Completed by a student

8 "B" class MBOU secondary school No. 1

Ralko Irina

Physics teacher

Nechaeva Elena Vladimirovna

Slavyanka 2016 .

• The engine is currently internal combustion is the main type of automobile engine.

• Internal combustion engine (ICE) is called a heat engine that converts the thermal energy released during the combustion of fuel into mechanical energy.

• There are the following main types internal combustion engines: piston, rotary piston and gas turbine.

Automotive internal combustion engines distinguish between: by cooking method combustible mixture - with external mixture formation (carburetor and injection) and internal (diesel)

Carburetor and injector

Diesel

They differ in the type of fuel used: petrol, gas and diesel

• crank mechanism;

• gas distribution mechanism;

• power supply system (fuel);

• exhaust system

• ignition system;

• cooling system

• Lubrication system.

The joint work of these systems ensures the formation of a fuel-air mixture.

The intake system is designed to supply air to the engine.

The fuel system feeds

engine fuel

Principle ICE operation is based on the effect of thermal expansion of gases that occurs during the combustion of the fuel-air mixture and ensures the movement of the piston in the cylinder.

• On the intake stroke inlet and fuel systems provide the formation of a fuel-air mixture. When the inlet valves of the gas distribution mechanism are opened, air or fuel-air mixture due to the vacuum that occurs when the piston moves down, it is fed into the combustion chamber.

• On the compression stroke The intake valves close and the air-fuel mixture is compressed in the engine cylinders.

• Stroke stroke accompanied by ignition of the fuel-air mixture.

As a result of ignition, a large amount of gases is formed, which put pressure on the piston and force it to move down. The movement of the piston through the crank mechanism is converted into rotational movement of the crankshaft, which is then used to propel the vehicle.

• At tact release the exhaust valves of the gas distribution mechanism open, and the exhaust gases are removed from the cylinders to the exhaust system, where they are cleaned, cooled and noise is reduced. The gases are then released into the atmosphere.

• Virtues piston engine internal combustion are: autonomy, versatility low cost, compactness, low weight, the ability to quickly start, multi-fuel.

• Disadvantages high noise level, high crankshaft speed, exhaust gas toxicity, low resource, low efficiency.

• The first truly workable internal combustion engine appeared in Germany in 1878.

• But the history of the creation of the internal combustion engine has its roots in France. In 1860 the French inventor Ethwen Lenoir invented the first internal combustion engine. But this unit was imperfect, with low efficiency and could not be put into practice. Another French inventor came to the rescue Beau de Rocha, who in 1862 proposed the use of a four-stroke cycle in this engine.

• It was this scheme that was used by the German inventor Nikolaus Otto, who built the first four-stroke internal combustion engine in 1878, with an efficiency of 22%, which significantly exceeded the values ​​obtained using engines of all previous types.

• The first car with a four-stroke internal combustion engine was a three-wheeled carriage by Karl Benz, built in 1885. A year later (1886) Gottlieb Daimer's version appeared. Both inventors worked independently until 1926, when they merged to form Deimler-Benz AG.

• for the presentation I took from electronic sites:
• euro-auto-history.ru
• http://systemsauto.ru

In 1799, French engineer Philippe Lebon discovered lighting gas and received a patent for the use and method of obtaining lighting gas by dry distillation of wood or coal. This discovery was of great importance, primarily for the development of lighting technology. Very soon, in France, and then in other European countries, gas lamps began to successfully compete with expensive candles. However, lighting gas was suitable not only for lighting. The inventors set about designing engines that could replace a steam engine, while the fuel would not burn in the furnace, but directly in the engine cylinder.

In 1801, Le Bon took out a patent for the design gas engine. The principle of operation of this machine was based on the well-known property of the gas he discovered: its mixture with air exploded when ignited, releasing a large amount of heat. The products of combustion rapidly expanded, exerting strong pressure on the environment. By creating the appropriate conditions, it is possible to use the released energy in the interests of man. The Lebon engine had two compressors and a mixing chamber. One compressor was supposed to pump into the chamber compressed air, and another compressed lighting gas from the gas generator. The gas-air mixture then entered the working cylinder, where it ignited. The engine was double action, that is, the working chambers operating alternately were located on both sides of the piston. In essence, Lebon nurtured the idea of ​​​​an internal combustion engine, but in 1804 he died before he could bring his invention to life.

