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In this article, we’ll talk about how to learn how to drive a car from scratch: what you need to do, what you shouldn’t do, and what skills you need to have.

How to learn to drive fast

The main thing in the learning process is not to be afraid of the car, to understand the basic principles of driving, to feel the dimensions and power of the driving force.

It is always worth starting small - do not rush to take a high bar. Try the following exercises with the engine off. This will help you to perform actions while driving, without looking at your feet and without being distracted from the process of driving:

• Change speeds. Understand in what position this or that gear is fixed.
• Practice turning on the turn. The right turn is turned on by moving up, the left turn is turned on by moving down. It will be easier to remember if you understand the movement of the steering wheel. When it rotates, the finger of the left hand, as it were, sets the correct direction.
• Scroll wheel gripping the steering wheel with both hands. Feel the boundaries of the extreme left and extreme right positions of the steering wheel.

Practice these exercises for a couple of days and you will be ready to drive. Even if you worry, your arms and legs will act on the machine. You will feel in control of the situation.

Confidence that you are in control of the car is the most important thing in learning to drive.

How to learn to drive a car on a mechanic

Most drivers are trained on cars with manual transmission. This is what is called a classic of the genre, because:

• Manual transmission is the most difficult. When learning to drive a vehicle on a mechanic, it is easier for a driver to switch to alternative transmissions.
• Driving with mechanical box transmission provides a greater concentration of the driver behind the wheel, which further makes him more attentive and focused on the roads.
• The manual transmission allows you to pick up and slow down faster, which makes it possible to better feel and control the car.

The best way to learn how to drive a car is to trust an experienced instructor. Listen carefully and try to follow the recommendations of the specialist as accurately as possible.

What is important to understand when you get behind the wheel of a car on the mechanics

Pedal Location:

• on the left - clutch;
• in the middle - brake;
• on the right is gas.

The most basic pedal is the clutch. Using it, you can set the car in motion. For this you need:

• press the clutch pedal;
• remove the car from the handbrake (he is on the right);
• engage neutral gear (with the vehicle stationary, the lever is already in the desired position);
• slowly release the clutch.

The car will roll. In order to continue moving, you must:

• press the clutch all the way;
• turn on the first gear (lever movement - to the left and away from you);
• gently depressing the gas pedal, slowly depress the clutch (the main thing is not to be afraid of the sounds that have appeared and not to quit the clutch, slowly adding gas).

After a couple of attempts, you will perform these actions automatically. At first it won't be perfect. Perhaps you will go deaf. Don't panic, just keep trying.

How to change gears on the mechanics

To go faster, you need to gradually increase the speed by changing gears.

To give the car acceleration, you need to press the clutch pedal and gently release the gas. At the same moment, turn on the next gear and add gas.

When is it time to switch gears:

• 1 gear - up to 20 km / h;
• 2nd gear - 20-40 km / h;
• 3rd gear - 40-60 km / h;
• 4th gear - 60-90 km / h;
• 5th gear - 90 km / h or more.

Nikita Orlov, auto expert:

“It is better to learn to drive on an old and, oddly enough, a faulty car. When I was learning to drive, driving schools only had Zhiguli cars of varying degrees of serviceability, without power steering, air conditioning and other joys of modern technology.

Learning to ride bad car, you will feel confident driving almost any car. Learn to drive a mechanic and, changing to a car with automatic transmission, you will feel both self-confidence and additional comfort.

If you already know what brand and model of car you will buy after obtaining a driver's license, it makes sense to look for an instructor in just such a car. Then, reseeding behind the wheel of your own car, you will practically not feel the difference. In any case, only perseverance and daily practice will make you a real driver.”

How to learn to drive an automatic car

With an automatic transmission, driving becomes “automatic”. Many advantages:

• You can not be afraid of "kickbacks" when the car rolls back on the hill.
• You can not use the handbrake on the slopes and when stopping: the system itself blocks the wheels.
• You have only two pedals under your feet. Essentially, you control with one foot. You can forget about the process of depressing the clutch, learning which causes problems and fears for most.
• You don't have to listen to the engine to change speed in time.
• In winter, you do not need to prepare for the maneuver in advance, as is done on the mechanics.

Everything that is required from the driver operating the car with automatic transmission gears, - knowledge of traffic rules.

On an automatic, the gear shifter looks a little different than on a manual gearbox. There are three programs:

• P - parking. The same handle. By pressing the brake pedal, you stopped to the end and understand that the next couple of minutes will not budge. You can put the shift lever into park mode and release the brake pedal, thereby immobilizing the car.
• R is reverse speed. Everything is simple and clear here. Squeeze out the brake pedal to the stop, put the lever in position R, release the brake pedal, and the car will roll back.
• N is the neutral speed. This transmission used quite rarely. It is needed in case of driving in difficult areas, when it is necessary to leave a deep hole.

Learning to drive a car with an automatic transmission is much easier than with a manual one. But if you learn to drive in an automatic car, you won't be able to drive a manual.

