universal post in the area of ​​current car repair:

1 – overhead crane; 2 - rack for accessories; 3 - wheel-chipper; 4 – wrench for nuts of stepladders of springs; 5 - stand for equipment and units; 6 – cart for removal and installation of wheels; 7 - removal device exhaust gases; 8 – air distributing column; 9 – wrench for wheel nuts; 10 - trolley for units; 11 - rack-turntable for normals; 12 - cabinet for appliances and tools; 13 - trolley for the replacement of bridges; 14 - oil dispensing tank; 15 - container for draining oil; 16 - bench vise; 17 - transitional bridge; 18 , 26 - chests for cleaning materials; 19 - a chest for waste; 20 - locksmith's workbench; 21 - bath for washing parts; 22 - limit stops; 23 - off-ditch lift; 24 – hinged funnel for draining oils; 25 - a box for fasteners and tools; 27 – pit lifter with wrench

Work posts specializing in the repair of other units and systems are organized similarly to universal posts, but with equipment specialization.

The specifics of the TR of gas equipment requires the creation of specialized posts and the organization of work on them by special repair workers.

Among the specialized posts, posts are created and equipped for a number of diagnostic and adjustment work. The need for their organization is caused by the use of special diagnostic equipment in the performance of TR work. Such posts, organized on the basis of economic considerations and improving the quality of work, include:

- posts for diagnostics and adjustment of vehicle brakes, equipped with roller brake stands;

– posts for diagnostics and adjustment of car wheel alignment angles, equipped with optical stands.

The organization of maintenance and repair is based on the technological principle of the formation of production units, in which each type of technical impact (TO_1, TO_2, TR, cars, repair of units and assemblies, etc.) is carried out by specialized sections (subdivisions). Subdivisions that perform homogeneous types of technical impact are combined into production complexes: a production preparation complex, a vehicle maintenance complex and a maintenance complex.

The pre-production complex unites subdivisions that perform the repair of units, assemblies, the restoration and manufacture of parts, as well as other work not related to their direct implementation on vehicles. It includes: engine, aggregate workshops, assembly repair workshop brake system, battery and carburetor shops, vulcanization shop, turning, painting, wallpaper, tin, blacksmith and copper shops, assembly area, intermediate warehouse, washing department, transport area. The pre-production complex implements the main task - providing the TR and TO complexes with spare parts, assemblies, assemblies and materials.

The picking section provides preparation of components and assemblies for sending them for overhaul to car repair plants according to the delivery plan and other work to maintain the established minimum stock of parts, serviceable components and assemblies.

The intermediate warehouse is the most important link in the complex. Its functions include: storage of circulating units, materials and repair fund, issuance of these materials, components and assemblies.

The TR complex unites subdivisions that carry out work on replacing faulty units, assemblies and parts of vehicles with serviceable ones, as well as fixing and adjusting and other work on TR directly on vehicles. The complex includes TR zones for cars in the premises, tire shop, a welding area, a trailer repair shop, as well as an open TR area in the summer.

The TR zone is equipped with a direct-flow inspection ditch and a crane beam with a lifting capacity of 2.0 tons.

The tire fitting site includes posts for dismantling and mounting, tire replacement. The site has a tire dismantling stand, a wheel wrench, a compressor and a tire inflation device, two protective devices for tire inflation.

The welding section includes two posts for the production of gas welding work on a car or its components and parts, and for the production of electric welding work. The site is equipped with appropriate equipment.

The maintenance and diagnostics complex performs maintenance, maintenance work, related repairs and diagnostics of rolling stock. The complex includes two specialized teams performing: TO_1 and diagnostic work; TO_2, routine maintenance and related repairs.

The specialization of TR posts makes it possible to mechanize labor-intensive work as much as possible, reduce the need for the same type of equipment, improve working conditions, and use less skilled workers. As a result, the quality of work and labor productivity increase.

Scheme of organization of MOT and TR of cars

The volume of maintenance and repair is distributed at the place of its implementation according to technological and organizational features. MOT and TR are carried out at posts and production sites (departments). Guards include maintenance and repair work performed directly on the car (washing, cleaning, lubricating, fastening, diagnostic, etc.). Work on checking and repairing components, mechanisms and assemblies removed from the vehicle is carried out at the sites (aggregate, mechanical, electrical).

According to the frequency, list and complexity of performing work on maintenance of cars, they are divided into the following types: daily maintenance (EO); periodic maintenance (TO), seasonal maintenance (SO).

SW includes refueling operations and controls aimed at ensuring daily safety and maintaining proper appearance car. Most of the SW is performed by the driver of the car before leaving, en route or upon returning to the parking lot.

Maintenance involves the performance of a certain amount of work through the established operational mileage of the car. In accordance with the maintenance standards for trucks, according to the frequency of the SW, it is performed once a day, TO-1 after 3000 km, TO-2 after 12000 km of run.

SO provides for the implementation of maintenance and additional operations to prepare the car for winter or summer operation.

Repair is a set of works to eliminate the malfunctions that have arisen and restore the working capacity of the car as a whole or the unit. Car repair is carried out as needed and includes control and diagnostic, dismantling and assembly, metalwork, mechanical, welding, tinsmithing, painting, electrical work. For high-quality performance of maintenance and repair operations, the enterprise is equipped with the necessary posts, devices, devices, fixtures, tools and equipment, technical documentation.

The main part of maintenance and repair work is carried out at posts in the area of ​​maintenance and repair of vehicles. In addition, work on the maintenance and repair of power supply system devices and electrical equipment is carried out at the diagnostic site; welding, tinsmith, bodywork, tire fitting, vulcanizing, painting - in specialized areas. Battery work is carried out at the battery site.