With the onset of snowfalls, the condition of road surfaces and visibility conditions worsen, as a result, the likelihood of emergency. When driving in such conditions, it is necessary to move with extreme caution so as not to put the car out of action, not to cause breakdowns of the chassis, not to commit a road traffic accident. traffic accident

Due to the presence of snow on the sides of the roads, the width of the carriageway is reduced. Therefore, it is necessary to avoid exits to the side of the road, because. the car can lead to the side, even tip over, and especially at high speed, the roadside is a big danger. When pulling over the side of the road, choose the minimum speed

Algorithm of behavior in a situation with a developing skid on rear wheel drive next: in the initial phase of the skid, sharply turn the steering wheel in the same direction and, without waiting for the effect of this action, return it back to the neutral position. By performing a series of such advance actions, you can gradually reduce the angle of the skid and stabilize the car without leading to the appearance of a dynamic whip. But any stabilization is not just taxiing, but a set of simultaneous actions. Morning frosts cover the road with a thin layer of ice, tires lose traction. You need to move with extreme caution sharp accelerations and braking.

Handling the throttle in a rear-wheel drive skid Release the accelerator pedal slightly to evenly distribute the load on both axles, but never drop it or depress the clutch. Moreover, as the car stabilizes, short-term gas impulses are allowed at the moment the rear axle passes through the zero point (the even position of the car relative to the direction of the initial movement), as if pushing the car out of a skid.

After the driver has driven through the water, the operation of the brakes should be checked immediately. When moving on water brake pads wetted with water and lose friction coefficient, efficiency brake system decreases. It is necessary to immediately press the pedal and hold until the restoration of effective braking. In this case, it is necessary to move at low speed.

All further reasoning and recommendations are based on the fact that while driving, the wheels of the car must rotate (no matter how trite it may sound). The fact is that a rolling wheel has a fixed contact patch with the road, therefore, the friction force that occurs in this place is maximum (the value of the static friction force, as you know, is maximum). As soon as the wheel slips, the friction force drops sharply - on ice by several orders of magnitude compared to dry asphalt - and can no longer have any effect on the car.

On icy or just slippery road the car does not respond to the steering wheel and continues to move straight (Fig. 1). Usually in such a situation there is a desire to turn the steering wheel even steeper. You can't do this! Hard-turned wheels will slip even more easily on the road, and this will lead to a complete loss of control. In this case, return the steering wheel to its original position and try again to turn smoothly. It usually works out.

Many drivers, remembering the lessons in a driving school, try to enter turns smoothly, gradually increasing the angle of rotation of the wheels (Fig. 2 a). But it is enough to make a slight mistake in choosing the speed of cornering, and the front wheels can break into a slip. In such a situation, the error lies in the incorrectly chosen trajectory of movement.

It is more correct at the moment of entering the turn to turn the steering wheel to a larger angle (Fig. 2 b), and on the arc, either do not change it or reduce it. To prevent the front wheels from slipping at the entrance to the turn, you need to “load” them with the weight of the car. This is easy to do: at the last moment before turning, abruptly close the gas or turn on downshift. (Open or close the gas - press or release the accelerator pedal, respectively increase or decrease the fuel supply and increase or decrease engine speed.)

The car, as it were, "nods", the front suspension springs are compressed, the adhesion of the front wheels to the roadway reaches its maximum. At this moment (it lasts about 0.1 seconds) and you need to start turning. Immediately after the start of the turn, slightly open the gas (slightly pressing the accelerator pedal). Collectively, this technique is called "loading - turning - traction" (Fig. 3).

If the vehicle does not respond to steering on a slippery road, put the steering wheel in the straight ahead position and try again to make a smooth turn or use the load-turn-pull technique.

On slippery roads, you need to use the brakes very carefully, especially when cornering. In many cases, it is better not to touch the brake pedal at all. For example, if the error described above is already made in the turn, and the wheels are turned all the way, wheel-lock braking (as it is sometimes called - skid) will lead to a complete loss of control. The car will simply slide along the road like a village sled. If the car got into a deep (in terms of amplitude) skid, braking will put it into side slip. If the car starts spinning, it is better to depress the clutch for a short time than to apply the brakes. We repeat once again: while the car is moving, the wheels must rotate.

