"Komsomolets" is a light semi-armored front-line tractor designed for anti-tank artillery.

The predecessor of "Komsomolets" was a light tractor "Pioneer", designed in 1935 at the Scientific Automotive and Tractor Institute (NATI) under the leadership of A. S. Shcheglov, modeled on a high-speed American tractor"Marmont-Herington" with a Ford V-8 automobile engine.

FAULTS OF THE PRECURSOR

The car was very short and narrow. Its mass was only 1500 kg, speed up to 50 km/h. The driver sat in the middle, directly above the gearbox, and was covered in front by a protective cover. Behind him on the sides there were six seats, three in a row, installed with their backs inward, on which gunmen were placed sideways, closely.

The first batch of "Pioneers" (50 units, according to other sources - 25) was produced at the Moscow plant No. 37 named after. Ordzhonikidze in 1936. And on November 7 of the same year, tractors already took part in the parade on Red Square. Their production continued until 1937. They did not take root in the troops due to instability when driving and cornering, low traction properties and small capacity.

TESTS

The design of a new light tractor was carried out by the NATI Design Bureau under the leadership of N. A. Astrov. Army tests of the Komsomolets, carried out in August-November 1937, showed that, subject to the elimination of certain shortcomings, it could be accepted for supply to the Red Army. When driving on the highway maximum speed reached 50 km/h. With a towed 2-ton trailer and gross weight 4100 kg, the speed was reduced to 40 km / h, and the average technical speed was 15-20 km / h, depending on the type of road surface. Off-road, the speed decreased to 8-10 km / h, but at the same time the tractor could move with a roll of 40 ° and fell trees with a diameter of 18 cm. The maximum climb with a crew of two and a full refueling without a trailer reached 45 °. With a full combat weight and a trailer weighing 2000 kg - up to 18 °. The turning radius on the spot was only 2.4 m, which was also evaluated positively, given the high requirements for the maneuverability of the machine. The A-20 tractor could tow a trailer with a carrying capacity of 2 tons, but when the downshift of the demultiplier was turned on, this figure increased to 3 tons. Such indicators were quite suitable for army requirements.

Unfortunately, car engine, not designed for long-term hard work on a caterpillar tractor, was overloaded and often failed prematurely. However, there were simply no other suitable motors then in the USSR.

PRODUCTION

The production of "Komsomol" was launched from December 1937 at the plant number 37, which also produced T-38 amphibious tanks and components for them, as well as at the special production facilities of STZ and GAZ.

Due to the simple design and the unification of its individual elements, the release took place at a high pace. As a result, on January 1, 1941, the customer, represented by the Red Army, accepted 4401 vehicles of three series (20.5% of the fleet of special tractors), with 2810 prescribed by the state. Further, by June 22, 1941, the total number of tractors was already 6700 units. The machine turned out to be easy to operate and technically reliable. Its release could have lasted much longer, if not for the outbreak of war with Germany. Already in July, Plant No. 37 received orders for light tanks T-40, and then for T-30 and T-60. Since August, "Komsomol" no longer issued. Until that time, it was possible to assemble 7780 vehicles, most of which ended up at the front.

During the defensive battle of June-August 1941, the Western Front irrevocably lost 46 artillery regiments, which failed to break out of the encirclement. All materiel, including tractors and tractors, was left on the territory occupied by the enemy. About 1,000 units of T-20 tractors alone were lost. By the end of the Great Patriotic War, T-20 tractors continued to be widely used only as part of the Far Eastern and Trans-Baikal military districts, where there were at least 800 vehicles.

DESIGN FEATURES

Using the experience gained in the creation of the T-37A and T-38 amphibious tanks, the project of N. A. Astrov's design bureau provided for full armoring of the driver's cab and the commander-gunner.

During the short operation of the Pioneers, the need for armored protection of the driver, engine, radiator and gas tank from small arms fire was revealed, since the tractor must work in close proximity to the enemy - in the zone of probable shelling.

DESIGN DESCRIPTION

The body of the tractor was structurally divided into three parts. The transmission was in front. It consisted of a single-disk main dry-friction clutch of a four-speed gearbox, a one-way demultiplier (from a GAZ-AAA car) for obtaining direct or slow gears, a bevel main gear, two multi-disk dry onboard clutches with band brakes with ferrodo linings and two onboard single-stage gearboxes. The main clutch, gearbox and bevel final drive were borrowed from truck GAZ-AA. The gearbox provided four gears forward and one reverse.

