At the end of the last century, the characteristic rattling of this unusual vehicle could be heard in the most remote corners of the vast country. "Invalidka" - just such a nickname literally stuck to a motorized carriage manufactured by the Serpukhov Motor Plant. The boys really liked the tiny car, because in terms of physical dimensions it seemed to them an almost ideal children's car. However, SMZ-S3D, despite its modest size and unpretentious appearance, performed a much more important task, being vehicle for the movement of people with disabilities.

Perhaps for this reason, ordinary motorists were not very aware of the technical intricacies of this “machine”, and other nuances for many residents of the USSR remained “behind the scenes”. That is why healthy citizens were often mistaken about the device, the real shortcomings and features of the operation of the "invalid". Let's recall the facts and debunk the myths associated with SMZ-S3D.

From 1952 to 1958, a three-wheeled motorized carriage S-1L was produced in Serpukhov, which received the designation S3L at the end of production. Then the three-wheeled microcar was replaced by the C3A model - the very famous "blinker" with open body and canvas top, which differed from its predecessor by the presence of four wheels.


SZD-S3A - the famous "morgunovka"

However, for a number of parameters, the C3A did not meet the requirements that were imposed on such cars - primarily due to the lack of a hard top. That is why in the early 60s in Serpukhov they started designing a new generation car, and at the early stages specialists from NAMI, ZIL and MZMA joined the work. However, the conceptual prototype "Sputnik" with the index SMZ-NAMI-086 was never put into production, and in Serpukhov they still produced a four-wheeled "morgunovka".

Only at the end of the 60s, the department of the chief designer of the SMZ began to work on a new generation of motorized carriages, which in 1970 entered the conveyor under the symbol SMZ-S3D.


In the USSR, many car models appeared in an evolutionary way - for example, the VAZ "six" grew out of the VAZ-2103, and the "fortieth" Moskvich was created on the basis of the AZLK M-412.

However, the third generation of the Serpukhov motorized carriage differed significantly from the previous "microbes". Firstly, the impetus for the creation of the SMZ-S3D was the new motorcycle power unit IZH-P2 Izhevsky machine-building plant, around which they began to "build" new model. Secondly, the car finally got a closed body, which, in addition, was all-metal, although in the early stages fiberglass was also considered as a material for its manufacture. Finally, instead of springs in the rear suspension, as in the front, torsion bars with trailing arms were used.

Most motorists Soviet era perceived the "invalidka" as a wretched and technically backward product. Of course, a single-cylinder two-stroke engine, an extremely simplified but functional body design with flat windows, overhead door hinges and a practically absent interior did not allow treating a motorized stroller as a modern and perfect product. Soviet car industry. However, for a number of design solutions, the SMZ-S3D was a very progressive vehicle.


In terms of dimensions, the SMZ-S3D was inferior to any Soviet car. But at the same time, the length of the body exceeded the dimensions of the Smart City Coupe by 30 centimeters.

That is why the SMZ-S3D should be considered an independent design, which is united with its predecessor only by the concept - a two-seat four-wheeled motorized stroller.


Plane-parallel design by the standards of its time was very relevant.

The independent front suspension was combined with rack and pinion steering into a single unit. In addition, the sidecar received hydraulic drive brakes on all wheels, 12-volt electrical equipment and "car" optics.

Soviet drivers did not like "disabled women" on the road, because a motorized carriage with a leisurely disabled person at the wheel slowed down even a rare by today's standards flow of cars.

The dynamic performance of the SMZ-S3D turned out to be not outstanding, since it was derated to 12 hp. the IZH-P2 motor for a 500-kilogram microcar turned out to be frankly weak. That is why in the fall of 1971 - that is, already a year and a half after the start of production of the new model - they began to install a more powerful version of the engine with the IZH-P3 index on motorized strollers. But even 14 "horses" did not solve the problem - even a serviceable "invalid" was loud, but at the same time extremely slow-moving. With a driver and passenger on board and 10 kilograms of "cargo", she was able to accelerate to only 55 kilometers per hour - and in addition, she did it extremely slowly. Of course, in Soviet times, another tipsy owner of a Serpukhov car could boast that he was dialing all 70 kilometers on the speedometer, but alas, installation options are more powerful engine(for example, from IZH-PS), the manufacturers were not considered.


On early modifications, round "UAZ" lanterns were used.

SMZ-S3D at the end of the eighties cost 1,100 rubles. Motorized carriages were distributed through social security agencies among disabled people of various categories, and the option of partial and even full payment was also provided. It was issued free of charge to disabled people of the first group - first of all, veterans of the Great Patriotic War, pensioners, as well as those who received a disability at work or while serving in the Armed Forces. Disabled people of the third group could purchase it for about 20 percent of the cost (220 rubles), but for this it was necessary to wait in line for about 5-7 years.


While later models used larger optics from trucks and agricultural machinery.

They issued a motorized stroller for use for five years with one free overhaul two and a half years after the start of operation. Then the disabled person had to hand over the motorized wheelchair to the Social Security authorities, and after that he could apply for a new copy. In practice, individual disabled people "rolled back" 2-3 cars.

Often, the car received for free was not used at all or they drove it only a couple of times a year, not experiencing a special need for a “disabled person”, because in times of shortage, people with disabilities in the USSR never refused such “gifts” from the state.


Management was carried out by a whole system of levers. Gear shifting is sequential.

If the driver was driving a car before the injury or illness of his legs, but his state of health no longer allowed him to continue driving a regular car, all categories were crossed out in his rights and the mark “motorcycle” was marked. Disabled people who did not previously have a driver's license completed special courses for driving a motorized wheelchair, and they received a certificate of a separate category (not A, as for motorcycles, and not B, as for cars), which allowed control exclusively by a "disabled person". In practice, the traffic police practically did not stop such vehicles to check documents.