Like a nightmare, forget about coasting in neutral or with the clutch disengaged. The drive wheels must always have "traction reserve". They control the "traction" of the gas pedal, any schoolboy knows this, but there are many methods of working with the accelerator pedal, and they are different for cars with front, rear or all-wheel drive. It is especially important when driving in difficult conditions to learn how to act synchronously with the steering wheel and the gas pedal.

The clutch pedal can also be very useful on slippery roads. It turns out that it can be used not only to change gears, but also to control the car on a slippery road: - if the car starts to rotate after skidding, a short (!) disengagement of the clutch can stop the rotation; - when starting off on ice, the clutch will help to avoid slipping of the driving wheels: while holding the pedal, make sure that the wheels do not slip; - in case of loss of traction in the virgin snow (when the engine speed starts to drop sharply), a short-term disengagement of the clutch will help to increase the speed; - at emergency braking clutch will soften the inclusion of lower gears.

Driving a car in modern conditions of heavy traffic requires a clear and reliable operation AVDS systems. In the AVDS system, the driver subsystem is important, which carries out the control process based on information about constantly changing road conditions and traffic situations (TTS).

When driving a car, the driver receives information about road conditions, traffic accidents, the state and operation of car elements, evaluates and processes it, makes a decision and influences the controls. Therefore, it is presented high requirements to the psychophysiological qualities of a person, the elements of which are: sensation, perception, attention, thinking, memory, sensorimotor reaction, emotion and will. When driving a car, each of these elements of the psyche can be a source of erroneous actions of a person, which creates the prerequisites or is the cause of an accident.

Psychophysiological features of the driver's work. Sensations are a reflection in the human mind of objects and phenomena of the material world, arising as a result of their action on the sense organs. Feeling for the driver is the first step in processing incoming information about the state and changes in individual properties of the real world. The driver sees the shape, color, size, position, illumination of the road and other objects, feels the efforts applied to the controls with his muscles, feels the change in speed, hears the noise of the engine, and perceives the vibration. The quality of sensations depends on the experience, professional knowledge and mental state of the driver (fatigue, excitement, negative emotions, etc.) and determines the completeness of the driver's perception of the traffic situation. Sensations include: visual, auditory, musculo-motor, skin and vestibular.

Perception is a subjective process of reflection in consciousness of the potential properties of objects. Perception is a more complex mental process than sensation associated with understanding the essence of objects or phenomena. The quality of perception (speed, completeness, accuracy) depends on the knowledge and experience of the driver.

The mental process of correct perception depends on the ability of a person to perceive space and time, which underlies the driver's calculation. The quality of perception of space depends on visual acuity, adaptation time, visibility conditions through the windshield and side windows, road lighting and their arrangement. The clarity and speed of perception of road signs depends on their size and distance from the driver, the contrast of letters and symbols, as well as the speed of movement.

Attention is the concentration of consciousness on any particular object or phenomenon. It is a necessary condition for human mental activity and is important for the driver when driving. Attention guarantees traffic safety, and inattention is one of the main causes of accidents.

Qualities of attention The most important qualities of attention include: volume, intensity, stability, distribution, and switching volume, intensity, stability, distribution, and switching. Attention span Attention span is defined as the number of objects that can be perceived simultaneously and clearly enough. Intensity of Attention Intensity of attention is the degree of tension of attention when perceiving an object. The greater the intensity of attention, the more complete the perception. Sustainability of attention Sustainability of attention is the maintenance of the necessary intensity of attention for a long period of time. Distribution of attention Distribution of attention is the ability of a person to simultaneously perform several different actions and distribute attention between objects. Switching Attention Switching attention is the ability to transfer attention from one object to another or to move from one activity to another.

Sensorimotor reaction Sensorimotor reaction is the body's response to external and internal stimuli. There is a latent (latent) period - the time from the moment of the beginning of perception to the beginning of the response movement, and the period of implementation of the motor action (motor) - the time from the beginning of the movement to its completion.

The considered psychophysiological features (sensation, perception, attention, sensorimotor reaction) are the main ones in the activity of drivers. The level of their development largely determines the professional capabilities of the driver. The psychophysiological characteristic of the personality is the orientation and experience of the personality, temperament, character and ability. Orientation Orientation is determined by interests, aspirations, ideals, worldview, and conviction. Personal experience Personal experience is characterized by knowledge, skills, ability.

