In America, the share of new cars sold mechanical box is only 6 percent. Therefore, for many American drivers, driving with manual transmission causes great difficulty. So many drivers are accustomed to driving vehicles with automatic transmission. In our country, the share of cars sold with manual transmission so far a little more than with an automatic, but, nevertheless, for many drivers, driving a car with a manual transmission causes a lot of difficulties. We have prepared for all motorists instructions and a small guide that will help you learn how to drive a mechanic.

Manual transmission cars tend to cost less than automatic transmission cars. But driving vehicle with a manual transmission, will not only allow you to save money when buying a car, but will also open for you a completely new world driving.

Note that many are still equipped with a manual gearbox. But even buying an inexpensive weak car will allow you to significantly reduce fuel costs, since a car equipped with a manual transmission consumes much less fuel than a car equipped with an automatic transmission.

What are the other advantages of mechanical transmissions over automatic transmissions? A manual transmission is much more reliable than an automatic transmission, and besides, the cost of repairing the mechanics is much less than repairing a complex machine.

Plus, driving a car with a manual transmission than a car with an automatic transmission.

Step one: What are manual transmission gears for?

A manual transmission requires the driver to shift gears independently. Most cars with manual transmission have 4 or 5 speeds plus one reverse gear. In order to master where each gear speed is located and what each of them is for, you need to know the following:

Clutch pedal. When you press the pedal special mechanism in the box gives you the opportunity to use the gearshift knob to select the desired gear. Remember that you can only shift the gearbox if the clutch pedal is fully depressed.

Neutral gear actually means that torque from the engine will not be transmitted to the wheels. When the engine is running and the gear is in neutral, if you press the gas pedal, the car will not move. When the neutral gear is on, you can turn on any speed from this position, including reverse gear.

For most manual cars, 2nd gear is the workhorse, as 1st gear is primarily for pulling away. Second gear will help you get your car down a steep hill or help you navigate through a traffic jam.

Reverse gear is somewhat different from other speeds in a manual transmission. This speed has been given a slightly larger range of operation than first gear. You can accelerate faster in reverse than in 1st. But reverse gear does not "like" when the car drives in this mode for a very long time (it can lead to failure of the gearbox mechanism).

So reverse gear is not a way of basic movement.

The accelerator pedal allows at each speed to use the maximum engine torque set for each speed. Accelerating in a car equipped with , you feel every speed, which gives every driver a unique feeling of drive and better control over the car.

Step Two: Get to grips with gear placement

Before learning how to ride a mechanic, you need to master the location of each gear speed, which are indicated on the shift knob. After all, you will not look at the handle while the car is moving, where what speed is located ?! Remember that for perfect shifting, you must fully depress the clutch pedal, otherwise each gear will turn on with a characteristic screech or crunch, which can lead to transmission failure.

If you are a novice driver, then look first from the side of the front passenger seat, as the other is more experienced driver synchronously presses the clutch pedal and switches gears. pay attention to top speed car in every gear.

At first, even after studying the location of each speed, you will still mentally remember where this or that gear is located. Over time, you will stop thinking about shifting gears every time and will do it on an unconscious level (mechanically). It's all about habit. So if at the very beginning you do not have the ideal skill of driving a car with a manual transmission, then do not be discouraged and do not fall into despair. The speed of gear shifting and much more will come to you as you accumulate driving experience.

Another problem for any novice driver who drives a car with a manual transmission is not knowing when and what speed to shift. In order to know whether the correct gear is engaged at a certain vehicle speed, we advise you to focus on the sound of the engine.

If the engine speed is very low and the car does not accelerate, then you are in high gear and you need to change to a lower gear.

If the engine speed is very high, then you need to shift into a higher gear to unload the box.

If your car is equipped with a tachometer, then in order to understand when it is necessary to switch speed, be guided by the number of engine revolutions. Although each make and model of a manual transmission vehicle requires a different shift order, in general each gear can be shifted when the engine reaches 3000 rpm. You can also use the speedometer to guide you when you need to switch gears.

For example, change gear every 25 km/h (1st gear 1-25 km/h, 2nd 25-50, 3rd 50-70, etc.). Remember it's only general rule gear shifting of a manual gearbox. And than these values ​​will deviate upwards.

Step three: Start the engine

Place the shift lever in neutral position with the clutch pedal depressed before starting the engine. Do not shift gears without pressing the pedal, as this may lead to failure of the manual transmission. After starting the engine, warm it up to operating temperature. If you are warming up the car in winter, do not release the clutch pedal for the first few minutes of warming up after engaging the neutral gear. This will allow you to warm up the frozen oil in the box much faster.

Attention!!! Do not start the car engine with the gear engaged. This will cause the machine to move uncontrollably, which could lead to an accident.

Step Four: Use the Clutch Correctly

The clutch is a mechanism that helps you smoothly change gears. Always fully depress the clutch. If you change gear while driving without fully depressing the clutch, you will hear a grinding or crunching sound. Try to avoid this so as not to damage the box.

Also remember that the left foot should only press the clutch pedal. Right foot only gas pedal and brake pedal.

At first, it will be difficult for you to ideally release the clutch after changing gear. You have to get used to it. If you experience problems with this, we advise you to slowly release the clutch after changing gear in order to feel the moment the gear starts.

Avoid unnecessary acceleration of the vehicle when the clutch pedal is not fully depressed. Don't develop the habit of leaving the clutch pedal depressed for more than 2 seconds (even at traffic lights - use neutral speed).

Many novice drivers have trouble releasing the clutch pedal too quickly. Don't be discouraged if you don't succeed. Over time, you will get used to and will not notice how coordinated you are shifting gears. Remember that everyone experiences difficulties with this. As soon as you begin to drive frequently in dense city traffic, you will quickly gain experience.

Step five: Coordinated action

What's happened ? This is your door to the world of driving acceleration and a special feeling of the car. But in order to fully feel the true pleasure of driving a car with mechanics, well-coordinated and coordinated actions are necessary. As an example for the 1st and 2nd speed, we will give all your actions, which over time you must bring to automatism.