SMZ-S3D was equipped with a motorcycle engine. As you know, he did not fluid system cooling, so there was no “stove” familiar to ordinary cars in the motorized carriage. However, as on the Zaporozhets, which had motors with air-cooled, for driving in the cold season, the designers provided an autonomous gasoline heater. He was quite capricious, but he allowed to create an acceptable air temperature in the passenger compartment of the disabled woman - at least positive.


Salon SMZ-S3D 1982 release

In addition, the absence of a traditional cooling system was not a disadvantage, but an advantage of the car, because the owners of motorized strollers were spared the painful daily procedure for filling and draining water. Indeed, in the 70s, rare lucky people who owned Zhiguli drove on the antifreeze familiar to us, and the rest soviet technology used ordinary water as a coolant, which, as you know, froze in winter.

In addition, the “planetary” engine started easily even in cold weather, so potentially the “disabled person” was even better suited for operation in winter than Muscovites and Volga. But in practice, in the frosty season, condensate settled inside the diaphragm fuel pump, which immediately froze, after which the engine stalled right on the go and refused to start. That is why the majority of disabled people (especially the elderly) preferred not to use their own transport during the frosty period.


Like on the rest Soviet factories, in the 70s in Serpukhov they increased the pace of production, improved quantitative indicators and exceeded the plan. That is why the plant soon reached a new level for itself, producing over 10,000 motorized wheelchairs annually, and during peak periods (mid-70s) over 20,000 wheelchairs were produced per year. In total, over 27 years of production, from 1970 to 1997, about 230 thousand SMZ-S3D and SMZ-S3E (modification for controlling one hand and one foot) were produced.


Neither before nor after, not a single car for people with disabilities was produced in such quantities in the CIS. And thanks to the tiny and funny car from Serpukhov, hundreds of thousands of Soviet and Russian disabled people acquired one of the most important freedoms - the ability to move.

At the end of the last century, the characteristic rumble of this unusual vehicle could be heard in the most remote corners of a vast country. "Invalidka" - just such a nickname literally stuck to a motorized stroller manufactured by the Serpukhov Motor Plant. The tiny machine really liked the boys of about ten years of age, because in terms of physical dimensions it seemed to them an almost ideal children's car. However, SMZ-S3D, despite its modest size and unpretentious appearance, performed a much more important task, being a vehicle for the movement of people with disabilities.

Perhaps for this reason, ordinary motorists were not very aware of the technical intricacies of this “machine”, and other nuances for many residents of the USSR remained “behind the scenes”. That is why healthy citizens were often mistaken about the device, the real shortcomings and features of the operation of the "invalid". Today we will recall the facts and debunk the myths associated with the SMZ-S3D.

A bit of history

From 1952 to 1958, a three-wheeled motorized carriage S-1L was produced in Serpukhov, which received the designation S3L at the end of production. Then, the three-wheeled microcar was replaced by the C3A model - the very famous “morgunovka” with an open body and a tarpaulin top, which differed from its predecessor by the presence of four wheels.

In the photo: SZD-S3A - the famous "morgunovka"

However, for a number of parameters, the C3A did not meet the requirements that were imposed on such cars - primarily due to the lack of a hard top. That is why in the early sixties in Serpukhov they started designing a new generation car, and at the early stages specialists from NAMI, ZIL and MZMA joined the work. However, the conceptual prototype "Sputnik" with the index SMZ-NAMI-086 was never put into production, and the four-wheeled "morgunovka" was still being produced in Serpukhov. in 1970 it got on the conveyor under the symbol SMZ-S3D.

THIS MODEL WAS A DEEP MODERNIZATION OF MORGUNOVKA. Mif

In the USSR, many car models appeared in an evolutionary way - for example, the VAZ "six" grew out of the VAZ-2103, and the "fortieth" Moskvich was created on the basis of the AZLK M-412.

However, the third generation of the Serpukhov motorized carriage differed significantly from the previous "microbes". Firstly, the impetus for the creation of the SMZ-S3D was the new motorcycle power unit IZH-P2 of the Izhevsk Machine-Building Plant, around which they began to “build” a new model. Secondly, the car finally got a closed body, which, in addition, was all-metal, although in the early stages fiberglass was also considered as a material for its manufacture. Finally, instead of springs in the rear suspension, as in the front, torsion bars with trailing arms were used.

In terms of dimensions, the SMZ-S3D was inferior to any Soviet car. But at the same time, the length of the body exceeded the dimensions of the Smart City Coupe by 30 cm!

SMZ-S3D WAS A PRIMITIVE DESIGN FOR ITS TIME. Myth

Most motorists of the Soviet era perceived the "invalid" as a wretched and technically backward product. Of course, a single-cylinder two-stroke engine, an extremely simplified but functional body design with flat windows, overhead door hinges and a practically absent interior did not allow treating a motorized stroller as a modern and perfect product of the Soviet automobile industry. However, for a number of design solutions, the SMZ-S3D was a very progressive vehicle.

Plane-parallel design by the standards of its time was very relevant

TRANSVERSAL ENGINE, INDEPENDENT SUSPENSION OF ALL WHEELS, RAISE STEERING, CABLE CLUTCH - THIS IS ALL ABOUT "DISCABLED"!

Independent front suspension has been combined with rack and pinion steering into a single unit

In addition, the motorized stroller received hydraulic brakes on all wheels, 12-volt electrical equipment and "car" optics.

THE MOTORCYCLE ENGINE IS TOO WEAK FOR THE S3D. Truth

Soviet drivers did not like "disabled women" on the road, because a motorized carriage with a leisurely disabled person at the wheel slowed down even a rare by today's standards flow of cars.