This is due to the fact that the car does too much for you. This is especially noticeable in new generation cars with various cruise control systems, when you do not need to press the gas pedal.

Get in the car, depress the brake pedal, release it - the engine is running. And now the car starts moving smoothly without unnecessary vibrations and slips. Sat down and let's go.

The automatic transmission is designed to make life easier for the motorist. For example, it is very convenient in urban traffic, when you have to change lanes a lot, and also switch gears. Or, on the contrary, stand in a traffic jam, periodically rolling up to 3-4 meters.

But if you want to become a universal driver, you should start learning all the same with a manual transmission. And when you drive it like “on the machine”, then you can already transfer to the machine.

How to learn to feel the dimensions of the car

For beginners, unlike experienced drivers, it is always difficult to navigate in space and feel where the car ends. For this, classes on the circuit are needed.

The more experience, the better you will feel the dimensions. But first, let's give some tips to make the process go faster:

• On the road you can not look under the wheels of your car. Don't try to see the asphalt in front of them. The gaze is directed only forward.
• When driving backwards, it is important to understand how the wheels move and where the bumper ends. To do this, they usually focus on the back brush, if any.
• Before changing lanes in traffic, show the turn and look in the mirror. When the next car is completely behind you, feel free to change lanes.

Don't be afraid to practice. Set challenging goals and complete them. They won't come right away. But when you do the exercise several times in a row, you yourself will feel that there is nothing difficult in this and everyone can drive a car.

And if you are planning to buy your first car, use the recommendations that we have prepared for you. The site contains a whole section of articles, in which we tell in detail how to buy a used car and what to be wary of when choosing. Reviews on used models different years Read the release on our blog. We also run Youtube channel, where you will find many useful and interesting issues.

A car is a real need of any person. But the task of every novice motorist is to carefully study driving lessons for beginners, traffic safety can depend on it and sometimes even the life and health of the surrounding people.

Whether you have attended a driving school or not, when you get a car, you need to immediately "refresh" acquired knowledge or, otherwise, start learning from scratch. If you want to re-learn how to drive your “four-wheeled friend”, and training in a driving school was several years ago, driving lessons for beginners will help you.

Before learning to drive real car you should read the rules traffic. And not just read them, but also learn them. And after you learn - observe. Your life will depend on this not very thick book.

So driving lessons for beginners should start with learning the rules. In that specialized textbooks will help you. Unlike dry rules, such textbooks provide an opportunity to illustrate each rule. traffic situation, visually show the markings, sign and position of vehicles. Thanks to the illustrations, while moving, you will remember the correct actions.

Also eat good simulators driving a car, which are made in the format of a computer game. They will be a great helper for those who want to quickly learn the rules and road signs.

For self-control, passing driving lessons for beginners, you can use exam tickets. They take driving school exams. They are available in print form and can also be accessed online. To whom which method is more convenient - decide for yourself. By answering all the tickets correctly, you will not only consolidate your knowledge, but also prepare yourself for the exam “for rights”.

So, the theory is over. If you have never driven a car before, then for a start you need to get used to it and stop being afraid of it. To do this, sit in the driver's seat, turn on the ignition and listen to the sound of the engine. Periodically try to press the gas pedal.

This is necessary so that you get used to the sound of the engine, to the way the car is gaining momentum.

How to learn to drive a car on the mechanics from scratch for a woman?

Fifteen or twenty years ago, men feared for their lives when they saw a lady driving. Today, half of the students in the courses are girls who want to learn how to learn how to drive a car on a mechanic from scratch for a woman.

Firstly, choose the right clothes and shoes for this occasion. Choose loose-fitting clothes, do not wear short and tight dresses and skirts. And also give up heels and thick platforms, at least while driving. Alternatively, change your shoes in the car while driving.

Today, most girls prefer an automatic transmission, and a woman who knows how to drive a car "with mechanics" causes admiration and delight of the surrounding men. Therefore, if you are planning to become “your boyfriend” on the road, do not be lazy and find out how to learn how to drive a car on a mechanic from scratch for a woman.

After all, there is nothing difficult in mechanics. It's easy enough to get used to it. Well, one pedal in the car will be more. Girls, be sure to read the next section. But various videos on how to learn to drive a car from scratch on your own, teaching all the basics and subtleties, you can see on this page.

Let's talk about security. Nature ordered in such a way that girls have much more developed instinct for self-preservation. That is why they try to control the situation on the road while driving. Most girls behind the wheel try to drive a vehicle in the style of " safe driving". But for men, driving is more of a game and a way to get adrenaline.

How to move off in a car with a manual transmission?

Before learning how to pull off in a manual transmission car and start moving, you need to do the following:

• carry out a visual inspection- check the condition of the wheels, if there are any leaks of oil or fuel, if you plan to move in the evening - check the headlights and dimensions.
• adjustment– adjust the seat (distance to the steering wheel, backrest tilt), side mirrors,
• Check your safety by fastening your seat belt.