Depress the clutch pedal to the end. Switch the gear knob to first gear. Start slowly releasing the clutch pedal while gently and slowly depressing the gas pedal. Having brought the clutch pedal somewhere to the middle, you will feel that the torque has begun to be completely transferred to the wheels. Slowly releasing the clutch pedal to the end, accelerate to 25 km / h. Next, you need to switch to second gear. To do this, again squeeze the clutch to the end and shift the speed to second gear, then slowly, lowering the clutch pedal, slowly add gas.

Step Six: Downshifting

Downshifting is a method of downshifting a car when decelerating. How you shift gears when slowing down and how an automatic works when the vehicle slows down makes a huge difference. Downshifting will not only help you slow down the car, but it will also allow you to shift to exactly the speed you really need.

Downshifting will help you in bad slippery weather like in summer time, and in winter, do not resort to braking with the brake pedal if it is necessary to reduce speed, which makes it safer to drive a car, unlike a car equipped with an automatic transmission.

Here is an example of how you can use downshifting to stop a car at a speed of 70 km/h:

- Press the clutch pedal and shift the gearbox to 3rd gear by moving your right foot from the gas pedal to the brake.

- Release the clutch pedal slowly to avoid high revs.

- Depress the clutch pedal again before stopping.

- Do not include as low gear, first speed.

This method of stopping will allow you to stop much faster and safer than when braking with a single brake pedal..

Step Seven: Reverse Speed

Be careful when shifting the vehicle's reverse gear. If not engaged correctly, the shift lever may pop out. Never try to engage reverse gear until the vehicle has come to a complete stop. On some models, in order to engage reverse gear, you must first press the top of the gear shift knob.

Remember that the reverse gear has a high range of operation, so be careful not to press the gas pedal hard, as the car can quickly dial dangerous.

Step Eight: Driving on the Hill

As a rule, the majority highways do not have a flat plane due to the terrain. Therefore, stopping on the road, in many places the car without a brake begins to roll back. Starting on a road with an inclined plane is much more difficult than on a flat terrain. In order to perfectly learn how to get under way on a hill, you need to consolidate your skills with the following exercise.

Get on the road with an inclined plane and put the car on the handbrake (“handbrake”), turn on the neutral gear. Now your task is to release the handbrake, turn on the first gear, squeeze the clutch pedal, move off on the hill, releasing the clutch smoothly while pressing the gas pedal. At some point, you will feel that the car has stopped moving backwards. It is in this position that you can keep the car on a slope or hill without brakes.

Step nine: Parking

When leaving the car in the parking lot after you have turned off the engine, depress the clutch pedal and engage first gear. Thus, you will protect your car from rolling away in your absence. For reliability, it is also necessary to raise the lever parking brake(or press the button if the handbrake is electronic). The main thing to remember is that when you return, before you start the car, you must definitely shift the gear to neutral.

Step Ten: Practice

All these actions will seem to you at first very difficult and difficult. But it's all natural. During the operation of the car, your experience will grow. Remember that the more practice, the more driving experience you get. If after that you are still afraid to drive a car, then do self-driving training at any site where there are no other cars. Thus, you will gain confidence in driving a car.

As soon as you become more courageous, we advise you to practice in the early morning or at night in the real road conditions of your locality. Learn all the roads, especially where you expect to drive the most. The absence of cars at this time will give you confidence.

Many people are afraid to drive a car with mechanics. Some say that it is not comfortable and not modern. Don't listen to anyone. The manual transmission, despite its outdated technology, remains one of the most reliable transmissions in the automotive industry.

Yes, at some points the mechanics slightly reduce driving comfort, but for this you will be rewarded with much more control over the car, increased power, better fuel efficiency, cheap maintenance costs and not expensive repairs(compared to automatic transmission), a valuable driving skill that allows you to drive almost any vehicle in the world.

If you're a new driver or have only driven an automatic car up until now, the thought of mechanics can be daunting at first. Fortunately, everyone can understand how to start a car with a manual transmission and how to change gears. To do this, you need to understand what a clutch is, learn how to use the gear lever and then practice starting, stopping and shifting gears at different speeds. The only way to really learn is to practice and practice again.

Steps

Part 1

Engine starting

Start learning on a level surface. If this is your first time driving a car with a manual transmission, take your time. As soon as you get into the car, fasten your seat belt. While you are learning, it is best to roll down the windows. This will allow you to hear the engine better and change gears accordingly.

• A car with a manual transmission has three pedals. On the left side is the clutch pedal, in the middle is the brake, and on the right is the gas. The pedal arrangement is the same for both left-hand drive and right-hand drive vehicles.

1. Understand the purpose of the clutch. Before pressing on an unfamiliar pedal on the left, familiarize yourself with its functions.

   • The clutch disengages the running engine from the wheels and allows you to change gear without the grinding of individual gear teeth.
   • Depress the clutch before shifting gears.

2. Adjust the seat so that you can freely depress the clutch pedal (left, next to the brake pedal) fully to the floor with your left foot.

   Depress the clutch pedal and hold it in that position. This is a good time to get a feel for the difference between the clutch pedal and the gas and brake pedals, and to learn how to release the clutch slowly.

   • If you used to drive only with an automatic transmission, it may be uncomfortable for you to press the pedal with your left foot, but over time you will get used to it.

3. Move the shift lever to neutral position. This is the middle position where the lever can move freely from side to side. The vehicle is not in gear when:

   • the shift lever is in neutral and/or
   • the clutch pedal is fully depressed.
   • Do not attempt to shift gears without depressing the clutch.

4. Start the engine using the ignition key with the clutch pedal fully depressed. Make sure the shift lever is in neutral. For safety reasons, before starting the engine, park the machine in hand brake especially if you are still a beginner.

   • Some cars will start in neutral without the clutch being depressed, but this is rare.

5. Remove your foot from the clutch (assuming the shift lever is in neutral). If you are on a flat surface, the car will remain stationary, if you are on a slope, it will go down. When you're ready to go straight to driving, don't forget to release the handbrake.

   Stop. To stop under control, shift gears as you decrease until you reach first. When you need to come to a complete stop, move your right foot from the gas to the brake and apply. As soon as you slow down to a speed of about 15 km/h, you will feel a vibration. Fully depress the clutch pedal and move the gearshift lever to neutral. Use the brake pedal to stop completely.

   • You can stop in any gear. To do this, fully depress the clutch and apply the brakes while shifting into neutral. Only use this method if you need to stop quickly, as you have less control over the vehicle.