The dynamic performance of the SMZ-S3D turned out to be not outstanding, since it was derated to 12 hp. the IZH-P2 motor for a 500-kilogram microcar turned out to be frankly weak. That is why in the fall of 1971 - that is, already a year and a half after the start of production of the new model - they began to install a more powerful version of the engine with the IZH-P3 index on motorized strollers. But even 14 "horses" did not solve the problem - even a serviceable "invalid" was loud, but at the same time extremely slow-moving. With a driver and a passenger on board and 10 kilograms of “cargo”, she was able to accelerate to only 55 km / h - and in addition she did it extremely slowly. Of course, in Soviet times, another tipsy owner of a Serpukhov car could boast that he was gaining all 70 kilometers on the speedometer, but ...

Alas, OPTIONS FOR INSTALLING A MORE POWERFUL ENGINE (FROM IZH-PS) WERE NOT CONSIDERED BY THE MANUFACTURER.

"DISABLED" WAS GIVEN TO ANY DISABLED PERSON FOR FREE AND FOREVER. Myth

SMZ-S3D at the end of the eighties cost 1,100 rubles. Motorized carriages were distributed through social security agencies among disabled people of various categories, and the option of partial and even full payment was also provided. It was given free of charge to disabled people of the first group - first of all, veterans of the Great Patriotic War, pensioners, as well as those who received a disability at work or while serving in the Armed Forces. Disabled people of the third group could purchase it for about 20% of the cost (220 rubles), but for this it was necessary to wait in line for about 5-7 years.

Early modifications used round "UAZ" lights, while later ones used larger optics from trucks and agricultural machinery

They issued a motorized stroller for use for five years with one free overhaul two and a half years after the start of operation. Then the disabled person had to hand over the motorized wheelchair to the Social Security authorities, and after that he could apply for a new copy. In practice, individual disabled people "rolled back" 2-3 cars! Often, the car received for free was not used at all or they drove it only a couple of times a year, not experiencing a special need for a “disabled person”, because in times of shortage, people with disabilities in the USSR never refused such “gifts” from the state.

If the driver was driving a car before the injury or illness of his legs, but his state of health no longer allowed him to continue driving a regular car, all categories were crossed out in his rights and the mark “motorcycle” was marked. Disabled people who did not previously have a driver’s license completed special courses for driving a motorized wheelchair, and they received a certificate of a separate category (not A, as for motorcycles, and not B, as for cars), which allowed driving exclusively by a “disabled person”. In practice, the traffic police practically did not stop such vehicles to check documents.

Management was carried out by a whole system of levers. Gear Shift - Sequential

THE SERPUKHOV MOTOKOLASKA COMBINED PARADOXICAL QUALITIES IN ITSELF - BEING A SOCIAL PHENOMENON, IT, NEVER, PERFORMED A COMPLETE PERSONAL TRANSPORT. OF COURSE, WITH THE AMENDMENT FOR THE THAT SOBES ISSUED IT.

IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO RIDE IN THE WINTER IN THE WINTER. Both myth and truth

SMZ-S3D was equipped with a motorcycle engine. As you know, he did not have a liquid cooling system, so there was no “stove” familiar to ordinary cars in a motorized carriage. However, as in Zaporozhets, which had air-cooled engines, the designers provided an autonomous gasoline heater for driving in the cold season. He was quite capricious, but he allowed to create an acceptable air temperature in the passenger compartment of the disabled woman - at least positive.

In addition, the absence of a traditional cooling system was not a drawback, but an advantage of the car, because the owners of the wheelchairs were spared the painful daily procedure for filling and draining water. After all, in the seventies, rare lucky people who owned Zhiguli drove the antifreeze familiar to us, and all the rest of Soviet equipment used ordinary water as a coolant, which, as you know, froze in winter.

In addition, the “planetary” engine started easily even in cold weather, so potentially the “disabled person” was even better suited for operation in winter than Muscovites and Volga. But ... in practice, in the frosty season, condensate settled inside the diaphragm fuel pump, which immediately froze, after which the engine stalled right on the go and refused to start. That is why the majority of disabled people (especially the elderly) preferred not to use their own transport during the frosty period.

S3D WAS THE MOST MASS PRODUCTION OF THE SERPUKHOV MOTOR PLANT. Truth

As at other Soviet factories, in the seventies in Serpukhov they increased the pace of production, improved quantitative indicators and exceeded the plan. That is why the plant soon reached a new level for itself, producing over 10,000 motorized wheelchairs annually, and during peak periods (mid-seventies) over 20,000 wheelchairs were produced per year! In total, over 27 years of production, from 1970 to 1997, about 230 thousand SMZ-S3D and SMZ-S3E (modification for controlling one hand and one foot) were produced.

Neither before nor after, not a single car for people with disabilities was produced in such quantities in the CIS. And thanks to a tiny and funny car from Serpukhov, hundreds of thousands of Soviet and Russian disabled people acquired one of the most important freedoms - the ability to move around.

For those who could still catch times of the USSR or the nineties they know and remember small, funny cars, the names of which were "invalid". Appearance such a vehicle was no different from an ordinary car, but officially it was considered a motorized carriage.

It was not possible to purchase such transport on their own, it was given to people who were disabled completely free of charge.

The disabled person had simple control so that, for example, a person who has lost a leg or arm has the opportunity to comfortably manage it.

All people who received a disability did not have more opportunity and the right to drive an ordinary car in the future, but at the same time they were left with the opportunity to drive a “disabled person”. Namely, by the fact that the opportunity to drive all available categories was deleted from his rights, and as a result, only a motorized carriage was left.

But in order to get a motorized carriage, it was also mandatory to have rights, and disabled people who did not have them were given the opportunity to study at special courses.

Funny small size car had inside stove, two places and a connector for mounting the radio.

Meanwhile, in the USSR, a car that had two seats was a rarity, so the “invalid” was already a special and valuable car.

A disabled person was given free of charge to people for 5 years, and later this figure changed to 7.