The preparation is completed, it remains to understand with a specific example how to move off in a car with a manual transmission. Even for dummies, it is clear that, first of all, you need to start the car. Turn the key in the ignition lock so that the engine starts. When you hear the characteristic sound of the engine, release the key. Make sure the machine is not on the handbrake. Since we are considering the question: how to move off in a car with a manual transmission, the video instruction located at the beginning of this section will tell you more and more colorfully, and the text will help supplement this knowledge.

1. To start moving turn on first gear.
2. Press the clutch pedal to the floor(the leftmost pedal) and move the gear lever to the first gear position.
3. Then press the gas pedal(far right side) so that the tachometer reads 2000 rpm.
4. Release the clutch very smoothly with your left foot, while holding the gas pedal with your right foot and gradually add gas. Here you go.

It is important to work with both feet simultaneously and in parallel. If you release the clutch abruptly, the car will twitch and stall. From practical advice about how to move off correctly on a manual transmission, let's move on to the skill of braking.

How to brake correctly in a car with a manual transmission?

Learning how to start is good, but for a full ride you also need to be able to stop. Yes not just stop, but slow down. Sometimes even abruptly. No, of course, you can wait until the car stops on its own, driving by inertia.

However, what to do if there is an obstacle or a traffic light in front of you? That's what the brake pedal is for. She is in the middle. Pressed with the right foot. Do you want to avoid jerks and unpleasant situations? Press the brake pedal smoothly(except in cases emergency braking). Therefore, it is very important for novice drivers to know how to properly brake on a car with a manual transmission.

1. To begin with, try to reduce the speed of the car - take your right foot off the gas pedal and press the brake pedal.
2. If a full stop is necessary, the right foot is on the brake pedal, and the left foot is on the clutch.
3. The harder you press the brake, the more brake pads will put pressure on the wheel and the car will stop faster.

It is important to remember that braking distances car depends on several factors:

• car load;
• the presence of ice on the road;
• dry or wet asphalt;
• asphalt or dirt road;
• tire condition, etc.

Therefore, the brake pedal sometimes does not work. Don't panic. In this case, the car came up with hand brake , the so-called "handbrake". This is a lever that is located slightly behind the gear lever. To use the handbrake as a brake, you need to lift it up. Remember that this is not a replacement for the brake and in the event of a malfunction of the brake, you cannot continue to move until repaired.

At what rpm is it correct to change gears while driving?

In order to keep the car on the move longer, as well as for the most efficient fuel consumption, you should pay attention to the gear shifting process.

At what rpm do you shift gears?

Gear shifting at tachometer readings at 2500 - 3000 rpm. It is this that is the most comfortable zone for the operation of the engine. This will result in the lowest fuel consumption.

In America, the share of new cars sold with a manual transmission is only 6 percent. Therefore, for many American drivers, driving with manual transmission causes great difficulty. So many drivers are accustomed to driving vehicles with automatic transmission. In our country, the share of cars sold with manual transmission so far a little more than with an automatic, but, nevertheless, for many drivers, driving a car with a manual transmission causes a lot of difficulties. We have prepared for all motorists instructions and a small guide that will help you learn how to drive a mechanic.

Manual transmission cars tend to cost less than automatic transmission cars. But driving a vehicle with a manual transmission will not only allow you to save money when buying a car, but also open you up to a completely new world driving.

Note that many are still equipped with a manual gearbox. But even buying an inexpensive weak car will allow you to significantly reduce fuel costs, since a car equipped with a manual transmission consumes much less fuel than a car equipped with an automatic transmission.

What are the other advantages of mechanical transmissions over automatic transmissions? A manual transmission is much more reliable than an automatic transmission, and besides, the cost of repairing the mechanics is much less than repairing a complex machine.

Plus, driving a car with a manual transmission than a car with an automatic transmission.

Step one: What are manual transmission gears for?

A manual transmission requires the driver to shift gears independently. Most cars with manual transmission have 4 or 5 speeds plus one reverse gear. In order to master where each gear speed is located and what each of them is for, you need to know the following:

Clutch pedal. When you press the pedal special mechanism in the box gives you the opportunity to use the gearshift knob to select the desired gear. Remember that you can only shift the gearbox if the clutch pedal is fully depressed.

Neutral gear actually means that torque from the engine will not be transmitted to the wheels. When the engine is running and the gear is in neutral, if you press the gas pedal, the car will not move. When the neutral gear is on, you can turn on any speed from this position, including reverse gear.

For most manual cars, 2nd gear is the workhorse, as 1st gear is primarily for pulling away. Second gear will help you get your car down a steep hill or help you navigate through a traffic jam.

Reverse gear is somewhat different from other speeds in a manual transmission. This speed has been given a slightly larger range of operation than first gear. You can accelerate faster in reverse than in 1st. But reverse gear does not "like" when the car drives in this mode for a very long time (it can lead to failure of the gearbox mechanism).

So reverse gear is not a way of basic movement.

The accelerator pedal allows at each speed to use the maximum engine torque set for each speed. Accelerating in a car equipped with , you feel every speed, which gives every driver a unique feeling of drive and better control over the car.