Part 4

Practice and problem solving

1. Take a few simple lessons from an experienced driver. If you already have a driver's license, you can practice on your own on any road, but an experienced instructor or partner will help you master gear shifting faster. Start on a flat, empty area (such as an empty parking lot), then move onto quiet streets. Practice on the same route until you start mastering all the necessary skills.

2. At first, avoid stopping and starting on steep hills. When you first learn to drive with a manual transmission, choose routes that do not involve stops (say, traffic lights) at the top of a hill. You will need very good reaction and coordination to keep the shifter, clutch, brake and gas under control, otherwise you could roll back when shifting into first gear.

   • You need to learn how to quickly (but smoothly) transfer your right foot from the brake to the gas while releasing the clutch with your left. In order not to roll back, you can use the handbrake, but do not forget to remove the car from it in order to move forward.

3. Learn to park, especially on a hill. Unlike an automatic, there is no parking gear in a manual. If you just shift to "neutral", the car may roll forward or backward, especially if the road where it is is on a slope. Always put the handbrake on your car, but remember that it alone is not enough to keep it in place.

   • If you are parking on a hill (the car is "looking" up), stop the engine in neutral, then shift into first and apply the handbrake. If you're parking downhill (the car is "looking" down), do the same, but shift into reverse. This way you will not let the car roll down the hill.
   • On particularly steep slopes, or as an extra precaution, you can chock the wheels.

4. Stop completely before shifting from forward to reverse (and vice versa). A complete stop when changing direction will help avoid serious damage and costly repairs to the transmission.

   • Before shifting from reverse to forward, it is highly recommended to come to a complete stop. In most manual transmission vehicles, it is possible to shift into first or second gear while reversing slowly, but this is not recommended to avoid overstressing the clutch.
   • Some cars have a reverse lock mechanism so you don't accidentally engage it. Before using reverse, you need to learn about this mechanism and how to disable it.

• If the car stalls, release the clutch as slowly as possible. Pause at the moment of friction (when the car starts to move) and continue to release the clutch very slowly.
• During frosts, it is not recommended to leave the car for a long time on the handbrake. The moisture freezes and you won't be able to release the handbrake. If the car is parked on a level surface, leave it in first gear. Don't forget to apply the handbrake when depressing the clutch, otherwise the car will start moving.
• Do not confuse the brake and clutch pedals.
• With a manual transmission, you can easily do wheel spin.
• Cars with a manual transmission are standard.
• Learn to recognize your engine sounds, you should eventually be able to tell when to change gears without relying on the tachometer.
• If you feel like the car is stalling or the engine is not running smoothly, depress the clutch and wait for the engine to stabilize.
• Don't forget to fully depress the clutch before changing gear.
• If there is no indication of the gear position on the gear lever, consult someone who is well versed in this. You don't want to drive backwards into anything or anyone while you think you're in first gear.
• If you know that you will have to park on a steep slope, take a stone or brick with you, which must be carefully placed under the wheel. This is not a bad idea, as brakes, like all parts, wear out and may not keep your car on a slope.

Warnings

• Before engaging reverse gear, you must fully stop, no matter which direction the car is rolling. Engaging reverse gear while the vehicle is moving can damage the transmission.
• It is highly recommended to come to a complete stop before shifting into any other gear in reverse. And although it is possible to shift into reverse gear into first or even second gear while the car is moving slowly, this is not recommended, as it contributes to rapid wear clutch.
• Until you get used to the manual transmission, keep an eye on the tachometer. A manual transmission requires much more responsibility than an automatic one. Too much high revs engine can damage it.
• Be careful on climbs. The car may roll backward if you do not hold the brake and clutch.
• If you have stalled several times and want to start the car again, wait 5-10 minutes to prevent the starter motor from overheating and completely draining the battery.

A car is a real need of any person. But the task of every novice motorist is to carefully study driving lessons for beginners, traffic safety can depend on it and sometimes even the life and health of the surrounding people.

Whether you have attended a driving school or not, when you get a car, you need to immediately "refresh" acquired knowledge or, otherwise, start learning from scratch. If you want to re-learn how to drive your “four-wheeled friend”, and training in a driving school was several years ago, driving lessons for beginners will help you.

Before learning to drive real car you should read the rules of the road. And not just read them, but also learn them. And after you learn - follow. Your life will depend on this not very thick book.

So driving lessons for beginners should start with learning the rules. In that specialized textbooks will help you. Unlike dry rules, such textbooks provide an opportunity to illustrate each rule. traffic situation, visually show the markings, sign and position of vehicles. Thanks to the illustrations, while moving, you will remember the correct actions.

Also there is good simulators driving a car, which are made in the format of a computer game. They will be a great helper for those who want to quickly learn the rules and road signs.

For self-control, passing driving lessons for beginners, you can use exam tickets. They take driving school exams. They are available in print form and can also be accessed online. To whom which method is more convenient - decide for yourself. By answering all the tickets correctly, you will not only consolidate your knowledge, but also prepare yourself for the exam “for rights”.

So, the theory is over. If you have never driven a car before, then for a start you need to get used to it and stop being afraid of it. To do this, sit in the driver's seat, turn on the ignition and listen to the sound of the engine. Periodically try to press the gas pedal.

This is necessary so that you get used to the sound of the engine, to the way the car is gaining momentum.

How to learn to drive a car on the mechanics from scratch for a woman?

Fifteen or twenty years ago, men feared for their lives when they saw a lady driving. Today, half of the students in the courses are girls who want to learn how to learn how to drive a car on a mechanic from scratch for a woman.

Firstly, choose the right clothes and shoes for this occasion. Choose loose-fitting clothes, do not wear short and tight dresses and skirts. And also give up heels and thick platforms, at least while driving. Alternatively, change your shoes in the car while driving.

Today, most girls prefer automatic box shifting gears, and a woman who knows how to drive a car "with mechanics" causes admiration and delight of the surrounding men. Therefore, if you are planning to become “your boyfriend” on the road, do not be lazy and find out how to learn how to drive a car on a mechanic from scratch for a woman.

After all, there is nothing difficult in mechanics. It's easy enough to get used to it. Well, one pedal in the car will be more. Girls, be sure to read the next section. But various videos on how to learn to drive a car from scratch on your own, teaching all the basics and subtleties, you can see on this page.