Also, an overhaul was additionally attached once free of charge at the expense of the state. After all, it understood that disabled people had a limited budget and it was practically impossible to repair a car by themselves without their help. Because of this, all the "disabled" were practically in perfect condition and rarely break.

Much later, drivers of disabled women came up with a scheme for how to provide the state with a certificate stating that old car was returned, and a new one was received, and they gave their old copies to the village to their grandchildren, relatives and friends.

IN there were no traffic police in those places, so you can drive as much as you like.

And the “disabled woman” was of particular value for teenagers, because at that time they could only dream of a car.

Specifications

The car "invalid" had only three wheels, which allowed such a system to be very simple and convenient to control the steering wheel and at the same time save significantly due to this.

For the supporting base, a frame was taken from a pipe, which was welded together with each other. To get a closed space for drivers and "organs" of transport, everything was sheathed with sheets made of steel.

The transport length was 2650 m, the width of the "disabled person" was 1388 m, and the height was 1330 m

The driver's cab was double, and the engine was located behind the seat.

Ahead, in front of the hood, was all the steering and wheel suspension. The rear suspension was made independent on the levers. Each of the wheels had only one spring and a friction shock absorber.

The brakes were only manual, and the rear wheels were leading in transport control.

Such a car was started with the help of a manual kick, on the front of the body was one headlight.

On the sides also placed small flashlights. which served as door collars and sidelights. The motorized stroller was not equipped with a luggage carrier.

The doors consisted of two frames made of metal and lined with fabric. This "construction" as a result turned out to be quite light, and amounted to only 275 kilograms.

But thanks to this, the "disabled" could accelerate to 30 km / h.

The gasoline that was run was 66 and approximately per 100 km it was necessary to refuel 4-.45 liters.

Its main advantages are:

• simplicity in use;
• design suitability to repair.

The disadvantages were:

• off-road unsuitability:
• the machine worked hard in climbs.

Model characteristic

What are specifications models? In the USSR, two modification "disabled" were produced, this SMZ.S1L.O and SMZ.S1L.OL.

They differed from the standard model in their controls. Transport SMZ.S1L was designed for disabled people who could drive with two hands.

The right one could turn the steering wheel and control the "gas", and the left one could switch the headlights, signal and clutch.

Ahead of the driver were levers with which you could start the engine, change gears, turn on reverse, main or brake.

Models SMZ.S1L.O and SMZ.S1L.OL calculated on the disabled who could manage with just one hand.

The mechanism by which it was possible to control transport, located in the middle of the cab and looked like a lever that swings.

It is attached to the steering shaft, which was vertical. And when the driver turned the lever, the direction in which the "invalid" was moving changed.

If the lever move down or up, then it was possible to change gears in this way, and to slow down only by moving the “steering wheel” towards yourself.

Also on this mechanism one could find "gas", a lever with which it was possible to control the clutch, a turn signal switch, a signal and headlights.

How much does a disabled car cost?

Cars "invalid" today are very rare and valued very highly. Now on the market it is almost impossible to find a vehicle of any model in the open sale.

Since before they were issued to their owners for free, but were resold for a penny, today the amount of their purchase is impressive.

For a car with documents, depending on the model, you will need to pay from 50,000 thousand rubles to 80,000. Without documents, you can find much cheaper, but this is very rare, since they belonged to already deceased disabled people.

In pursuit of such a rare "trophy" it will be necessary to bypass quite a few exhibitions, car dealerships, and garages. AND there is no guarantee that you will be able to purchase the copy you like.

Tricycle "Kyivlyanin"

Immediately after the war, equipment appeared in the USSR that is a bit similar to a moped, it was a K16 motorcycle, namely "Kiev". It was the very first wheelchair model and had a small ninety-eight cc motor, a front fork, and an interesting body.

The control in this car was with a lever that was attached to the fork like a regular classic steering wheel..

He was offset to the axis of the crew, so as not to interfere with the ride. There was also a motorcycle throttle that rocked up and down to shift the clutches.

The levers for switching were located near the driver's foot, as was the tricycle "institution" mechanism.

It was not suitable for any long trips, but for short distances it was just right.

S1L

The next round of evolution was tricycle S1L.

The appearance of this small vehicle was iron-like due to its triangular shape. The production of this type for the disabled began at the Serpukhov plant in 1952. Despite the many shortcomings that this car had, the most important advantage in it was that it could protect a person from bad weather conditions, thanks to a canvas folding roof and a metal body.

If we talk about the comfort of this car, then it was practically non-existent..

Due to the fact that there was no heating salon, in cold weather, riding on it became simply unbearable. The sound of the engine was so strong and loud that after a trip it was often just pawned in the ears.

S1L had two-stroke engine displacement, which was 125 cu.

also machine had a steering wheel and rear wheel suspension. The frame of the body itself was made of pipes, which were welded together and, as a result, simply covered with metal.

Machine speed did not reach higher than 30 km/h and this is justified by the fact that the weight of the car was very large for a weak motor.

But closer to 1956, it was changed to Izhevsk, which was more powerful and could reach a speed of about 55 km / h. The implementation of these characteristics made the car very unstable, it became especially obvious when cornering.

The disadvantages include:

1. poor lighting;
2. poor permeability;
3. frequent repairs.

Even despite the fact that the “invalidka” car was popular only during the USSR, now, with good searches, you can find this rarity in deep villages.

Based on the fact that their owners were mostly elderly people and their speed often did not exceed 50 km, The cars are in almost perfect condition.

Also in those days, for the traffic police, stopping a disabled car was a sign of bad taste, since their drivers were aged people who very rarely violated, and it was not advisable to check their documents.

Among the cars there are instances that embody the history of society. One of these machines is the SZD motorized carriage as an intermediate link between a motorcycle and a full-fledged car.