Jean Etienne Lenoir In the following years, several inventors from different countries tried to create a workable engine on lighting gas. However, all these attempts did not lead to the appearance on the market of engines that could successfully compete with the steam engine. The honor of creating a commercially successful internal combustion engine belongs to the Belgian mechanic Jean Etienne Lenoir. While working at an electroplating plant, Lenoir came up with the idea that the air-fuel mixture in a gas engine could be ignited with an electric spark, and decided to build an engine based on this idea. With a steam engine to Jean Etienne Lenoir, an engine based on this idea Lenoir did not immediately succeed. After it was possible to make all the parts and assemble the machine, it worked for quite a bit and stopped, because due to heating the piston expanded and jammed in the cylinder. Lenoir improved his engine by thinking over a water cooling system. However, the second launch attempt also ended in failure due to poor piston stroke. Lenoir supplemented his design with a lubrication system. Only then did the engine start running.

August Otto By 1864, more than 300 of these engines had already been produced. different power. Having grown rich, Lenoir stopped working on improving his car, and this predetermined her fate; she was forced out of the market by a more advanced engine created by the German inventor August Otto. 1864 August Otto In 1864, he received a patent for his gas engine model and in the same year entered into an agreement with the wealthy engineer Langen to exploit this invention. Soon the company "Otto and Company" was created. In 1864, Langen

By 1864, more than 300 of these engines of various capacities had already been produced. Having grown rich, Lenoir stopped working on improving his car, and this predetermined her fate; she was forced out of the market by a more advanced engine created by the German inventor August Otto. 1864 August Otto In 1864, he received a patent for his gas engine model and in the same year entered into an agreement with the wealthy engineer Langen to exploit this invention. Otto and Company was soon established. 1864 by Langen At first glance, the Otto engine represented a step backwards from the Lenoir engine. The cylinder was vertical. The rotating shaft was placed above the cylinder on the side. Along the axis of the piston, a rail connected to the shaft was attached to it. The engine worked as follows. The rotating shaft raised the piston by 1/10 of the height of the cylinder, as a result of which a rarefied space formed under the piston and a mixture of air and gas was sucked in. The mixture then ignited. Neither Otto nor Langen had sufficient knowledge of electrical engineering and abandoned electric ignition. They ignited with an open flame through a tube. During the explosion, the pressure under the piston increased to approximately 4 atm. Under the action of this pressure, the piston rose, the volume of gas increased and the pressure fell. When the piston is raised special mechanism disconnected the rack from the shaft. The piston, first under gas pressure, and then by inertia, rose until a vacuum was created under it. Thus, the energy of the burnt fuel was used in the engine with maximum completeness. This was Otto's main original find. The downward working stroke of the piston began under the action of atmospheric pressure, and after the pressure in the cylinder reached atmospheric pressure, the exhaust valve opened, and the piston displaced the exhaust gases with its mass. Due to the more complete expansion of the combustion products, the efficiency of this engine was significantly higher than Engine efficiency Lenoir and reached 15%, that is, it exceeded the efficiency of the best steam engines that time. engine Otto

Since Otto's engines were almost five times more economical than engines Lenoir, they immediately began to be in great demand. In subsequent years, about five thousand of them were produced. Otto worked hard to improve their design. Soon the gear rack was replaced by a crank gear. But the most significant of his inventions came in 1877, when Otto took out a patent for new engine with a four stroke cycle. This cycle still underlies the operation of most gas and gasoline engines to this day. The following year, new engines were already in production. 1877 The four-stroke cycle was the largest technical achievement Otto. But it soon turned out that a few years before his invention, exactly the same principle of engine operation was described by the French engineer Beau de Rocha. A group of French industrialists challenged Otto's patent in court. The court considered their arguments persuasive. Otto's rights arising from his patent were significantly reduced, including his monopoly on the four-stroke cycle was annulled. Bo de Rocha Although competitors launched the production of four-stroke engines, Otto's model worked out over many years of production was still the best, and demand for it did not stop . By 1897, about 42 thousand of these engines of various capacities were produced. However, the fact that light gas was used as fuel greatly narrowed the scope of the first internal combustion engines. The number of lighting and gas plants was insignificant even in Europe, and in Russia there were only two of them - in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