Let's talk about security. Nature ordered in such a way that girls have much more developed instinct for self-preservation. That is why they try to control the situation on the road while driving. Most girls behind the wheel try to drive a vehicle in the style of " safe driving". But for men, driving is more of a game and a way to get adrenaline.

How to move off in a car with a manual transmission?

Before learning how to pull off in a manual transmission car and start moving, you need to do the following:

• carry out a visual inspection- check the condition of the wheels, if there are any leaks of oil or fuel, if you plan to move in the evening - check the headlights and dimensions.
• adjustment– adjust the seat (distance to the steering wheel, backrest tilt), side mirrors,
• Check your safety by fastening your seat belt.

The preparation is completed, it remains to understand with a specific example how to move off in a car with a manual transmission. Even for dummies, it is clear that, first of all, you need to start the car. Turn the key in the ignition lock so that the engine starts. When you hear the characteristic sound of the engine, release the key. Make sure the machine is not on the handbrake. Since we are considering the question: how to move off in a car with a manual transmission, the video instruction located at the beginning of this section will tell you more and more colorfully, and the text will help supplement this knowledge.

1. To start moving turn on first gear.
2. Press the clutch pedal to the floor(the leftmost pedal) and move the gear lever to the first gear position.
3. Then press the gas pedal(far right side) so that the tachometer reads 2000 rpm.
4. Release the clutch very smoothly with your left foot, while holding the gas pedal with your right foot and gradually add gas. Here you go.

It is important to work with both feet simultaneously and in parallel. If you release the clutch abruptly, the car will twitch and stall. From practical advice about how to move off correctly on a manual transmission, let's move on to the skill of braking.

How to brake correctly in a car with a manual transmission?

Learning how to start is good, but for a full ride you also need to be able to stop. Yes not just stop, but slow down. Sometimes even abruptly. No, of course, you can wait until the car stops on its own, driving by inertia.

However, what to do if there is an obstacle or a traffic light in front of you? That's what the brake pedal is for. She is in the middle. Pressed with the right foot. Do you want to avoid jerks and unpleasant situations? Press the brake pedal smoothly(except in cases emergency braking). Therefore, it is very important for novice drivers to know how to properly brake on a car with a manual transmission.

1. To begin with, try to reduce the speed of the car - take your right foot off the gas pedal and press the brake pedal.
2. If a full stop is necessary, the right foot is on the brake pedal, and the left foot is on the clutch.
3. The harder you press the brake, the more brake pads will put pressure on the wheel and the car will stop faster.

It is important to remember that braking distances car depends on several factors:

• car load;
• the presence of ice on the road;
• dry or wet asphalt;
• asphalt or dirt road;
• tire condition, etc.

Therefore, the brake pedal sometimes does not work. Don't panic. In this case, the car came up with hand brake, the so-called "handbrake". This is a lever that is located slightly behind the gear lever. To use the handbrake as a brake, you need to lift it up. Remember that this is not a replacement for the brake and in the event of a malfunction of the brake, you cannot continue to move until repaired.

At what rpm is it correct to change gears while driving?

In order to keep the car on the move longer, as well as for the most efficient fuel consumption, you should pay attention to the gear shifting process.

At what rpm do you shift gears?

Gear shifting at tachometer readings at 2500 - 3000 rpm. It is this that is the most comfortable zone for the operation of the engine. This will result in the lowest fuel consumption.

Driving tutorial

car.

Textbook for self-learning to drive a car.

Instructions for beginner instructors.

B E D E N I E

Have you decided to learn how to drive a car? This is not as difficult as it might seem at first. Professional level driver's staff very different. As in any business, in driving you can be a master, or you can just be a driver. But a prerequisite for anyone who decides to travel by car is to learn a reliable, safe ride. We must always remember: the car is a source of increased danger, so training must be approached with all seriousness.

The main purpose of this manual is to help future drivers acquire driving skills. Skills can be practiced on your own. But it must be remembered that self-study is a violation of the Rules. road traffic! But if you decide, then this should take place in a safe, closed area. And always with an experienced assistant with driving experience. But you need to know that even the most experienced driver does not have the skills to instruct! And he will need a lot of patience to explain why in this or that situation he acts one way or another.

And so you made up your mind! Then we transgress.

And the last wish.

Don't listen to naysayers who can question your driving ability, discourage you from learning, and destroy your self-confidence.

Suppose someone you know suggested that you try to learn how to drive a car. And after "explaining" how to do it, you do "everything is wrong." And as a result, the conclusion: "You are not given to drive a car, you should not even start." It shouldn't matter! (He himself is not deaf, at crossroads? He quickly forgot).

You can be a good driver, but not every driver is able to teach another person how to drive. The old truth is true: "there are no bad students - there are bad teachers."

Section 1. INITIAL TRAINING.

We deliberately do not give lessons technical device car. What car do you have? Front, rear, all wheel drive? Domestic, imported production?

In any case, it is of no fundamental importance. Regardless of the execution, the principle of starting the movement is the same. To understand this, you need to know how the clutch works.

CLUTCH

d
Disk clutch
engine

Pedal clutch

Action-1

Clutch pedal depressed - clutch disengaged.

Action-2

The clutch carrion is released - the clutch is engaged.

PREPARATION OF THE DRIVER'S WORKPLACE

Driving position:

a) - optimal

b) close

c) far away

Any car is necessarily equipped with an adjusting device for the driver's seat (longitudinal movement of the seat and backrest tilt) and rear-view mirrors (salon and side).

So, we get into the car and adjust the driver's seat "for ourselves." When adjusting, one must proceed from the following: the legs should freely reach the pedals, and the bend of the legs at the knees should be small at any position of the pedals. This is easy to feel with your left foot operating the clutch pedal. To do this, put your foot on the pedal without pressing it. We try to press the pedal "to the stop".

If you manage to press it "all the way" without changing your position, your posture is correct. If you have a miniature foot and the heel does not reach the floor, it's okay - you need to work it on weight.

In the figure, in this position, the leg should not feel uncomfortable. Then the clutch pedal is fully depressed (up to the stop), while the foot should not stretch. A slight bend in the knee is preserved. We achieve this by moving the seat longitudinally.