Today, the SZD motorized stroller can only be exhibited at a retro car show. This vehicle was produced from 1970 to 1997. - almost 30 years. For the disabled of the Soviet era, this motorized carriage was an indispensable means of transportation, moreover, it was issued by the state free of charge. A person could use it for 2.5 years, then performed overhaul, and it's also free. The repaired SZD motorized wheelchair was returned to the disabled person, and he could ride it for another 2.5 years. It was believed that after 5 years the motor resource was completely consumed, the vehicle had to be returned to the social security authorities. After that, the disabled person was given a new SZD motorized wheelchair. Thanks to this transport, people with lower limb injuries could lead a full life, move wherever they want and feel quite comfortable not only in the city traffic, but also on unpaved roads. country roads. It was essentially a quad bike with an attached body. The designers ensured that the legs of a person in a motorized wheelchair could be fully extended, and it was possible to control the movement with their hands. For those people whose legs did not bend, transport has become a real find.

After the Patriotic War, yesterday's legless fighters, having orders and medals, moved to makeshift carts looking at people from the bottom up. The ability to be on the same level with healthy people was the best remedy social rehabilitation.

Why a motorized stroller?

The designers of the Soviet period wanted to create a simple and trouble-free car for rural residents, but the state allocated funds to support the disabled. They were supposed to produce vehicles at GAZ, but the plant was overloaded with the production of trucks, and the order was transferred to Serpukhov. The plant there had a much more modest technical base, as a result of which the FDD motorized stroller was significantly simplified and adapted to local capabilities. There was a compromise between the real passenger car and a good prosthesis: advantages and disadvantages were present in equal measure.

In fairness, it must be said that the details of the motorized carriage were in great demand, from which the Kulibins made other equipment in the garages: all-terrain vehicles, tiny tractors, snowmobiles, cars of their own design and other models. In the Soviet magazine Modelist-Constructor, people shared their technical solutions on this topic. The boys in the Houses of Pioneers and circles of young technicians enthusiastically made various moving home-made products, the details for which were all the same decommissioned motorized carriages.

With the world on a string

They didn’t invent anything especially for the motorized carriage, but they took the finished one and finalized it. So, the engine of the motorized carriage SZD is motorcycle, from IZH-Planet, rear-wheel drive. Rack and pinion steering, independent torsion suspension on all wheels, load-bearing body, hydraulic brakes on all four wheels. The front suspension was “written off” from the Beetle, it was invented by Ferdinand Porsche himself.

The motorcycle engine has become derated. Forced air cooling was put on it, an additional electric starter was added, and a Moscow generator was installed nearby. Fuel tank located lower than on a motorcycle, and installed an additional gasoline pump, which was used on boats. All this led to the fact that the engine was not afraid of any frost, the start-up took place with one touch.

The fuel for the engine was a mixture of gasoline and oil in a ratio of 20: 1, and people managed to add mining to low-octane gasoline. The motorized carriage still rode, but the life of the engine was reduced. Motor at 10 Horse power"ate" 5 liters of fuel per 100 km.

Gearbox mechanical 4-speed, reversing no. Instead reverse gear a gearbox or reverse was installed, so the motorized carriage could go backward in any gear. There was also a petrol heater with a separate gas tank.

control levers

They are truly unique, a person could do with his hands what everyone else uses 4 limbs for. In addition to the levers familiar to us, the wheelchair motorized wheelchair FDD also had the following:

• Brake lever.
• Reverse.
• Kick starter.
• Clutch.
• Accelerator (gas).

Riding a motorcycle was not very comfortable.

The car "sneezed", cracked, was poorly heated, rattled and could reach a speed of no more than 55 km / h. There could only be one passenger, but still people were protected from snow, bad weather and impassability. The length of the motorized carriage is a little more than 2.5 meters, and the weight is about half a ton. In the unforgettable "Operation "Y"" actor Morgunov easily moves the car, the same could be repeated by any person. FROM light hand beautiful actor got a little car vernacular name"morgunovka".

Innovative technical solutions

The technical characteristics of the SZD motorized carriage were far ahead of their time. So, each wheel had an independent suspension. This design appeared on Soviet cars only 20 years later. This scheme is better known under the name "MacPherson suspension", it is also a "swinging candle". Each wheel has a shock absorber, so the wheelchair was not afraid of loose soil, sand, stones, or shallow pits. The motorized stroller was the ideal means of transportation on broken roads and off-road.

The rack and pinion type of steering was also first installed on a motorized stroller. This type gives high rigidity. Simply put, rack and pinion steering is easy to turn the wheels in a critical situation, it is safe and simple. After the end of the turn, the steering wheel returns to its original position on its own, and play never occurs.

Cable clutch drive is another technical simplification. No hydraulic booster or oil is required, just one cable - and the clutch discs are divorced, the transmission of torque from the engine to the wheels is stopped.

Wiring diagram

It included 42 elements that provided all necessary for the car functions. Wiring diagram SZD motorized carriage had the following main components:

• Accumulator battery.
• Generator.
• Lanterns and light "stop".
• Relay switches.
• Control lamps.
• Headlights and headlights.
• Wiper.
• Fuse block.

There was even such a luxury as an engine compartment lamp. There was a control lamp - a neutral position indicator, a power outlet, a fuse box, as well as a ceiling lamp in the cabin. The dashboard is a minimalist's dream: speedometer, ammeter and fuel gauge. Starting the engine could be done with both the key and the kickstarter lever. At a time when half of the cars started with a “crooked starter” in any weather, the ability to start the engine from the passenger compartment was unprecedentedly comfortable.

Is it possible to buy a motorized stroller today?