Behind the transmission was the control compartment, protected by an armored cab. The driver's seat was located on the left, and the commander of the vehicle, who simultaneously performed the duties of a machine gunner, was on the right. The 7.62 mm DT machine gun was placed in a ball mount on the right and had a relatively small sector of fire. Ammunition, consisting of 1008 rounds, was placed on two racks. One rack for six discs was located behind the driver's seat. The second, three disks - to the right of the commander. Another six discs were placed in special machines, and the last 16th was immediately mounted on a machine gun. The ammunition load of the 3rd series tractors was increased by one disk, it consisted of 1071 cartridges.

For review, hatches were used in the frontal and side armor plates of the cabin, in the covers of which there were viewing slots, and starting from the machines of the 2nd series, triplex glass blocks. Two rectangular hatches were made in the cabin roof for boarding and disembarking the crew. In the open position, they were held by hooks, and in the closed position, they were locked with “strands”.

The engine compartment was located in the middle of the hull. A 4-cylinder was installed here carbureted engine M-1 with a capacity of 50 liters. with. (37kW), equipped with fluid system cooling, with a Zenith carburetor, an economizer and an enricher. The air for the cooling system was initially taken in by a fan through the side air intakes above the tracks, which, when driving in dry weather, caused engine fouling and rapid wear. A separate hatch for the exit of cooling air, made in the aft armor plate, on the prototype and machines of the 1st series was covered with armored shutters. The maximum capacity of two fuel tanks was 121.7 liters, with the main one having 115 liters, and the additional one holding up to 6.7 liters of fuel. Engine compartment closed with an armored hood with hinged lids. The engine was started using an electric starter MAF-4006 with a capacity of 0.8-0.9 liters. with. (0.6-0.7 kW) or from the crank. In the ignition system, an IG-4085 reel and an IGF-4003 breaker-distributor were used.

cargo compartment located above the engine behind the armored bulkhead. In the cargo compartment, along the longitudinal axis of the machine, two seats were installed for transporting a gun crew, consisting of six people. Being turned outward, they formed with their backs the sides of a cargo platform for transporting ammunition and artillery equipment. In inclement weather, during long marches, a closed awning with windows was installed, while the height of the car increased to 2.23 m. Six round hatches were made in the bottom of the hull, covered with hatches with rubberized layers. The hatches were located under the drain plugs of the engine crankcase, gearbox, demultiplier, main gear, fuel tank and radiator.

The hull armor was differentiated and had a rational form. The frontal armor plates that protected the transmission compartment and the control compartment had a thickness of 10 mm. The sides and stern were covered with 7 mm armor. Almost all armor plates were connected on a metal frame with rivets and bolts. 10-mm armor did not save from hitting shells, but it reliably protected from bullets and shrapnel.

The elements of the running gear - support and support rollers, drive wheels and small-linked tracks - were borrowed from the T-38 amphibious tank. Trucks with road wheels blocked in pairs, unlike tank trucks, had a more compact spring suspension, which made it possible to reduce the height of the caterpillar bypass for convenient placement of the calculation. Initially, the rear track roller also served as a guide wheel, but due to the frequent cases of tipping over of the bogie, which could not be prevented by installing a limiter, a separate guide wheel had to be introduced. Unfortunately, the experimental use of a silent rubber-cable caterpillar with metal plates did not justify itself - it often jumped off.

The electrical equipment of the machine was made according to a single-wire circuit. The voltage of the on-board network was 6 V. The sources of electricity were accumulator battery ZSTE-100 with a capacity of 100 Ah and a GBF-4105 generator with a voltage of 6-8 V and a power of 60-80 W. The means of external and internal communication were not installed on the machine. Outdoor lighting was provided by two headlights mounted on the frontal hull plate, and one marker lamp on the aft armor plate. In combat conditions, the headlights were removed and placed inside the case.

PERFORMANCE AND TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TRACTORS T-20 "KOMSOMOLETS"

• Weight in running order without cargo, kg: 3460
• Platform load capacity, kg: 500
• Weight of towed trailer, kg: 2000
• Number of seats in the cabin: 2
• Number of seats in the body: 6
• Overall dimensions, mm:
  – length: 3450
  - width: 1859
  – cabin height: 1580
  – ground clearance: 300
• Max, speed, km/h: 50
• Power reserve, km: 250

Quite a lot is said about the fact that in the Red Army no attention was paid to the mechanization of troops, they relied on horses. But since 1936, there has been a reduction in cavalry units and the formation of armored troops on their basis. The mechanization of the army, namely artillery, also increased.

One of the means of increasing mobility is the creation of special battlefield tractors that could immediately transport the crew and ammunition to the firing position, possibly under enemy fire, and subsequently accompany the advancing troops. It was supposed to have at least 60 tractors of this type in each rifle division. One of them is the T-20 Komsomolets armored artillery tractor.

Developer: KB Astrov. Year of commencement of work: 1936. Year of production of the first prototype: 1937.