Steering wheel grip options:

a) closed grip

b) - incomplete grip

c) open grip

Possible position of the hands on the steering wheel:

a) is correct

b), c) is incorrect.

The seatback tilt is adjustable so that your hands rest comfortably on the steering wheel.

The arms should also be slightly bent at the elbows.

The next thing to pay attention to is the rear view. The rear-view mirrors are adjusted so that the rear window of the car is viewed as much as possible in the interior mirror, and the side of the car is tangentially visible in the side mirrors.

GET TO KNOW THE VEHICLE CONTROLS

Controls:

• 
  wheel
• 
  clutch pedal
• 
  brake pedal
• 
  accelerator pedal (gas)
• 
  gearbox control lever (gear shift)
• 
  parking brake lever ("handbrake")

Now let's get acquainted with each control body separately.

WHEEL. We already know how to properly hold the steering wheel. Hands should have freedom of control, be ready for any quick maneuver and not get tired, as they lie on the steering wheel with their weight. The steering wheel must be held with two hands, avoiding single-handed operation. Take your hands off the steering wheel only when necessary. For example, when intercepting the steering wheel when turning, when shifting gears. Foppishness in driving with one hand can lead to trouble: when the wheel hits an obstacle, when the wheel is punctured, the steering wheel cannot be held with one hand.

PEDAL CLUTCH. Controlled by the left foot. When the pedal is released, the discs in the clutch are closed (pressed against each other). When the gear is engaged, the engine torque is transmitted to the drive wheels. When the clutch pedal is depressed, the discs are open, and there is no connection between the engine and the drive wheels. At this point, we can easily turn on the desired gear.

The clutch pedal works as follows . The pedal is depressed completely (up to the stop) and quickly enough. The pedal is released SMOOTHLY, as if in two stages.

First stage. We smoothly release the pedal from position 1 to position 2. The gaps between the discs in the clutch are selected. Distance, " a" is approximately 1/3 - 1/2 of the full pedal travel. On each car individually.

Second phase. When the pedal is released from position 2 to position 3, the clutch discs are pressed against each other. Torque transmission takes place. And this movement is done smoothly with a slight delay.

PEDAL BRAKES. Controlled by the right foot. Unlike the clutch pedal, the brake pedal cannot be fully depressed. We will feel the stop of the brake pedal in an intermediate position, when the brake pads rest against brake drums or discs. The force applied to the brake pedal is determined by the effectiveness of braking. The lower the vehicle speed, the less force must be applied to the brake pedal. Otherwise, there will be an unpleasant "nod" of the car.

PEDAL ACCELERATOR (GAZA). It is controlled in the same way as the brake pedal - with the right foot. The right foot handles two pedals quite well. We need either movement (gas) or deceleration (brake). The gas pedal is softer and has a small travel range. The mode of operation is smooth. A running engine, when you press the pedal, will respond with an increase in engine speed.

LEVER ARM MANAGEMENT checkpoint. Controlled by the right hand. The lever is set by the driver to a position that corresponds to a specific gear. In the neutral position (the gear is not engaged), the lever has a fairly noticeable amplitude

Movements in the transverse direction. When moving the lever laterally, we choose which of the gears should be included.

For your car, the gearshift diagram is indicated in the instruction manual for your car.

Gear shifting with the engine running is MANDATORY done with the clutch pedal depressed. Otherwise, a breakdown of the transmission units of the car, primarily the gearbox itself, is possible. Switching should be done clearly and calmly, without sudden and strong movements, otherwise the synchronizers in the gearbox will be loaded and worn out.

LEVER ARM PARKING BRAKES. Controlled by the right hand. When the car is moving, the lever must be lowered to the bottom, which corresponds to the disinhibited state rear wheels. The parking brake is equipped with a ratchet that holds the lever in the locked (pulled up) position. To lower (disinhibit) the lever, a button is provided at its front end. To make the button easier to give in, press it by pulling the lever up, then press the button and release the lever down.

WORKOUT ELEMENTS MANAGEMENT WITH DISABLED ENGINE.

Having familiarized ourselves with the controls of the car, let's proceed to the exercises for working out the controls:

• 
  sit comfortably and freely
• 
  the view from the car is good both front and rear
• 
  Hands lie comfortably and correctly on the steering wheel
• 
  feet reach the pedals freely

We train left leg. Squeeze the clutch pedal quickly and all the way to the floor. Slowly release to halfway and pause. Then gently and slowly release until completely released.

Let's do this exercise a few times. Let your foot get used to the firmness of the pedal.

We train right leg. While the engine is not running, we will not press the accelerator pedal. The right foot is above the accelerator pedal, touching it lightly. Move it to the brake pedal and press it. To coordinate the right leg, we will do this exercise several times with different brake pressure.

We train include transmission. Depress the clutch pedal. The right foot should be above the accelerator pedal without pressing it. Calmly and clearly, but without effort, we move the lever to the 1st gear position. Further, with the clutch disengaged, we shift gears sequentially in ascending and descending.

Remember: the mechanism loves clarity and smoothness.

While doing these exercises, you inevitably looked at the controls of the car. Now let's do these exercises, without looking at the controls, get used to us. This will help in driving on the roads.

LAUNCH ENGINE.

After making sure that the car is on the parking brake, depress the clutch pedal and set the gear switch to neutral (or make sure it is in that position). The fact is that the included gear with the engine off is sometimes used to hold the car in place (instead of the “handbrake”).

And when you try to start the engine with the gear engaged and the clutch pedal not depressed, the car will jerk forward. And this is fraught with trouble. And only after making sure that the gearshift lever is in the neutral position, we turn the ignition key clockwise until the starter operates. As soon as the engine starts, release the ignition key immediately.

You should be aware that for a reliable start of a cold engine, an enriched combustible mixture. When injection engine or carbureted automatic control air damper, the composition of the mixture at start-up is automatically adjusted. In a car with a conventional carburetor, a manual choke drive is provided to start a cold engine. When starting a cold engine, pull out the choke actuator. After a few seconds of running the engine, the engine speed will start to increase. In this case, it is necessary to reduce the engine speed by removing the choke control knob. In this case, the rpm should not be allowed to rise above 1500.

When the engine is fully warmed up (90 degrees) air damper must be completely sunk.

START OF THE MOVEMENT CAR WITH PLACES, MOTION DIRECTLY, BRAKING AND STOP.