A real rarity - that's what the SZD motorized stroller is called today. Avito, for example, offers options both in Moscow and in other regions of Russia. In the capital, "morgunovka" costs about half a million rubles, however, it has undergone a complete restoration, and this is a collector's item. Ordinary motorized carriages in varying degrees of preservation with and without documents are sold at prices ranging from 6,000 to 25,000 rubles.

They buy a motorized stroller today not so much for utilitarian purposes, but as a materialized memory of a warm, but forever bygone time.

It was the idea of ​​​​creating a car for the disabled, distributed to all those in need through SOBES.

Since the Soviet automobile industry was just emerging before the Second World War, and immediately after it, the leader of the world proletariat was simply not up to it, the idea of ​​​​creating the first disabled car appeared only in 1950, when Nikolai Yushmanov (he is also the chief designer of the GAZ-12 Zim and GAZ-13 "Seagull") created a prototype of the first disabled woman. And it was not a motorcycle, but a full-fledged car. This miniature car became the GAZ-M18 (at first, the letter M remained in the index of the car, from old memory - from the “Molotov Plant”).
The closed all-metal body, stylistically reminiscent of the Pobeda, looked a little ridiculous, but it had full-fledged seats that were not cramped, full-fledged controls with several options (designed even for disabled people without one arm and both legs). The designers did not go for the use of weak motorcycle engines. By the way, according to the terms of reference, the power should have been about 10 liters. from. Gorky "cut" the "Moskvich" engine in half, having received a two-cylinder, but quite efficient, quite powerful and reliable unit. It was installed at the back. It had an independent torsion bar suspension, and a box was installed (ho-ho!) Automatic, from the GAZ-21. There, one checkpoint is larger than the motor :) The car was successfully prepared for serial production. In the literal sense, this car was brought on a silver platter to Serpukhov, where, on the instructions of the party, this car was to be produced, because GAZ did not have enough capacity to produce a new model ...


But at SeAZ they simply would not have coped - the Serpukhov plant was not able to produce anything more complicated than motorized strollers. And there were not enough workers, and those that were, were, to put it mildly, not the best spill, and there was no equipment. All the same, the proposals to transfer the production to GAZ received a tough and decisive refusal "from above". Which is extremely embarrassing. It was an advanced disabled woman at that time, in fact, for the whole world.


This is how the Serpukhov plant mastered the production of miserable motorized strollers, which were proudly called "cars for the disabled."
1) The first in the list of squalor was SMZ S-1L.


The selected three-wheeled scheme made it possible to use an extremely simple motorcycle steering, and at the same time save on wheels. As a bearing base, a welded space frame made of pipes was proposed. Having sheathed the frame with steel sheets, they received the necessary closed volume for the driver, passenger, engine and controls. Under the simple panels of the roadster ( two-door body it was decided to make it open, with a folding awning), a relatively spacious double cabin and a two-stroke single-cylinder engine located behind the seat back were hidden. The main node of the front "engine compartment" space was the steering and suspension of the only front wheel. rear suspension made independent, on wishbones. Each wheel was “served” by one spring and one friction damper.
Both brakes, both main and parking, were manual. Leading, of course, were the rear wheels. The electric starter was considered a luxury, the engine started with a manual “kick”, a single headlight nestled on the nose of the body. The cyclopean appearance was slightly brightened up by two flashlights on the rounded sidewalls of the front end, which simultaneously performed the functions of sidelights and turn signals. The motorcycle did not have a trunk. The overall picture of rationality bordering on asceticism was completed by doors, which were metal frames sheathed with awning fabric. The car turned out to be relatively light - 275 kg, which allowed it to accelerate to 30 km / h. The consumption of "66th" gasoline was 4-4.5 liters per 100 km. The undoubted advantages are the simplicity and maintainability of the design, however, the S1L could hardly overcome even not very serious climbs, it was practically unsuitable for off-road. But the main achievement is the very fact of the appearance of the country's first specialized vehicle for the disabled, which gave the impression of a simple, but a car.


Specifications:
dimensions, mm length x width x height: 2650x1388x1330
base1600
phaeton body
engine-rear
driving wheels - rear
maximum speed-30 km/h
engine "Moscow-M1A", carburetor.two-stroke
number of cylinders-1
working volume-123 cm3
power-2.9 hp / kW4 / at 4500 rpm
gearbox-manual three-speed
suspension: front-spring; rear-independent, spring
brakes-mechanical (front-no, rear-drum)
electrical equipment-6 V
tire size-4.50-19


SMZ-S1L was produced from 1952 to 1957. IN total during this time, 19,128 motorized strollers were produced. Of course, against the background of the need for hundreds of thousands of our disabled people in a specialized vehicle, this number looks insignificant. But in Serpukhov, they worked in three shifts.
Since the SMZ-S1L was at first the only vehicle in the USSR accessible to disabled people, and the capacities of the SMZ were not enough to produce motorized wheelchairs in sufficient quantities, all the efforts of the factory WGC were directed only at improving the already created design. No experiments were carried out with the aim of obtaining something else from a motorized carriage.

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The only two modifications of the "invalid" (SMZ-S1L-O and SMZ-S1L-OL) differed from the base model by the controls. The "basic" version of the SMZ-S1L was designed for two-handed control. The right, rotating handle of the motorcycle steering wheel controlled the "gas". On the left side of the steering wheel was the clutch lever, headlight switch and signal button. In front of the cab, to the right of the driver, there were levers for starting the engine (manual kick starter), gear shifting, reverse gear, main and parking brakes - 5 levers!
When creating modifications of SMZ-S1L-O and SMZ-S1L-OL, they clearly looked at the GAZ-M18. After all, these strollers were designed to be controlled with just one hand - respectively, the right or left. All wheelchair control mechanisms were located in the middle of the cab and were a swing arm mounted on a vertical steering shaft. Accordingly, turning the lever to the right and left, the driver changed the direction of movement. By moving the lever up and down, it was possible to change gears. To slow down, it was necessary to pull the “steering wheel” towards you. This “joystick” was crowned with a motorcycle “gas” handle, a clutch control lever, a left turn signal switch, a headlight switch and a horn button.