Step Two: Get to grips with gear placement

Before learning how to ride a mechanic, you need to master the location of each gear speed, which are indicated on the shift knob. After all, you will not look at the handle while the car is moving, where what speed is located ?! Remember that for perfect shifting, you must fully depress the clutch pedal, otherwise each gear will turn on with a characteristic screech or crunch, which can lead to transmission failure.

If you are a novice driver, then look first from the side of the front passenger seat, as the other is more experienced driver synchronously presses the clutch pedal and switches gears. pay attention to top speed car in every gear.

At first, even after studying the location of each speed, you will still mentally remember where this or that gear is located. Over time, you will stop thinking about shifting gears every time and will do it on an unconscious level (mechanically). It's all about habit. So if at the very beginning you do not have the ideal skill of driving a car with a manual transmission, then do not be discouraged and do not fall into despair. The speed of gear shifting and much more will come to you as you accumulate driving experience.

Another problem for any novice driver who drives a car with a manual transmission is not knowing when and what speed to shift. In order to know whether the correct gear is engaged at a certain vehicle speed, we advise you to focus on the sound of the engine.

If the engine speed is very low and the car does not accelerate, then you are in high gear and you need to change to a lower gear.

If the engine speed is very high, then you need to shift into a higher gear to unload the gearbox.

If your car is equipped with a tachometer, then in order to understand when it is necessary to change speed, be guided by the number of engine revolutions. Although each make and model of a manual transmission vehicle requires a different shift order, in general each gear can be shifted when the engine reaches 3000 rpm. You can also use the speedometer to guide you when you need to switch gears.

For example, change gear every 25 km/h (1st gear 1-25 km/h, 2nd 25-50, 3rd 50-70, etc.). Remember it's only general rule gear shifting of a manual gearbox. And than these values ​​will deviate upwards.

Step three: Start the engine

Place the shift lever in neutral position with the clutch pedal depressed before starting the engine. Do not shift gears without pressing the pedal, as this may lead to failure of the manual transmission. After starting the engine, warm it up to operating temperature. If you are warming up the car in winter, do not release the clutch pedal for the first few minutes of warming up after engaging the neutral gear. This will allow you to warm up the frozen oil in the box much faster.

Attention!!! Do not start the car engine with the gear engaged. This will cause the machine to move uncontrollably, which could lead to an accident.

Step Four: Use the Clutch Correctly

The clutch is a mechanism that helps you smoothly change gears. Always fully depress the clutch. If you change gear while driving without fully depressing the clutch, you will hear a grinding or crunching sound. Try to avoid this so as not to damage the box.

Also remember that the left foot should only press the clutch pedal. Right foot only gas pedal and brake pedal.

At first, it will be difficult for you to ideally release the clutch after changing gear. You have to get used to it. If you experience problems with this, we advise you to slowly release the clutch after changing gear in order to feel the moment the gear starts.

Avoid unnecessary acceleration of the vehicle when the clutch pedal is not fully depressed. Don't develop the habit of leaving the clutch pedal depressed for more than 2 seconds (even at traffic lights - use neutral speed).

Many novice drivers have trouble releasing the clutch pedal too quickly. Don't be discouraged if you don't succeed. Over time, you will get used to and will not notice how coordinated you are shifting gears. Remember that everyone experiences difficulties with this. As soon as you begin to drive frequently in dense city traffic, you will quickly gain experience.

Step five: Coordinated action

What's happened ? This is your door to the world of driving acceleration and a special feeling of the car. But in order to fully feel the true pleasure of driving a car with mechanics, well-coordinated and coordinated actions are necessary. As an example for the 1st and 2nd speed, we will give all your actions, which over time you must bring to automatism.

Depress the clutch pedal to the end. Switch the gear knob to first gear. Start slowly releasing the clutch pedal while gently and slowly depressing the gas pedal. Having brought the clutch pedal somewhere to the middle, you will feel that the torque has begun to be completely transferred to the wheels. Slowly releasing the clutch pedal to the end, accelerate to 25 km / h. Next, you need to switch to second gear. To do this, again squeeze the clutch to the end and shift the speed to second gear, then slowly, lowering the clutch pedal, slowly add gas.

Step Six: Downshifting

Downshifting is a method of downshifting a car when decelerating. How you shift gears when slowing down and how an automatic works when the vehicle slows down makes a huge difference. Downshifting will not only help you slow down the car, but it will also allow you to shift to exactly the speed you really need.

Downshifting will help you in bad slippery weather like in summer time, and in winter, do not resort to braking with the brake pedal, if it is necessary to reduce speed, which makes it safer to drive a car, unlike a car equipped with an automatic transmission.

Here is an example of how you can use downshifting to stop a car at a speed of 70 km/h:

- Press the clutch pedal and shift the gearbox to 3rd gear by moving your right foot from the gas pedal to the brake.

- To avoid high speed release the clutch pedal slowly.

- Depress the clutch pedal again before stopping.

- Do not include, as a downshift, the first speed.