Up to this point, we have been self-taught in our car on site. The movement of the car requires compliance with certain safety conditions. To acquire the initial driving skills, you need to choose a site free from people, cars, etc. If this site has a size of 30x30m, this will be enough for a start. Of course, the driving of the car to the site must be carried out by the driver.

Before you try to start moving a car from a place, you must clearly understand how to stop it. To stop the car, the following is done: the left foot quickly depresses the clutch pedal, the right foot presses the brake pedal (the degree of depression is determined by the need). The depressed clutch pedal at the same time excludes further forced movement of the car by the engine. The brake pedal stops the vehicle from moving.

It is psychologically very important to convince yourself that you know how to respond to a car that has gone out of control. And, if something is wrong - the clutch pedal "to the floor", the brake pedal is pressed. After that, turn off the transmission.

So, your car is on the site. And in such a way that there is a lot of free space in front of him. After making sure that the car is in neutral gear with the handbrake tightened, we start the engine.

WORKING OUT OF THE CLUTCH OPERATION TORQUE.

The right foot is above the accelerator. Squeeze out the clutch pedal, turn on 1st gear. Keeping the clutch depressed, remove the car from the "handbrake" The car is ready to move.

In order not to miss the moment of engagement of the clutch, the pedal should be released, very slowly while it is necessary to monitor the behavior of the car. You will feel the moment the clutch is engaged by the engine speed. When the clutch is engaged, the engine starts to load, its speed will decrease.

Remember the position of the left leg.

If the engine slows down, but does not stall, the goal of the exercise has been achieved.

Do this exercise several times.

The start of the car.

To start driving a car, the engine needs a certain amount of power, which depends on its speed.

On the revs idle move, on which the engine is running without load with the gas pedal released, the engine power is minimal.

At the moment the car starts moving, the engine is loaded, overcoming the rolling resistance. To prevent it from stopping, you should increase the speed by slightly pressing the gas pedal.

Let's try to start by simply adding speed, i.e. work only with the right foot. Press the gas pedal very carefully. An unloaded motor will respond responsively. Turnovers are controlled by ear.

Now let's start the exercise. Preparatory operations the same as in the previous exercise:

• 
  depress the clutch pedal;
• 
  turn on 1st gear;
• 
  release the clutch pedal, until the moment of operation (engine speed has dropped somewhat);
• 
  add a little engine speed, release the clutch pedal literally by 1-2 mm;
• 
  hold the clutch pedal until the car is fully accelerated;
• 
  after full acceleration of the car, fully release the clutch pedal.

We recommend that you completely, when driving, remove your left foot from the clutch pedal.

After driving a few meters, we stop the car:

* right foot gently press the brake pedal, while depressing the clutch pedal;

• 
  stopping the car, turn off the transmission;
• 
  take your feet off the pedals

If the car “nods” when braking, it means that the brake pedal was pressed too hard.

After analyzing your actions, try again.

After analyzing your actions, try again. Remember to make sure there is no one in front of the car.

Lack of space at the beginning of the movement can scare you and provoke you to make a mistake.

If there is not enough space in front of the car, this exercise is performed while moving backwards. And don't be afraid of movement in reverse. You are required to smoothly touch the car without interfering with the trajectory of movement. That is, do the same thing that you just did while moving forward.

When driving backwards, you need to sit so that it is comfortable and clearly visible where the car is moving. To do this, turn on the seat half a turn to the right.

Place your left hand on the steering wheel rim from the top center. Right hand rests on the back of the right seat. Heads should be tilted towards the center of the car. We make sure that you can see the entire space behind the car through the rear window. In this position, without looking at the pedals, let's try to press the clutch pedal and release it smoothly (not including the gear). With your right foot, slightly increase the speed (by ear) of the engine. We simulate the movement of the car back and its smooth stop.

Let's start the exercise. Depress the clutch pedal and shift into gear. Holding the clutch, we sit down comfortably. You and the car are ready to go. We do everything else in the same way as in the previous stage, while paying attention to engine speed.

We emphasize once again that before starting the movement, it is necessary to remember about your further actions, i.e. imagine what it takes to stop the car.

This exercise is very important in the learning process. Try to get it done good results but don't tire yourself out.

To work out the beginning of the movement of the car, an intermediate exercise can be recommended in which the clutch pedal is not fully released. The initial steps are the same as in the previous exercise.

We squeeze the clutch pedal, turn on 1st gear, release the clutch, find the position of its operation (the engine reacted by reducing the speed). Further, adding speed by ear, release the clutch pedal by 1-2 mm. Having achieved, the beginning of the movement of the car, quickly squeeze the clutch pedal. We continue, rolling until the car starts to stop. And when releasing the clutch pedal, we push the car again. Depress the clutch pedal again. We repeat the exercise, trying to move at a very low speed.

Motion on crooked trajectories , maneuvering .

Movement in a circle arbitrarily radius .

The starting point of providence is the same as in the previous exercise.

Having outlined an arbitrary trajectory, we smoothly begin the movement of the car in 1st gear and slowly move in a circle counterclockwise.

When practicing driving skills, it is important that the task does not distract you from the main thing - the ability to stop the car in this situation. The fact is that at the initial stage of training, the car, quite possibly, will begin to move not quite along the trajectory that you intended. In this case, the correction in the management can be carried out only with full control over the movement of the car. If at the time of the exercise there was not enough time to make the right decision, you should immediately stop the car without spraying on other actions.

Now let's talk specifically about what you need to pay attention to when performing the exercise.

You need to look not in front of the “nose” of the car, but at the place where the car is directed by you.

It is necessary to take into account some inertia of the steering of the car, since the steering mechanism has a free play (backlash) within 10 degrees, provided by the design car. This backlash is selected quickly enough.

When driving along a curve, do not strive all the time to turn the steering wheel in the direction of the turn. The desired trajectory is provided by a certain position of the control of the steered wheels.

When performing the exercise, it is useful to make intermediate stops. After driving a few circles (5-6) clockwise, you should perform the same exercise counterclockwise.

Acquisition of skills on the move « eights ».

In this exercise, you need to pay attention to the correct steering. The steering wheel turns are performed by free interceptions.

Make intermediate stops during the exercise.