On the right, on the central tube of the frame, there were kick-starter levers, parking brake and reverse gear. So that the hand does not get tired, the seat was equipped with an armrest. The difference between the modifications SMZ-S1L-O and SMZ-S1L-OL was only that the first one was designed for drivers with a valid right hand, the driver sat in a “legal” place for right-hand traffic, that is, on the left, and, accordingly, all controls were slightly shifted towards him; SMZ-S1L-OL was a “mirror” in relation to the described version: it was designed for a driver with only one left hand, and he was located on the right in the cockpit. Such intricate modifications in management were produced from 1957 to 1958 inclusive.


2) The second in the list of dull freaks (and I do not mean design) was the SMZ S-3A.
Produced from 1958 to 1970, 203,291 cars were produced. In fact, this is still the same S-1L, only 4-wheeled with a front torsion bar suspension and with a simple round (not a concept car) steering wheel.
The hopes placed by hundreds of thousands of post-war disabled people on the appearance of the first motorized carriage in the USSR soon gave way to bitter disappointment: the three-wheeled design of the SMZ S-1L, due to a number of objective reasons, turned out to be too imperfect. The engineers of the Serpukhov Motorcycle Plant carried out a serious "work on the mistakes", as a result of which in 1958 the "disabled person" of the second generation, SMZ S-ZA, was released.
Despite the creation of its own design bureau in Serpukhov back in 1952, all further work on the creation, modernization and fine-tuning of sidecars at the plant took place from now on in close cooperation with the Scientific Automotive Institute (NAMI).
By 1957, under the leadership of Boris Mikhailovich Fitterman (until 1956 he developed off-road vehicles on the ZIS), NAMI designed a promising "invalid" NAMI-031. It was a car with a fiberglass three-volume double two-door body on a frame. The Irbit motorcycle engine (obviously, the M-52 version) with a working volume of 489 cm3 developed a power of 13.5 liters. from. This model, in addition to a two-cylinder engine, was distinguished from the Serpukhov motorized carriage by hydraulic brakes.
However, this option only demonstrated what a motorized stroller should ideally be, but in practice it all came down to modernizing an existing design. And so the touching four-wheeled car C-3A was born, the only source of pride for which was the disappointing: “And yet ours.” At the same time, the Serpukhov and Moscow designers cannot be blamed for negligence: the flight of their engineering thought was regulated by the meager technical capabilities of the motorcycle factory located on the territory of the former monastery.


It would probably be useful to recall that in 1957, when variants of primitive motorized strollers were being developed at one “pole” of the Soviet automobile industry, the representative ZIL-111 was mastered at the other ...
Note that the “work on the mistakes” could have gone in a completely different way, because there was also an alternative Gorky project wheelchair. It all started in 1955, when a group of veterans from Kharkov, on the eve of the 10th anniversary of the Victory, wrote a collective letter to the Central Committee of the CPSU about the need to produce a full-fledged car for the disabled. GAZ received the task to develop such a machine.
The creator of ZIM (and later Chaika) Nikolai Yushmanov undertook the design on his own initiative. Since he understood that at the Gorky plant the car, called the GAZ-18, would not be mastered anyway, he did not limit his imagination in any way. As a result, the prototype, which appeared at the end of 1957, looked like this: a closed all-metal double two-door body, stylistically reminiscent of the Pobeda. Two-cylinder engine with a capacity of about 10 liters. from. was a "half" power unit"Moskvich-402". The main thing in this development was the use of a gearbox torque converter, which makes it possible to do without a pedal or clutch lever, and to drastically reduce the number of shifts, which is especially important for the disabled.


The practice of operating a three-wheeled motorized carriage showed that a two-stroke single-cylinder motorcycle engine IZH-49 with a working volume of 346 cm3 and a power of 8 liters. s, which since 1955 began to equip the modification "L", a car of this class is enough. Thus, the main drawback that had to be eliminated was precisely the three-wheeled scheme. Not only did the “insufficiency of limbs” affect the stability of the car, it negated its already low cross-country ability: it is much more difficult to lay three tracks off-road than two. "Four-wheeled" also entailed a number of inevitable changes.
The suspension, steering, brakes and bodywork had to be brought to mind. Independent suspension all wheels and rack and pinion steering for the serial production model was nevertheless borrowed from the prototype NAMI-031. At "zero thirty-one", in turn, the design of the front suspension was developed under the influence volkswagen suspension Beetle: plate torsion bars enclosed in transverse tubes. Both these pipes and the spring suspension of the rear wheels were attached to a welded space frame. According to some reports, this frame was made of chromonsil pipes, which at first, when production required a significant amount of manual labor, made the cost of a motorized carriage higher than the cost of its modern Moskvich! The vibrations were damped by the simplest friction dampers.








The engine and transmission have not changed. The two-stroke "rumbler" Izh-49 was still located in the rear. Transfer of torque from the engine to the drive rear wheels through a four-speed gearbox, it was carried out by a bush-roller chain (like on a bicycle), since the final drive housing, which combines the bevel differential and the rear “speed”, was located separately. Forced air cooling of a single cylinder with a fan has not gone away either. The electric starter inherited from its predecessor was low-power and therefore inefficient.
The owners of SMZ S-ZA much more often used the kick-starter lever that went into the salon. The body, thanks to the appearance of the fourth wheel, naturally expanded in the front. There were two headlights, and since they were placed in their own cases and attached to the sides of the hood on small brackets, the little car acquired a naive and stupid “facial expression”. There were still two places, including the driver's one. The frame was sheathed with stamped metal panels, the fabric top was folded, which, by the way, in combination with two doors, makes it possible to classify the body of a motorized stroller as a “roadster”. Here is the whole car.