Temperament Temperament is a personality trait that characterizes the dynamics of mental processes. sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic, melancholic By temperament, people are usually divided into sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic, melancholic. Sanguine people are the most productive, they show themselves well in difficult traffic situations, they are hardy and not subject to rapid fatigue, they are reliable in work. Cholerics Choleric people quickly get tired on long flights due to high excitement and activity, they work effectively on short and medium-duration flights. Phlegmatics Phlegmatics are preferable on long flights without difficult traffic conditions; Melancholics Melancholics are unproductive at work, especially in difficult situations, cannot be drivers of special Vehicle(for firefighters, medical assistance).

Fatigue According to domestic and foreign studies, fatigue is one of the main causes of road accidents. Thus, according to statistics, due to fatigue in the United States, more than 22% of accidents occur, in Sweden - about 20%, in France - about 40%. Fatigue Fatigue is a natural process of temporary decrease in working capacity. Fatigue is usually preceded by a feeling of tiredness. Fatigue Fatigue is a person's subjective experience of fatigue.

Rational organization of work and rest of drivers Rational organization of work and rest of drivers increases labor productivity and contributes to the prevention of accidents. Prolonged driving without proper rest leads to a deterioration in the main psycho-physiological characteristics that determine the driver's ability to drive a car - attention, perception, reaction and creates the prerequisites for the occurrence of an accident. To prevent fatigue during movement, breaks are provided no later than 4 hours after the shift. For intercity transportation of goods and passengers by one driver, stops are necessary after 3-5 hours for a meal. One of the main requirements developed by doctors is a five-minute stop after every hour of movement.

Tatiana Khadyka
Lesson with a presentation on traffic rules "To everyone, without exception, about the rules of the road"

Undoubtedly, cultivating the culture of a child on the road is one of the most important. After all, a participant in the road movements the baby becomes from an early age. And from what regulations behavior on the road he learns, depends, perhaps even his life.

I bring to your attention presentation on rules street crossings and traffic signals. She used poems of her own composition.

Topic: «» .

Target: TEACHING SAFE ROAD BEHAVIOR

1. Consolidate children's knowledge about a pedestrian crossing, about traffic lights, about street crossing rules.

2. Develop communication skills, speech.

3. Improve the ability to find a way out of the situation.

4. Cultivate a sense of responsibility for their behavior on the street.

Priority area: "Safety".

Integration of educational regions: "Socialization",

"Communication", "Reading Fiction", "Physical Culture".

Methods and techniques:

1. Problem situation.

2. Working with presentation« Everyone, without exception, about the rules of the road»

3. Joint activities with children: the game "Red, Yellow, Green", the game "It's me".

preliminary work:

Examination of a picture depicting a street, a pedestrian crossing;

Talking to children about rules traffic ;

Reading poems and stories about traffic rules;

Role-playing game "We are drivers";

Didactic game "Traffic light" "Types of transport".

Production of a working model of a traffic light, a layout "On the street".

Course progress.

1. Motivation.

Guys, in the letter I received today, children from the village

Prostokvashino is asked to tell what a city is. They want to go to visit Uncle Fyodor, but they have no idea how to behave in the city. Can we work it out? (Yes)

What is a city? Describe what is in the city, what houses, roads, streets are there?

(There are many high-rise buildings in the city, wide roads, a lot of transport. There are many shops, museums, theaters, cafes).

Do you think we will be able to tell you about what kind of regulations behavior and help children from Prostokvashino? (Yes)

Can we help? (Yes)

2. Looking at photos of your hometown.

Today I brought pictures that show the streets of our city. Let's see them?

What do you see here? (children's answers). Tell us where you were with your parents? What is your favorite place in the city?

2. Working with presentation.

So the city is very different from the village. And what, we will now find out.

Sit comfortably in our cinema hall and we will find out everything.

Look, this is a city. (Slide 2). Vitya and Marina will now tell us poems about the city.

Vitya: Around the city, down the street,

They don't just walk

When you don't know regulations,

It's easy to get into trouble.

Be careful all the time

And remember ahead

They have their own regulations

Driver and pedestrian

Marina: Where there is transport and road.

You must know the order

On the roadway strictly

All games are banned

Jump across the road

You are always on the streets

And advise and help

Talking colors.

That's right guys. And who is the most important on the road? (Slide 3, 4)

What traffic lights do you know? (answers) (Slides 5 - 10)

Who is the traffic light for? Explain. (Working with a traffic light model).

A child dressed as a traffic light appears and He speaks:

I am polite and strict

I am known all over the world.

I'm on the wide street

The most important commander.