Combat weight - 3.5 tons. Crew - 2 people. Landing - 6 people.

Reservations: Forehead - 10 mm, side and feed - 7 mm.

Engine: GAZ-M, carburetor, in-line, 4-cylinder, liquid cooling. Engine power - 50 l. with. Highway speed - 50 km/h Highway cruising range - 250 km.

Overcoming obstacles: climb - 32 degrees without a trailer wall - 0.47 m ditch - 1.4 m ford - 0.6 m

T-20 tractors were used until the end of World War II, including as light tanks / tankettes and even gun platforms of the Red Army and as trophies by the armies of Germany, Finland and Romania.

The creation of the T-20 was preceded by a whole series of experiments. As a temporary solution, T-27 tankettes, decommissioned by combat units, were used as tractors. A more successful attempt was the creation in 1935 of the Pioneer tractor-transporter, based on the British Vickers, from which the chassis scheme was borrowed. The car turned out to be not bad, but too cramped and with minimal hull armor. The car did not suit the army, and immediately after the start of mass production, the Pioneer began to look for a replacement. The design of a new artillery tractor is now taken up by the NATI Design Bureau under the leadership of N. A. Astrov. Using the experience gained in the creation of the T-37A and T-38 amphibious tanks, the Astrovites proposed a project at a qualitatively new level, providing for full armor for the driver's and gunner's cabins.

The body of the tractor was structurally divided into three parts. In front was a transmission borrowed from a GAZ-AA truck. Next was the control compartment, protected by an armored superstructure. The driver's seat was on the left side. On the starboard side was the place of the vehicle commander, who also served as a machine gunner. The only DT machine gun of 7.62 mm caliber was placed in a ball mount on the right and had a small sector of fire, being more of a course. Cartridge boxes, designed for 1008 rounds, were placed on two racks.

The engine compartment was located in the middle of the hull. A 4-cylinder was installed here Gas engine MM-6002 (modified GAZ-M) with a power of 50 hp, equipped with a liquid cooling system, with a Zenit carburetor, an economizer and an enricher. The maximum capacity of two fuel tanks was 121.7 liters, with the main one having 115 liters, and the additional one holding up to 6.7 liters of fuel. The engine compartment was closed with an armored hood with hinged covers. The cargo compartment was located above the engine behind the armored bulkhead. As on the Pioneer, it was divided into two sections with triple seats, each of which was closed with armored covers. Engineers provided the following option for their use. Being turned outward, the seats formed with their backs the sides of the cargo platform for transporting ammunition and artillery equipment. During transportation, the gunners were placed with their backs to each other, in the dimensions of the tractor. In inclement weather, during long marches, a closed awning with windows could be installed, while the height of the car increased to 2.23 m.

The hull armor was differentiated. The frontal armor plates that protected the transmission compartment and the control compartment had a thickness of 10 mm. The sides and stern were covered with 7 mm armor. Almost all armor plates were connected on a metal frame with rivets and bolts. 10-mm armor did not save from hitting shells, but reliably protected from bullets and shrapnel.

When driving on the highway, the maximum speed of the T-20 reached 50 km / h. With a towed 2-ton trailer and a gross weight of 4100 kg, the speed was reduced to 40 km / h, and the average technical one was 15-20 km / h, depending on the type of road surface. Off-road, the speed decreased to 8-10 km / h, but at the same time the T-20 could move with a roll of 40 ° and fell trees with a diameter of up to 18 cm. The maximum climbable climb with a crew of two and a full refueling without a trailer reached 45 °; with a full combat weight and a trailer weighing 2000 kg up to 18 °. An unpleasant moment was a large ejection of dirt from under the tracks of the tractor, "thanks" to which the towed gun had to be put in order after the march.

The production of T-20 tractors was launched from December 1937 at plant No. 37, where T-38 floating tractors and components for them were also manufactured, as well as at the special production facilities of STZ and GAZ. Due to the simple design and the unification of its individual elements, the production of finished products took place at a high pace. The result was a very interesting situation - on January 1, 1941, the customer, represented by the Red Army, accepted 4401 vehicles of three series (20.5% of the fleet of special tractors), with 2810 as required by the state. By June 22, 1941, the total number of tractors was already 6700 units . The machine turned out to be easy to operate and technically reliable. Until August, 7780 vehicles were assembled, the vast majority of which went to the front.