The car, started with the aim of improving the previous model, ridding its design of significant shortcomings, itself turned out to be stuffed with absurdities. The motorized carriage turned out to be heavy, which negatively affected its dynamics and fuel consumption, and small wheels (5.00 by 10 inches) did not contribute to improving the cross-country ability.
Already in 1958, the first attempt at modernization was made. A modification of S-ZAB with rack and pinion steering appeared, and on the doors, instead of canvas sidewalls with transparent celluloid inserts, full-fledged glass appeared in frames. In 1962, the car underwent further improvements: friction shock absorbers gave way to telescopic hydraulic ones; rubber bushings of the axle shafts and a more perfect muffler appeared. Such a motorized stroller received the SMZ S-ZAM index and was subsequently produced without changes, since since 1965 the plant and NAMI began work on the third-generation "disabled" SMZ S-ZD, which seemed more promising.


SMZ-S-3AM
SMZ S-ZA somehow didn’t work out with “variations” ... Versions with hydraulic shock absorbers SMZ S-ZAM and SMZ S-ZB adapted for control with one hand and one foot can hardly be considered independent modifications of the base model.
All attempts to improve the design came down to the creation of many prototypes, but none of them reached mass production for a banal reason: the Serpukhov Motorcycle Plant lacked not only experience, but also funds, equipment, and production capacities to master the prototypes.


Experimental modifications:
* C-4A (1959) - an experimental version with a hard top, did not go into production.
* C-4B (1960) - a prototype with a coupe body, did not go into production.
* S-5A (1960) - a prototype with fiberglass body panels, did not go into production.
* SMZ-NAMI-086 "Sputnik" (1962) - a prototype of a microcar with a closed body, developed by the designers of NAMI, ZIL and AZLK, did not go into series.
Due to its low weight (425 kilos, which, however, was extremely small for an 8-horsepower engine), Morgunov’s hero (hence the nickname “morgunovka”) could easily move the car on the snow alone, taking it by the bumper.

3) Closes the top three of the outsiders of the Soviet automotive industry, ugly both externally and technically, the FIRST disabled woman is NOT a convertible (bespontovaya disabled woman ...).
It was produced right up to 1997! And it was a modified version of the C-3A with an 18-horsepower Izh-Planet-3 engine and more legroom


The production of SMZ-SZD began in July 1970 and continued for more than a quarter of a century. The last motorized carriage rolled off the conveyor of Serpukhov car factory(SeAZ) in the fall of 1997: after that, the company completely switched to assembling Oka cars. In total, 223,051 copies of the SZD motorized stroller were produced. Since 1971, a modification of the SMZ-SZE has been produced in small batches, equipped to control with one hand and one foot. Motorized strollers with open top the production of the Serpukhov Motorcycle Plant (SMZ) were outdated by the mid-60s: a modern microcar was supposed to replace the three-wheeled wheelchair.


The state allowed not to save on the disabled, and the designers of the SMZ began to develop a motorized carriage with a closed body. The design of a third-generation motorized stroller by the Department of the Chief Designer of the SMZ began in 1967 and coincided in time with the reconstruction of the Serpukhov Motor Plant. But the reconstruction was aimed not at expanding the technological capabilities associated with the production of minicars, but at developing new types of products. In 1965, SMZ began to produce components for potato harvesters, and since 1970, children's bicycles "Motylok" began to be produced in Serpukhov. July 1, 1970 at the Serpukhov Motorcycle Plant began mass production of third-generation sidecars SZD. The design, created "under the dictation" of the economy, and not ergonomics, had a number of drawbacks. Almost 500-kilogram motorized carriage was heavy for its power unit.


A year and a half after the start of production, from November 15, 1971, motorized strollers began to be equipped with a forced version of the Izhevsk IZH-PZ engine, but even its 14 horsepower was not always enough for a wheelchair that had grown almost 50 kilograms heavier. The control fuel consumption in comparison with the SZA model has increased by a liter, and the operational one by 2-3 liters. The "congenital" shortcomings of the SZD include increased noise emitted by two-stroke engine, and getting into the salon exhaust gases. The diaphragm fuel pump, which was supposed to ensure an uninterrupted supply of fuel, became a source of headache for drivers in cold weather: the condensate that settled inside the pump froze and the engine “died”, negating the advantages of a cold start of an air-cooled engine. And yet, the SMZ-SZD motorized stroller can be considered a completely completed, "accomplished" microcar for the disabled. The USSR fell into the lethargy of stagnation.


The Serpukhov Motor Plant did not escape stagnation either. SMZ "increased the pace of production", "increased volumes", "performed and exceeded the plan." The plant regularly produced motorized strollers in an unprecedented amount of 10-12 thousand per year, and in 1976-1977 production reached 22 thousand per year. But compared to the turbulent period of the late 50s and early 60s, when several promising models of motorized strollers were “invented” every year, the “technical creativity” at SMZ stopped. Everything that was created by the Chief Designer's Department during this period, apparently, went to the table. And the reason for this was not the inertia of factory engineers, but the policy of the ministry. Only in 1979 did officials give the green light to the creation of a new passenger car special small class. The Serpukhov Motor Plant has entered a ten-year era of "extortion" by the Oka automobile industry. In Soviet times, components and assemblies of motorized carriages, due to their availability, cheapness and reliability, were widely used for the “garage” manufacture of microcars, tricycles, walk-behind tractors, mini-tractors, all-terrain vehicles on pneumatics and other equipment.


By the way, why are so few of these carriages preserved? Because they were issued to disabled people for five years. After two and a half years of operation, they were repaired for free, and after another 2.5 years they were issued new ones (mandatory), and the old ones were disposed of. Therefore, finding an S-1L in any condition is a great success!