For the successful completion of the following maneuvering exercises, it is very important to be able to move the car over the shortest distance, i.e. achieve the lowest speed.

When the clutch pedal is released, a certain time will pass, during which the car travels a certain distance. In other words, if, at the beginning of the car’s movement, try releasing the clutch pedal and immediately squeeze it out without pressing the brake, you can make sure that the car will roll a few meters during this time and start to stop itself. Release the clutch pedal slowly, but depress quickly.

1. 
   fully depressed clutch pedal.
2. 
   Clutch actuation position
3. 
   Fully released clutch pedal
4. 
   The position of the pedal (conditionally) at which the car starts to move.

As we already know, position 2 determines the moment the clutch starts to actuate. From position 4 the car starts to move. Therefore, the less we release the pedal from position 2, followed by depressing the pedal, the smaller the distance pass the car. This will be the goal of our next exercise - to move the car a minimum distance.

Moving the car to a minimum distance.

We turn on 1st gear and find the moment of clutch operation (position 1). Further, at the same time we add a little engine speed, release the clutch pedal to conditional position 4, literally by a few millimeters. After the car starts moving, the clutch carrion is fully squeezed out. In this case, you do not need to use the brake.

In this exercise, you need to set yourself the task of gradually moving the car to the smallest possible distance, literally 20-30 cm.

Try to do the same when reversing the car.

After practicing this exercise, you will gain confidence that the car can be tamed!

Maneuvering with the use of reverse gear.

The trajectory of motion is chosen arbitrarily.

In the proposed exercise, when reversing, we turn. Here we must remember that it is necessary to take a comfortable position behind the wheel, so that it is convenient, the movements must be relaxed, the trajectory of the intended trajectory is clearly visible.

Rice. A. Fig. B.

On fig. "A" shows the movement of the car in reverse with the right turn of the steered wheels. In this case, the driver should turn slightly to the right so that the right glass area is visible. back door and rear window car. You can turn the steering wheel with one hand, left hand, and two hands. It depends on the steepness of the turn and the speed of movement.

On fig. "B" shows the movement of the car in reverse with the left turn of the steered wheels. In this case, the driver must choose a convenient position for himself: either turn around, as in the previous case, but much more so that the rear window area and partially the glass of the left rear door of the car are visible; or, which is probably more convenient when making a sharp turn, turn to the left side and look through the side glass of the left rear door. Try both options. Moreover, you can change the position during reverse maneuvering, if you feel that you are uncomfortable while driving, change the position, but first stop the car. The main thing is to see the area in which you are directing the car.

Driving a car with gear shifting.

For the movement of the car, in different road conditions and at different speeds, it is necessary that the torque on the drive wheels be variable. This is provided by the gearbox (gearbox).

Each gear has its own speed range, which has lower and upper limits set by engine speed.

Approximate speed range in each gear for 4 speed gearbox looks like shown in table 1:

Tab. No. 1.

broadcast	1	2	3	4
Speed, km/h.	0-40	10-60	30-90	50-max

Tab. No. 2.

broadcast	1	2	3	4
Speed, km/h.	0-20	20-30	30-40	40-max.

The driver selects while driving convenient for yourself speed mode, and uses the transmission according to the selected speed. To accelerate the car to the desired speed, it is necessary to sequentially accelerate the car in each gear in ascending order (1,2,3,4). For example, the selected speed mode in 4th gear is 60 km / h.

The final speed is not the maximum for the car, therefore, the acceleration in each gear should not be the maximum.

• 
  start of movement and acceleration of the car from standstill to 20 km / h;
• 
  switching to 2nd gear and acceleration up to 30 km/h;
• 
  switching to 3rd gear and acceleration to 40 km / h;
• 
  shifting to 4th gear and driving at a speed of 60 km / h. and higher.

In this case, the engine will run optimal mode) in each gear in the same speed range: from idle (700-800 rpm) to medium (2000-2500 rpm).

Shifting to 2nd gear.

There must be enough space for this exercise. We will move in a straight line, not being distracted by taxiing.

1) Start of movement and smooth acceleration in 1st gear;

2) Depress the clutch pedal while releasing the gas pedal;

3) Calm (without effort) transfer of the gearshift lever from 1st gear to 2nd gear;

4) Sufficiently fast, but smooth release of the clutch pedal (but do not quit);

5) We add engine speed for subsequent acceleration.

At the first stage, during acceleration, the speed sufficient to shift to 2nd gear can be controlled not by the speedometer, but visually, by eye, and by engine speed (speed should not exceed 2500 rpm).

At the 2nd stage, do not rush when depressing the clutch, be sure to immediately shift gear. By depressing the clutch and dropping the speed, you will coast enough time for a smooth shift of the gearshift lever (stages 3-4-5).

Practice this exercise.

Upshifts from 2nd to 3rd and 3rd to 4th gears are similar to those discussed above. Just keep in mind: driving in higher gears is possible at high speeds. Therefore, a lot of space is required for training. It can be any free road. However, when driving along it during the learning process, an experienced driver should sit next to it.

When decelerating, shift to a lower gear.

Returning to table No. 1, let's pay attention to the lower limit of speeds in each gear. It indicates that movement at a speed less than the lower limit is not allowed. The engine in this case will work intermittently, at speeds below idle, it may even stop. At the time of operation, the engine will experience a very harmful "oil starvation" for it.

If during the movement a situation arises that requires a decrease in speed, then, having reduced the speed to the minimum allowable for a given gear, it is necessary to shift to a lower gear suitable for this speed. In this case, switching to downstream in the reverse order is not necessary.

Example.

1. 
   We are moving in 4th gear, at a speed of 60 km / h. There is an intersection ahead where you need to turn. Slowing down, we reduce the speed to 50 km / h. (lower limit in 4th gear), depress the clutch while continuing to slow down. We turn on the 2nd gear, because. the speed you choose to take the turn is approximately 10 km/h.
2. 
   We move at the same speed in 4th gear. There is a traffic light ahead. We reduce the speed to 20 km / h. Squeeze out the clutch, continue braking until it comes to a complete stop in front of the traffic light. Put the gear lever in neutral position.

Try this transition exercise:

• 
  from 4 to 3
• 
  from 4 to 2
• 
  c3 to 2nd gear.

You should only shift into 1st gear if your vehicle speed is almost zero.