4. The game is a physical minute.

I suggest you play the game "Red, Yellow, Green".

(I will take turns showing red, yellow or green circles. And you stand at a red light; jump at a yellow light; and walk in place at a green light. Remember)

Thank you, Traffic Light, for an interesting game.

And we continue to get acquainted with the road rules. (Slide 11, 12, 13)

Guys, where do you need to cross the road? In which place?

As depicted crosswalk? (Slide 11, 12, 13)

Can any of you explain how right cross the road?

(Look to the left, right, make sure that all cars are standing, you

skip. Now you can go.)

But what to do if you started to cross the road and did not have time? Red light on? (Slide 14)

(you need to stop at the dividing lane, wait for the traffic light to change and continue traffic. In no case should you run back or try to continue forward movement.)

That's right guys. What good fellows you are.

Okay, now another game. I will ask a question and you

answer: "It's me, it's me, it's all my friends". Just listen

carefully, where it is not necessary, be silent there.

Who only goes forward there, where he sees the transition?

Which of you in the cramped carriage gave way to grandma?

Who flies forward so soon, the danger to escape?

Who knows that the red light means there is no way (Slides 15, 16)

Okay guys. So what is the difference between a city and a village?

(Multi-storey buildings, paved roads, busy movement on them, special regulations for drivers and pedestrians)

- Did it are we on a mission? Do you understand what a city is? (Yes). Well, then you draw pictures on the topic "My city!" and we will definitely send them to the guys in Prostokvashino.

Slides captions:

Order of the Ministry of Transport of Russia of August 20, 2004 N 15 REGULATIONS ON THE FEATURES OF THE WORKING HOURS AND REST TIME FOR CAR DRIVERS Car drivers - work is of a special nature (associated with the movement of vehicles, which are a source of increased danger)
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 10, 2002 No. 877 “On the peculiarities of the working hours and rest periods of certain categories of workers with a special nature of work”
The work of the driver is characterized by high tension, psychological overload, traveling character. This necessitates the establishment of a special labor regime in order to ensure the safety of citizens and the labor protection of the drivers themselves.
The Regulation applies to all drivers working under an employment contract on cars, if these cars belong to - organizations (regardless of their organizational and legal forms, forms of ownership and departmental affiliation), - individual entrepreneurs and - other persons registered and carrying out transportation activities in the territory Russia.
The Regulation does not apply to drivers engaged in international transportation, as well as those working as part of rotational teams during shift method organization of work.
The normal working hours of drivers cannot exceed the established by the Labor Code of the Russian Federation for all employees - 40 hours a week.
Work week
Working day
Weekend
Five-day
5 to 8 hours
2
Six days
6 to 7 hours
1
One of the features of the working hours of drivers is that, along with the length of the working day (shift), the maximum duration of driving during the working day is set at 9 hours, and in mountainous areas when passengers are transported by buses with an overall length of more than 9.5 meters - 8 hours.

The work of drivers is organized by the employer on the basis of work schedules. Work schedules on the line (shift schedules) are compiled by the employer on a monthly basis for each day (shift). They set the start time of daily work (shift); the end of daily work (shift); time for breaks for rest and meals; days of weekly rest. Schedules are drawn up taking into account the working hours of drivers used in the organization, on the basis of daily or summarized accounting of working hours.
Composition of working time
driving time; time of special breaks for rest from driving on the way and at the final points; (on intercity transportation, after the first 4 hours of continuous driving, the driver is given a special break for rest on the road lasting at least 15 minutes, then breaks of this duration are provided no more than every 2 hours; if the time for granting a special break coincides with the time for providing a break for rest and meals, no special break is provided).
preparatory and final time to perform work before leaving the line and after returning from the line to the organization, and for long-distance transportation - to perform work at the turnaround point or on the way (at the parking lot) before the start and after the end of the shift; the time for the medical examination of the driver before leaving the line and after returning from the line; travel to the place of medical examination and back;
Composition of working time
Composition of working time
parking time at the places of embarkation and disembarkation of passengers; downtime through no fault of the driver; time for work to eliminate operational malfunctions of the serviced vehicle that have arisen on the line that do not require disassembly of mechanisms;
Composition of working time
the time of protection of the car in the parking lot at the final and intermediate points in the implementation of intercity transportation (if such duties are provided for by an employment contract concluded with the driver, the time of protection of the cargo and the car is counted to the driver during working hours in the amount of at least 30%, if transportation by one car is carried out by two and more drivers, the time for guarding the car is counted as working time for only one driver); the time the driver is present at the workplace, carrying out intercity transportation, when he is not driving the car, when two or more drivers are sent on a flight, this time is counted as working time in in the amount of at least 50%; other periods of time provided for by law.
Summarized accounting of working hours
In cases where, due to the conditions of work, the established normal daily or weekly working hours cannot be observed, a summary record of working hours is established for drivers. The accounting period for car drivers is 1 month, up to 6 months (allowed for the transportation of passengers in the resort area in the summer-autumn period and maintenance of seasonal work)
cannot exceed t cm = 10 h. Exception: t cm = 12 h (when carrying out long-distance transportation, the driver must be given the opportunity to reach the place of rest) t cm 12 h (2 or more drivers are sent on a flight, in a bus sleeping place for rest of the driver)
Maximum shift duration with summarized accounting of working hours
An exception is made for drivers working on regular city and suburban bus routes. t cm = 12 h
An increase in the duration of t cm is accompanied by an increase in the time of driving during the working day. Increased to t y \u003d 10 hours, but not more than 2 times a week.
At the same time, for 2 weeks in a row, the total t y cannot exceed 90 hours, taking into account the time of driving during the period of work in excess of normal working hours (overtime).