This method of stopping will allow you to stop much faster and safer than when braking with a single brake pedal..

Step Seven: Reverse Speed

Be careful when shifting the vehicle's reverse gear. If not engaged correctly, the shift lever may pop out. Never try to engage reverse gear until the vehicle has come to a complete stop. On some models, in order to engage reverse gear, you must first press the top of the gear shift knob.

Remember that the reverse gear has a high range of operation, so be careful not to press the gas pedal hard, as the car can quickly dial dangerous.

Step Eight: Driving on the Hill

As a rule, the majority highways do not have a flat plane due to the terrain. Therefore, stopping on the road, in many places the car without a brake begins to roll back. Starting on a road with an inclined plane is much more difficult than on a flat terrain. In order to perfectly learn how to get under way on a hill, you need to consolidate your skills with the following exercise.

Get on the road with an inclined plane and put the car on the handbrake (“handbrake”), turn on the neutral gear. Now your task is to release the handbrake, turn on the first gear, squeeze the clutch pedal, move off on the hill, releasing the clutch smoothly while pressing the gas pedal. At some point, you will feel that the car has stopped moving backwards. It is in this position that you can keep the car on a slope or hill without brakes.

Step nine: Parking

When leaving the car in the parking lot after you have turned off the engine, depress the clutch pedal and engage first gear. Thus, you will protect your car from rolling away in your absence. For reliability, it is also necessary to raise the lever parking brake(or press the button if the handbrake is electronic). The main thing to remember is that when you return, before you start the car, you must definitely shift the gear to neutral.

Step Ten: Practice

All these actions will seem to you at first very difficult and difficult. But it's all natural. During the operation of the car, your experience will grow. Remember that the more practice, the more driving experience you get. If after that you are still afraid to drive a car, then do self-driving training at any site where there are no other cars. Thus, you will gain confidence in driving a car.

As soon as you become more courageous, we advise you to practice in the early morning or at night in the real road conditions of your locality. Learn all the roads, especially where you expect to drive the most. The absence of cars at this time will give you confidence.

Many people are afraid to drive a car with mechanics. Some say that it is not comfortable and not modern. Don't listen to anyone. The manual transmission, despite its outdated technology, remains one of the most reliable transmissions in the automotive industry.

Yes, at some points the mechanics slightly reduce driving comfort, but for this you will be rewarded with much more control over the car, increased power, better fuel efficiency, cheap maintenance costs and not expensive repairs(compared to automatic transmission), a valuable driving skill that allows you to drive almost any vehicle in the world.

M. A. Genningson.
Driving tutorial

To readers

Learning to drive a car is not as difficult as it might seem at first. The professional level of the driver's staff is very different. As in any other business, in driving you can be a master, or you can just be a driver. But a prerequisite for anyone who decides to travel by car is to learn how to drive safely. We must always remember that a car is a source of increased danger, therefore, training must be taken seriously.
The main purpose of this tutorial is to help future drivers acquire driving skills. These skills can be practiced independently on any site that is safe for yourself and those around you. As for driving a car on the roads, here you will need an assistant with a driving experience of at least three years. The tutorial provides recommendations for driving a car in various conditions. Its task is to minimize the role of your voluntary assistant driver, that is, only to secure your actions on the road.
It is recommended to allocate enough time for classes so that it is not a burden to you, but a pleasure, but no more than two hours at a time. Otherwise, you will be tired.
The last wish is addressed to not very decisive people. Don't listen to naysayers who can question your driving ability, discourage you from learning, and destroy your self-confidence. Let's take a typical example. Let's say a driver you know suggested that you try to learn how to drive in his car. After explaining how and what to do, you do "everything is wrong." As a result, you listen to a categorical conclusion: "You are not allowed to drive a car, you should not even start." No need to attach importance to this. After all, it is known that you can be a good driver, but not every driver is able to teach another person how to drive. The old adage is true: "There are no bad students - there are bad teachers."

Section I. INITIAL EDUCATION

1. A brief introduction to the vehicle you are about to drive

Rice. 1. The simplest kinematic diagram of a car with a classic layout

1 - engine
2 - clutch
3 - checkpoint
4 - cardan gear
5 - main gear
6 - differential
7 - half shaft

ENGINE(fig. 2) sets the car in motion

Rice. 2. Engine

1 - cylinder block
2 - piston
3 - connecting rod
4 – crankshaft
5 - flywheel
6 - inlet and outlet valves

CLUTCH(Fig. 3) provides transmission of torque by means of friction from the engine to the drive wheels, serves for short-term separation of the engine from the drive wheels and their smooth connection.

Rice. 3. Clutch

1 - engine flywheel
2 - driven friction disc
3 - leading pressure plate
4 - disc spring
5 – release bearing
6 - working cylinder
7 - hydraulic line
8 - master cylinder
9 - clutch pedal

checkpoint(gearbox) is used to convert the torque in magnitude (I, II, III, IV gears), change the direction of movement (reverse gear) and long-term separation of the engine from the drive wheels (neutral gear).
In the diagram shown in fig. 4 shows the principle of torque conversion in one of the gears.