Check in garage.

For further classes, overall racks are required. About a meter high. There are enough of them 7-8.

We put the car on the site and arrange the racks, as shown in the figure:

The task is to enter the box in reverse. Moreover, this exercise must be performed from different sides.

When leaving the box, it must be taken into account that when turning, the trajectory of the front and rear wheels is different. The rear wheels run on the inside radius. Therefore, when leaving the box, do not rush to turn right away, otherwise you will touch the front pillars of the box. To prevent this from happening, we advance the car by about half of the hull, after which we turn in the selected direction, controlling the inner side of the car.

Entrance to the box, on the right, in reverse.

When leaving the box, you need to focus on the right front corner (right front pillar). We leave the box to the right side and put the car as shown in the figure.

To enter the box, turn around driving position so that the box is clearly visible. The race itself is divided into three stages.

At the 1st stage, we focus on the nearest rack, which needs to go around at a distance of 30-40 cm from the side of the car along a steep radius. At the end of the 1st stage, the car should be located approximately 45% to the box, the nearest pillar should be visible through the glass of the right rear door and be at a distance of 30-40 cm from the side of the car, the steered wheels are completely turned to the right.

At the 2nd stage, attention is focused on the middle section of the pillars, which the car must pass through the center. We observe the movement of the car along a steep arc inside the box, we wait until the rear of the car is oriented in the center of the middle alignment.

At the 3rd stage, we focus on the rear alignment (or on the central pillar), align the car so that it moves strictly straight inside the box.

It should be noted that correcting a possible error inside the box will not bring any benefit. It can only worsen the situation.

In the final phase inside the box, the car must not move in an arc. Correcting the rear of the vehicle, even by a small amount, will result in a significant shift towards the front (driven) side of the vehicle.

Reverse entrance to the box, on the left.

This exercise differs from the previous one only in the orientation of the driver in his place.

Working on a boxing run will require patience. It is useful during training, when setting landmarks for yourself, to stop the car in intermediate positions.

U-turn in a closed space.

To conduct classes on the site, we will make a corridor of racks.

Turn to the left side with the use of reverse gear.

In order for the reversal to be most effective, 3 conditions are necessary;

• 
  use of the corridor across the entire width;
• 
  steering wheel operation in the entire range;
• 
  preparing the car, before stopping, turning the steered wheels to move in the other direction.

So, let's try to make a U-turn rationally. We enter the corridor, clinging to right side(about half a meter from the racks). In the middle of the corridor, turn the steering wheel to the left to failure and in this position we walk 2/3 of the corridor. We pass the rest of the way, quickly twisting the steering wheel in the other direction, i.e. to the right.

Starting the movement in reverse, continue to turn the steering wheel to the right until it stops. Thus, we also pass 2/3 of the width of the corridor. The rest of the way, until it stops, turning the steering wheel in the opposite direction, i.e. to the left. After stopping, we resume moving forward with the steering wheel turned to the left.

With the acquisition of skills and experience, your movements will be more rational.

Car parking.

The car can be parked in 3 ways.

Parallel to the roadway.

Perpendicular to the roadway.

At an angle to the road.

Parking perpendicular to the roadway is similar to entering a box. Parking at an angle to the road is not difficult if you can handle perpendicular parking.

We will stop in a car park parallel to the roadway. If the space for your car is limited, but sufficient, between the cars standing at the sidewalk, then it is advisable to drive into this gap in reverse. Remembering at the same time that with the help of the front steered wheels, the “nose” of the car is easily brought in.

Parallel parking.

We put the racks and the car relative to them, as shown in the figure:

For example, let's use a graphic representation of the phased location of the car, during the arrival at the parking lot.

In position 1, the steering wheels must be turned to the right. In position 2, the distance from the side of the car and the nearest counter should be approximately 0.5 m.

From position 2 to position 3, the car must move in a straight line. In position 3, the steered wheels must be turned to the left.

The distance from the rear right corner of the car to the pillar line is 0.5 meters. When driving from position 3 to position 4, it is important to control the right wing of the vehicle. Position 4 shows the result that you should achieve after the workouts done.

Flyover entrance. The beginning of the movement of the car, standing on the rise.

To successfully enter the overpass, you must:

* Correctly coordinate the car;

• 
  to maintain rectilinear movement when entering the flyover;
• 
  be able to stop the car in any position on the overpass, preventing it from rolling.

Car coordination training should start from the base of the flyover.

Flyover entrance.

We set the racks relative to the car, as shown in the figure:

We take into account that in close proximity to the overpass, the car must move strictly, in a straight line. That is, maneuvering must be performed in advance. Otherwise, by directing the front wheels correctly to the flyover, but continuing to move in an arc, you do not fall into the track of the flyover with the rear wheels.

Do this exercise several times. Now try the same thing with the car shifting relative to the installed pillars in the other direction.

Stopping a car on a flyover.

To perform the exercise, we choose a natural slope (about 16 *) and set the racks in the same way as indicated above.

Aiming the car at the overpass, we stop it on the rise. In order to prevent the car from rolling back after stopping, while continuing to firmly hold the brake pedal, we tighten the parking brake. When stopping on a hill, pay attention to the sequence of actions: with the clutch pedal depressed and the brake pedal depressed, first tighten the parking brake, and only then turn off the gear and release the pedals.

The movement of the car on the rise.

So, the car is on the rise, on the parking brake. Our task is to release the car from the parking brake at the initial moment of its movement.

The sequence of actions is the following.

1. 
   we turn on 1st gear and put our right hand on the parking brake;
2. 
   we find the moment of clutch actuation and hold the left leg in the position (remember that at the moment the clutch is actuated, the engine will react with a decrease in speed);
3. 
   having added speed, we release the brake lever all the way down, after pressing the ratchet button;
4. 
   then we do everything as in the usual start of movement.

If your actions are correct, the car will not roll back.

So, if the goal is clear, it is necessary to start practicing actions. The main thing at the initial stage of training is not to rush to do everything at once. Learn actions sequentially, as we have discussed.

RECOMMENDATION. In the event of a rollback of the car, you must calmly continue to smoothly release the clutch until it engages. In this case, at the moment the clutch is actuated, the car will first stop and then start moving forward.

In the exercise considered, the greatest attention should be paid to the work of the clutch.

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