The search for a new fuel Therefore, the search for a new fuel for the internal combustion engine did not stop. Some inventors have tried to use liquid fuel vapor as gas. Back in 1872, the American Brighton tried to use kerosene in this capacity. However, kerosene did not evaporate well, and Brighton switched to a lighter petroleum product, gasoline. But in order for a liquid fuel engine to successfully compete with gas, it was necessary to create a special device for evaporating gasoline and obtaining a combustible mixture of it with air. , but he acted unsatisfactorily. Brighton 1872

Gasoline engine A workable gasoline engine did not appear until ten years later. Probably, Kostovich O.S., who provided a working prototype of a gasoline engine in 1880, can be called its first inventor. However, his discovery still remains poorly lit. In Europe, the German engineer Gottlieb Daimler made the greatest contribution to the creation of gasoline engines. For many years he worked in the firm Otto and was a member of its board. In the early 80s, he proposed to his boss a project for a compact gasoline engine that could be used in transport. Otto reacted coldly to Daimler's proposal. Then Daimler, together with his friend Wilhelm Maybach, made a bold decision in 1882, they left the Otto company, acquired a small workshop near Stuttgart and began working on their project.

The problem facing Daimler and Maybach was not an easy one: they decided to create an engine that would not require a gas generator, would be very light and compact, but at the same time powerful enough to move the crew. Daimler expected to increase power by increasing the shaft speed, but for this it was necessary to ensure the required ignition frequency of the mixture. In 1883, the first incandescent gasoline engine was created with ignition from a hot tube inserted into the cylinder of a gas generator. 1883 an incandescent gasoline engine of a hot tube

The first model of a gasoline engine was intended for an industrial stationary installation. The process of evaporation of liquid fuel in the first gasoline engines left much to be desired. Therefore, the invention of the carburetor made a real revolution in engine building. Its creator is the Hungarian engineer Donat Banki. In 1893, he took out a patent for a jet carburetor, which was the prototype of all modern carburetors. Unlike his predecessors, Banki proposed not to evaporate gasoline, but to finely spray it into the air. This ensured its uniform distribution over the cylinder, and the evaporation itself took place already in the cylinder under the action of compression heat. To ensure spraying, gasoline was sucked in by an air flow through a metering jet, and the constancy of the mixture was achieved by maintaining a constant level of gasoline in the carburetor. The jet was made in the form of one or more holes in the tube, located perpendicular to the air flow. To maintain the pressure, a small tank was provided with a float that maintained the level at a given height, so that the amount of gasoline sucked in was proportional to the amount of incoming air. engine power, usually increased the volume of the cylinder. Then they began to achieve this by increasing the number of cylinders. Cylinder volume At the end of the 19th century, two-cylinder engines appeared, and from the beginning of the 20th century, four-cylinder engines began to spread.XIX centuryXX