Rice. 4. Checkpoint

1 - driving (primary) shaft
2 - intermediate shaft
3 - driven (secondary) shaft
4, 5, 6, 7 - constant mesh gears
8 - synchronizer hub
9 - gear (connecting) coupling
10 - gearshift lever

CARDAN GEAR(Fig. 5) serves to transmit torque at a varying angle.

Rice. 5. Cardan gear

1 – universal joint
2 - cardan shaft

MAIN GEAR(Fig. 6) serves to transmit torque at a right angle and increase it.

Rice. 6. Main gear

1 - drive gear
2 - driven gear

DIFFERENTIAL(Fig. 7) serves to enable the drive wheels to rotate at different angular speeds (during corners).

Rice. 7. Differential

1 - side gear
2 - satellite
3 - half shaft

2. Preparation of the driver's workplace

Any car is necessarily equipped with an adjusting device for the driver's seat (longitudinal movement of the seat and backrest inclination) and rear-view mirrors (salon and side).
So, we get into the car and adjust the driver's seat "for ourselves." When adjusting, one must proceed from the following: the legs should freely reach the pedals, and the bend of the legs at the knees should be small at any position of the pedals (Fig. 8). This is easy to feel with your left foot operating the clutch pedal. To do this, put your foot on the pedal without pressing it. If you have a miniature foot and the heel does not reach the floor, it's okay - the foot will work on weight.

Rice. 8
In this position, the leg should not feel uncomfortable. Then the clutch pedal is fully depressed (up to the stop), while the foot should not stretch. A slight bend in the knee is preserved. We achieve this by moving the seat longitudinally.

Fig.9
The seatback tilt is adjustable so that your hands rest comfortably on the steering wheel. The correct position of the hands on the wheel rim is shown in fig. nine.

Rice. 10
The arms should also be slightly bent at the elbows (Fig. 10).
The next thing to pay attention to is the rear view. The rear-view mirrors are adjustable so that the interior mirror can be seen as much as possible. rear glass car, and in the side - the side of the car at a tangent.

3. Familiarity with the controls of the car

Main governing bodies:
* steering wheel
* clutch pedal
* brake pedal
* accelerator pedal
* gearbox control lever (gear shift)
* parking brake lever ("handbrake").

The governing bodies also include:
* direction indicator
* switch parking lights
* headlight switch
* wiper switch
* ignition switch (lock).

Now let's get acquainted with each control body separately.
STEERING WHEEL. We already know how to properly hold the steering wheel. In the one shown in Fig. In 9 positions, the hands have the greatest freedom of control, are ready for any quick maneuver and do not get tired, as they lie on the steering wheel with their weight. The steering wheel must be held with two hands, avoid steering with one hand. You should take your hand off the steering wheel only if necessary, for example, when intercepting the steering wheel on a turn, when shifting gears, when turning on the wipers on the go, etc. Foppishness in driving with one hand can lead to trouble: when the car wheel hits an obstacle or when a puncture occurs wheels, the steering wheel with one hand can not be held.
CLUTCH PEDAL. Controlled by the left foot. When the pedal is released, the discs in the clutch are closed; when the engine is running and the gear is engaged, torque is transmitted from the engine to the drive wheels through the clutch. When the pedal is depressed, the discs are open and there is no connection between the engine and the drive wheels. At this point, we can easily turn on the desired gear.

Rice. eleven
The clutch pedal works as follows. The pedal is depressed completely (up to the stop) and quickly enough. The clutch pedal is released smoothly, as if in two stages (Fig. 11).
First step - when the pedal is released from position I to position II, the gaps between the discs in the clutch are selected. This movement is quite fast. Distance but is approximately 1/3-1/2 of the full pedal travel and depends on proper clutch adjustment.
Second phase - when the pedal is released from position II to position III, the clutch discs are pressed against each other. Torque transmission takes place. This movement is done smoothly with a slight delay.
BRAKE PEDAL. Controlled by the right foot. Unlike the clutch pedal, the brake pedal cannot be depressed all the way to the floor. We will feel the emphasis of the pedal in an intermediate position, when the brake pads rest against brake drums or discs. The amount of pressure applied to the brake pedal determines the effectiveness of braking. The lower the vehicle speed, the less force must be applied to the brake pedal. Otherwise, there will be an unpleasant "nod" of the car.
ACCELERATOR PEDAL. It is controlled in the same way as the brake pedal - with the right foot. The right foot handles two pedals quite well. We need either movement (accelerator) or deceleration (brake). The accelerator pedal operates in a very small range. The mode of operation is smooth. When the engine is running, when you press the pedal, it will respond with an increase in speed.
GEARBOX LEVER. Controlled by the right hand. The lever is set by the driver to the position corresponding to the specific gear. In the neutral position (the gear is not engaged), the lever has a fairly noticeable freedom of movement in the transverse direction. When moving the lever laterally, we choose which of the gears to include. The gear is engaged by moving the lever forward or backward.