After all the improvements and changes made, we can conclude that the T-20 turned out to be quite good car. Small, fast (by the standards of that time), maneuverable, it was used not only as a tractor, but also replaced tankettes and armored vehicles during reconnaissance. At the beginning of the war, the design bureau of V. G. Grabin developed an anti-tank artillery self-propelled gun armed with a 57-mm cannon on the basis of a tractor. Under the designation ZIS-30, about a hundred of these installations were used in anti-tank artillery batteries of tank brigades. Used "Komsomol" and partisans - they turned out to be perfect machines for forest roads, besides always provided with automobile spare parts. Our opponents also appreciated the Komsomolets, and captured vehicles were used by both the Wehrmacht and Germany's allies. In general, it turned out to be a very good and useful machine. Throughout the war, the T-20 dragged "forty-five" and "regimental" tanks, and after the war it actually became the prototype of the MT-LB.

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The artillery of Russia and the world, along with other states, has introduced the most significant innovations - the transformation of a smooth-bore gun loaded from the muzzle into a rifled one loaded from the breech (lock). The use of streamlined projectiles and various types of fuses with an adjustable setting for the response time; more powerful gunpowders, such as cordite, which appeared in Britain before the First World War; the development of rolling systems, which made it possible to increase the rate of fire and relieved the gun crew from the hard work of rolling into the firing position after each shot; connection in one assembly of the projectile, propellant charge and fuse; the use of shrapnel shells, after the explosion, scattering small steel particles in all directions.

Russian artillery, capable of firing large projectiles, sharply highlighted the problem of weapon durability. In 1854, during the Crimean War, Sir William Armstrong, a British hydraulic engineer, proposed the wrought iron gun barrel method of first twisting iron bars and then welding them together by forging. The gun barrel was additionally strengthened with wrought iron rings. Armstrong set up a business that made guns of several sizes. One of the most famous was his 12-pounder rifled gun with a 7.6 cm (3 in) bore and a screw lock mechanism.

Artillery of the Second World War (WWII), in particular Soviet Union, probably had the largest potential among European armies. At the same time, the Red Army experienced the purges of Commander-in-Chief Joseph Stalin and endured the difficult Winter War with Finland at the end of the decade. During this period, Soviet design bureaus took a conservative approach to technology.
The first modernization effort came with the improvement of the 76.2 mm M00/02 field gun in 1930, which included improved ammunition and the replacement of barrels for parts of the gun fleet, new version the guns were named M02/30. Six years later, the 76.2 mm M1936 field gun appeared, with a carriage from the 107 mm.

Heavy artilleryof all armies, and rather rare materials from the time of Hitler's blitzkrieg, whose army smoothly and without delay crossed the Polish border. The German army was the most modern and best equipped army in the world. Wehrmacht artillery acted in close cooperation with infantry and aviation, trying to quickly occupy the territory and deprive the Polish army of communication lines. The world shuddered upon learning of a new armed conflict in Europe.

Artillery of the USSR in the positional conduct of hostilities on the Western Front in the last war and the horror in the trenches of the military leaders of some countries created new priorities in the tactics of using artillery. They believed that in the second global conflict of the 20th century, mobile firepower and accuracy of fire would be decisive factors.

At the end of 1936, under the leadership of the chief designer of the Moscow plant No. 37 Astrov N.A., a full-fledged high-speed armored tracked tractor Komsomolets T-20 was created to service anti-tank and regimental artillery.

The release of the Komsomolets tractor began in 1937 and, in addition to the head plant No. 37, was deployed at the GAZ special production. Production was discontinued in July 1941 due to the need to expand the production of light tanks. A total of 7780 vehicles were manufactured within the framework of three production series, slightly differing in the design of the platform, seats, cooling system, chassis, weapons.

Tractors "Komsomolets" played a huge role in the process of motorization of the Red Army. Each rifle division was to include at least 60 tractors of this type. Before the start of the war, Soviet industry was unable to fully meet the needs of the army. Therefore, in practice, only shock units, as well as motorized infantry units as part of rifle units, were equipped with Komsomol members. Tractors T-20 participated in the battles with Japan near Lake Khasan in 1938, near the Khalkhin-Gol River in 1939, in the Soviet-Finnish and Great Patriotic War.

On the fronts of the war, the Komsomol members, the number of which was continuously decreasing (as of September 1, 1942, 1662 vehicles remained in the army), continued to carry out their difficult service. In the absence of other tractors, they were also used to tow heavier small-caliber anti-aircraft and divisional artillery, working with overload. In addition, in the summer of 1941, during the defense and counterattacks against the enemy, Komsomolets tractors were sometimes used as machine-gun tankettes to fight infantry. The Komsomol members were also used by partisans - they turned out to be ideal vehicles for forest roads, moreover, they were always provided with automotive spare parts.

Combat weight: 3.5 t

Crew: 2 persons
landing(calculation of guns): 6 people

Armament: 7.62 mm DT machine gun
Power reserve by highway: 250 km