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August Otto In 1864, more than 300 of these engines of various capacities were produced. Having become rich, Lenoir stopped working on improving his car, and this predetermined her fate - she was forced out of the market by a more advanced engine created by the German inventor August Otto. In 1864, he received a patent for his model of a gas engine and in the same year entered into an agreement with the wealthy engineer Langen to exploit this invention. Soon the firm "Otto and Company" was created. At first glance, the Otto engine represented a step backwards from the Lenoir engine. The cylinder was vertical. The rotating shaft was placed above the cylinder on the side. Along the axis of the piston, a rail connected to the shaft was attached to it. The engine worked as follows. The rotating shaft raised the piston by 1/10 of the height of the cylinder, as a result of which a rarefied space formed under the piston and a mixture of air and gas was sucked in. The mixture then ignited. Neither Otto nor Langen had sufficient knowledge of electrical engineering and abandoned electric ignition. They ignited with an open flame through a tube. During the explosion, the pressure under the piston increased to approximately 4 atm. Under the action of this pressure, the piston rose, the volume of gas increased and the pressure fell. When the piston was raised, a special mechanism disconnected the rail from the shaft. The piston, first under gas pressure, and then by inertia, rose until a vacuum was created under it. Thus, the energy of the burnt fuel was used in the engine with maximum completeness. This was Otto's main original find. The downward working stroke of the piston began under the action of atmospheric pressure, and after the pressure in the cylinder reached atmospheric pressure, the exhaust valve opened, and the piston displaced the exhaust gases with its mass. Due to the more complete expansion of the combustion products, the efficiency of this engine was significantly higher than the efficiency of the Lenoir engine and reached 15%, that is, it exceeded the efficiency of the best steam engines of that time.

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The search for a new fuel Therefore, the search for a new fuel for the internal combustion engine did not stop. Some inventors have tried to use liquid fuel vapor as gas. Back in 1872, the American Brighton tried to use kerosene in this capacity. However, kerosene did not evaporate well, and Brighton switched to a lighter petroleum product - gasoline. But in order for a liquid fuel engine to compete successfully with a gas engine, it was necessary to create a special device for evaporating gasoline and obtaining a combustible mixture of it with air. Brighton in the same 1872 invented one of the first so-called "evaporative" carburetors, but he did not work satisfactorily.

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1860 Étienne Lenoir invents the first engine powered by lighting gas Étienne Lenoir (1822-1900) Stages in the development of internal combustion engines: 1862 Alphonse Beau De Rochas proposed the idea of ​​a four-stroke engine. However, he failed to implement his idea. 1876 ​​Nikolaus August Otto creates the Roche four-stroke engine. 1883 Daimler proposed the design of an engine that could run on both gas and gasoline. By 1920, internal combustion engines become leading. crews on steam and electric traction have become a rarity. Karl Benz invented the self-propelled tricycle based on Daimler technology. August Otto (1832-1891) Daimler Karl Benz

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Duty cycle of a four-stroke carburetor engine internal combustion takes place in 4 strokes of the piston (stroke), i.e., in 2 revolutions of the crankshaft. Four-stroke engine 1 stroke - intake (the combustible mixture from the carburetor enters the cylinder) There are 4 strokes: 2 stroke - compression (the valves are closed and the mixture is compressed, at the end of compression the mixture is ignited by an electric spark and fuel is burned) 3 stroke - working stroke (conversion occurs heat from fuel combustion mechanical work) 4 stroke - release (exhaust gases are displaced by the piston)

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In practice, the power of a two-stroke carburetor internal combustion engine often not only does not exceed the power of a four-stroke, but is even lower. This is due to the fact that a significant part of the stroke (20-35%) the piston makes with the valves open Two-stroke engine There is also two stroke engine internal combustion. The working cycle of a two-stroke carburetor internal combustion engine is carried out in two strokes of the piston or in one revolution of the crankshaft. Compression Combustion exhaust intake 1 stroke 2 stroke

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Ways to increase engine power: The efficiency of an internal combustion engine is low and is approximately 25% - 40%. The maximum effective efficiency of the most advanced internal combustion engines is about 44%. Therefore, many scientists are trying to increase the efficiency, as well as the engine power itself. Use of multi-cylinder engines Use of special fuel (correct mixture ratio and type of mixture) Replacement of engine parts (correct dimensions of components depending on the type of engine) Elimination of part of the heat loss by moving the place of combustion of fuel and heating of the working fluid inside the cylinder

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One of the most important characteristics engine is its compression ratio, which is defined as follows: Compression ratio e V2 V1 where V2 and V1 are the volumes at the start and end of compression. With an increase in the compression ratio, the initial temperature of the combustible mixture at the end of the compression stroke increases, which contributes to its more complete combustion.