Rice. 12
For a 4-speed gearbox, the circuit shown in fig. 12. For your own car, the gearshift scheme is indicated in the car's operating instructions.
PARK BRAKE LEVER. Controlled by the right hand. When the car is moving, the lever must be completely lowered, which corresponds to the disengaged state of the rear wheels. The parking brake is equipped with a ratchet that holds the lever in the locked (pulled up) position. When the lever is tightened, characteristic clicks of the ratchet device are heard (there should be 3-4 of them). To release (disengage) the lever, a button is provided at its front end. To make the button easier to press, the lever should be pulled up, then press the button and lower the lever down.

4. Testing the controls with the engine off

Having familiarized ourselves with the controls of the car, we will proceed to the exercises on working out the controls. So,
* sit comfortably and freely
* the view from the car is good both in front and behind
* Hands lie comfortably and correctly on the steering wheel
* legs freely reach the pedals.
We train the left leg. Squeeze the clutch pedal quickly and all the way to the floor. We release it quickly enough for 1/3 of the move and then smoothly and slowly until it is completely released.
Let's do this exercise several times: let the foot get used to the elasticity of the pedal.
We train the right leg. While the engine is not running, we will not press the accelerator pedal. The right foot is above the accelerator pedal, touching it lightly. We put our foot on the brake pedal and press it. To coordinate the right leg, we will do this exercise several times with different pressures on the brake pedal.
We train to include transfers. Depress the clutch pedal. The right foot should be above the accelerator pedal without pressing it. Calmly and clearly move the lever to the first gear position. Further, with the clutch pedal depressed, we will shift gears sequentially in ascending order and in any order.
Remember: the mechanism loves clarity and smoothness.
Recommendation. For ease of engaging the second gear from the first, it is not necessary to move the lever to the neutral position. It is enough to press it slightly towards you (to the left along the way), move it all the way back.
In doing these exercises, you inevitably looked at the controls of the car. Now do the same without looking at the controls, get used to them. This will help you later.

5. Engine start

After making sure that the car is on the parking brake, depress the clutch pedal and set the gear lever to the neutral position (or make sure that it is in this position). The fact is that the included gear with the engine off is sometimes used to hold the car in place (instead of the “handbrake”). In this case, if we, without disengaging the gear and without releasing the clutch, try to start the engine, the following will happen: when the starter is turned on, namely, we start the engine with it, the car will jerk forward. This is fraught with trouble. After making sure that the gearshift lever is in the neutral position, turn the ignition key (Fig. 13) clockwise until the starter operates. As soon as the engine starts, the ignition key must be released immediately.

Rice. 13
Key positions:
I - the ignition is off, you can turn on the dimensions and headlights
Oh - everything is disabled
II - ignition on
III - starter position (spring-loaded)

Recommendation. If you are unsure if the gear is in neutral, depress the clutch and start the engine in that position. When the engine is running, do not drop the clutch pedal, but slowly try to release it. If the vehicle jerks, immediately depress the clutch pedal and shift out of gear. And in order to avoid any accidents, before starting the engine, check whether the “handbrake” is tightened. This precaution will prevent the vehicle from moving if the gear is engaged. The engine will then just stall.
You should be aware that for a reliable start of a cold engine, an enriched combustible mixture. When injection engine or carbureted automatic control air damper, the composition of the mixture at start-up is automatically adjusted. In a car with a conventional carburetor, to start a cold engine, a manual air damper is provided, which must be closed to ensure an enriched mixture at the time of start-up. This is achieved by extending the control knob. By pulling out the choke control knob, we start cold engine, as discussed above. After a few seconds of operation, the engine speed will begin to increase as it warms up. In this case, it is useful to correct the speed (by ear) by the position of the control knob, i.e., slightly sinking the handle, achieve stable, but low speed (about 1500 rpm).
When starting a warm engine air damper must be fully open (handle recessed) to avoid over-enrichment of the mixture and "throwing" the spark plugs.

6. Starting the car from a place, driving in a straight line, braking and stopping

Up to this point, we have been self-studying in our car at its parking lot. Starting the car from a place requires compliance with certain safety conditions. To acquire the initial skills of driving a car, you need to choose any site free from people, cars, etc. If this site has a size of at least 30x30m, this will be enough for a start. Of course, the driving of the car to this site must be carried out by the driver.
Before you try to move the car from a place, you must clearly imagine how to stop it. To stop the car, the following is done: the left foot quickly depresses the clutch pedal, the right foot acts on the brake pedal (the degree of depression is determined by the need). The squeezed clutch thus excludes further forced movement of the car by the engine. The brake pedal will naturally stop the car from moving.
Psychologically, it is very important to convince yourself that you know how to respond to a process that has gone out of control. If something is not clear, something is wrong - the clutch pedal is “to the floor”, the brake pedal is pressed. After that, you need to turn off the transmission.
So, your car is on the site. And in such a way that there is a lot of free space in front of him. After making sure that the car is in neutral gear with the handbrake tightened, we start the engine.