The working day can be divided into 2 parts (for bus drivers working on regular urban, suburban and intercity bus routes, with their consent). The break between 2 parts of the working day is set no later than 4 hours after the start of work. The duration of the break between two parts the working day should be no more than 2 hours, excluding time for rest and food. The break time between two parts of the shift is not included in the working time.
Dividing the working day into parts

Drivers cars(except for taxi cars) an irregular working day may be established. The number and duration of work shifts are established based on the normal length of the working week, and weekly rest days are provided on a general basis. normal working hours, annual additional paid leave, may not be less than three calendar days.
Irregular working hours

In cases of unforeseen circumstances expressly provided for by the Labor Code, involvement in overtime work is carried out with the written consent of the employee; with the written consent of the employee and taking into account the opinion of the elected trade union body of this organization. Overtime work should not exceed 4 hours for each driver for 2 consecutive days; 120 hours per year. It is additionally established that overtime work of car drivers during the working day, along with work according to the schedule, as a rule, should not exceed 12 hours.
Overtime work

A break for rest and meals, in the middle of a working shift, is not included in the working time t lunch 2 hours and 30 minutes t lunch 2 breaks 2 hours and 30 minutes. (if t cm 8 h).

The duration of the daily (between shifts) rest with a summarized accounting of working time should be t EO + t lunch 2 tcm; t EO 12 hours; t EO1 9 hours, tcm2 t EO2 48 hours
Rest time: breaks, rest between shifts and days off

The duration of the daily (between shifts) rest, with the summarized accounting of working time, should be t EO 11 hours; t EO 12 h; t EO 8 hours - each (2 drivers for every 30 hours - intercity traffic).
Rest time: breaks, rest between shifts and days off
2-3 periods within 24 hours (1 at least 8 hours)

The duration of the daily (between shifts) rest with the summarized accounting of working time should be EO on the road section where there are no parking places equipped with road signs 5.29, 6.4, 7.9, 7.11 the driver has the right, taking into account the limit values ​​​​of the standards for work and rest time, to follow to the parking place equipped with appropriate road signs - intercity traffic).
Rest time: breaks, rest between shifts and days off

are set on different days of the week according to work schedules (shifts), Number of days off Number of full weeks of the current month Work in holidays, set for the driver by the work schedule as working hours, with the summarized accounting of working hours, is included in the norm of working hours of the accounting period. The work of drivers on non-working holidays is allowed in cases provided for in Article 113 of the Labor Code Russian Federation.
Days off (weekly uninterrupted rest)

when approving the work schedule; when introducing a summarized accounting of working time; when adopting a local regulatory act on dividing the working day of drivers into parts; when establishing an irregular working day; when determining the composition and duration of work included in the preparatory and final time, and the duration of the medical driver inspection;

when establishing the length of time the car is credited to the driver during working hours; when establishing the duration of the time the driver is present at the workplace when he is not driving the car, counted as working time, in the case of sending two drivers on a flight; the time for providing a break for rest and food and its specific duration (total duration of breaks) (or as agreed between employee and employer); other questions.
Participation of the representative body of workers in the establishment of the labor regime