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liquid gas with spark ignition without spark ignition (diesel) (carburetor)

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The structure of a prominent representative of the internal combustion engine - a carburetor engine Engine skeleton (crankcase, cylinder heads, crankshaft bearing caps, oil pan) Movement mechanism (pistons, connecting rods, crankshaft, flywheel) Gas distribution mechanism (camshaft, pushers, rods, rocker arms) Lubrication system (oil, coarse filter, sump) liquid (radiator, liquid, etc.) Air cooling system (blowing with air flows) Power system ( fuel tank, fuel filter, carburetor, pumps)

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The structure of a prominent representative of the internal combustion engine - a carburetor engine Ignition system (power source - generator and battery, interrupter + capacitor) Starting system (electric starter, current source - battery, elements remote control) Intake and exhaust system (pipelines, air filter, muffler) Engine carburetor

creation..

History of creation

Etienne Lenoir (1822-1900)

Stages of ICE development:

1860 Étienne Lenoir invents the first light gas engine

1862 Alphonse Beau De Rochas proposed the idea of ​​a four-stroke engine. However, he failed to implement his idea.

1876 ​​Nikolaus August Otto creates the Roche four-stroke engine.

1883 Daimler proposed the design of an engine that could run on both gas and gasoline

Karl Benz invented the self-propelled tricycle based on Daimler technology.

By 1920, internal combustion engines become leading. crews on steam and electric traction have become a rarity.

August Otto (1832-1891)

Karl Benz

History of creation

Tricycle, invented by Karl Benz

Operating principle

Four stroke engine

The working cycle of a four-stroke carburetor internal combustion engine is completed in 4 strokes of the piston (stroke), i.e., in 2 revolutions of the crankshaft.

There are 4 cycles:

1 stroke - intake (the combustible mixture from the carburetor enters the cylinder)

2 stroke - compression (the valves are closed and the mixture is compressed, at the end of compression the mixture is ignited by an electric spark and fuel is burned)

3 stroke - working stroke (there is a conversion of the heat received from the combustion of fuel into mechanical work)

4 stroke - release (exhaust gases are displaced by the piston)

Operating principle

Two stroke engine

There is also a two-stroke internal combustion engine. The working cycle of a two-stroke carburetor internal combustion engine is carried out in two strokes of the piston or in one revolution of the crankshaft.

1 measure 2 measure

	Combustion

In practice, the power of a two-stroke carburetor internal combustion engine often not only does not exceed the power of a four-stroke, but is even lower. This is due to the fact that a significant part of the stroke (20-35%) the piston makes with open valves

Engine efficiency

The efficiency of an internal combustion engine is low and is approximately 25% - 40%. The maximum effective efficiency of the most advanced internal combustion engines is about 44%. Therefore, many scientists are trying to increase the efficiency, as well as the very power of the engine.

Ways to increase engine power:

Use of multi-cylinder engines

Use of special fuel (correct mixture ratio and type of mixture)

Replacement of engine parts (correct sizes of components, depending on the type of engine)

Elimination of part of the heat loss by moving the place of fuel combustion and heating of the working fluid inside the cylinder

Engine efficiency

Compression ratio

One of the most important characteristics of an engine is its compression ratio, which is determined as follows:

eV2V1

where V2 and V1 are the volumes at the beginning and at the end of compression. With an increase in the compression ratio, the initial temperature of the combustible mixture at the end of the compression stroke increases, which contributes to its more complete combustion.

Varieties of internal combustion engines

Internal Combustion Engines

Main engine components

The structure of a bright representative of the internal combustion engine - a carburetor engine

Engine frame (crankcase, cylinder heads, crankshaft bearing caps, oil pan)

movement mechanism(pistons, connecting rods, crankshaft, flywheel)

Gas distribution mechanism(camshaft, pushrods, rods, rocker arms)

Lubrication system (oil, coarse filter, sump)

liquid (radiator, liquid, etc.)

Cooling system

air (blowing with air currents)

Power system (fuel tank, fuel filter, carburetor, pumps)

Main engine components

Ignition system(current source - generator and battery, breaker + capacitor)

Starting system (electric starter, current source - battery, remote controls)

Intake and exhaust system(pipelines, air filter, muffler)

Engine carburetor