Exercise 1: Practicing the Clutch Engagement

The right foot is above the accelerator. Squeeze out the clutch pedal, turn on 1st gear. Keeping the clutch depressed, remove the car from the "handbrake". The car is ready for the exercise.
In order not to miss the moment of clutch actuation, start releasing the clutch pedal very slowly, observing the behavior of the car. You will feel the moment the clutch is engaged by the engine speed. When the clutch is engaged, the engine will be loaded, its speed will drop (decrease).
The left foot should remember this trigger position.
As soon as you feel that the engine has reacted by reducing the speed, you do not need to release the clutch pedal further (in this exercise). After some delay, press the pedal to the floor again and turn off the gear.
If the engine slows down, but does not stall, the goal of the exercise has been achieved. If the engine has stalled, then before restarting it, do not forget to turn off the gear.
Do this exercise several times.

Exercise 2. Pulling off the car

To move the car from a place, the engine needs a certain amount of power, which depends on its speed.
On the revs idle move, on which the engine is running without load with the accelerator pedal released, its power is minimal. At the moment of starting the car, the engine is loaded, overcoming the rolling resistance of the car, and so that it does not stop, you need to increase its speed by slightly pressing the accelerator pedal.
Let's try to start by simply adding speed, i.e. work only with the right foot. Press the accelerator pedal very carefully. An unloaded motor will respond responsively. Turnovers are controlled by ear.
Now let's start the exercise. Preparatory operations the same as in exercise 1:
* depress the clutch pedal;
* turn on 1st gear;
* releasing the clutch pedal, we find the position of operation (engine speed has fallen somewhat).
Then, having added speed with the accelerator pedal, we release the clutch pedal literally by 1-2 mm, keeping the left leg in tension. The vehicle will then move forward. At the moment the car starts moving, the accelerator pedal is slightly released (with a steady movement, the engine no longer needs power), and the clutch is completely released.
Having rolled the car in a straight line for several meters, we squeeze the clutch and slow down with our right foot. After stopping the car, immediately turn off the transmission.
If the car “nods” when braking, then the brake pedal was pressed too hard.
Do not rush to try again, calmly analyze your actions.

1. When starting off, the car jerked - the clutch was released too sharply
2. The engine stalled - when the clutch was released, the revolutions were insufficient
3. The engine "roars" - the speed is too high and added before the clutch worked, i.e. without load
After analyzing your actions, try again, but do not forget to make sure that there is a lot of space in front of the car. Lack of space can frighten you when you start moving and provoke an error.
If there is not enough space in front of the car, this exercise is performed while moving backward. Don't be afraid of movement in reverse. You are required to smoothly touch the car without interfering with the trajectory of its movement, i.e. the same thing you did just now when moving forward.
When driving backwards, you need to sit so that it is comfortable and clearly visible where the car is moving. To do this, turn on the seat half a turn to the right. We put our left hand on the steering wheel rim from the top center, we throw our right hand over the back of our seat, freely leaning on it. We are convinced that we can clearly see through the rear window of the car all the space behind it. In this position, without looking at the pedals, let's try to squeeze the clutch and release it smoothly (not including the gear). With the right foot, slightly add speed (by ear). Representing the car in reverse motion, we imitate its stop: we squeeze the clutch and press the brake. If it works, then you did everything right.
Let's start the exercise. Depress the clutch and engage reverse gear. Keeping the clutch depressed, we sit down comfortably. Car and we are ready to go. We do everything else in the same way, paying attention to the work of the legs and engine speed.
We emphasize once again that before starting the movement, it is necessary to remember about your further actions, i.e. clearly understand what needs to be done to stop the car.
Exercise 2 is very important in the learning process. Try to get it done good results but don't tire yourself out. Fatigue dulls attention.
To practice starting off the car, an intermediate exercise can be recommended in which the clutch pedal is not fully released. The initial steps are the same as in the previous exercise.
We squeeze the clutch pedal, turn on the 1st gear, release the clutch, find the position of its operation (the engine reacted by reducing the speed). Further, having added speed by ear, we release the clutch pedal by 1-2 mm, having achieved this slow movement of the car, while the clutch is no longer released. After rolling the car for 1-3 meters, the clutch must be fully squeezed out and the gear switched off.
Let's say right away that the implementation of this exercise makes the clutch work in an unfavorable mode (the driven disk works more time with slipping), but from the point of view of the training it gives best result in traction control leg training.

7. Movement along a curved trajectory, maneuvering

Exercise 1. Movement in a circle of arbitrary radius

The starting location for this session is the same as in the previous exercise.
Having outlined an arbitrary trajectory, we smoothly touch the car in 1st gear and slowly move in a circle, first counterclockwise.
When practicing taxiing skills, it is important that the task at hand does not distract you from the main thing - the ability to stop the car in any situation. The fact is that at the initial stage of training, the car, quite possibly, will not move along the trajectory that you intended. In this case, the correction in taxiing can be safely carried out only with full control over the movement of the car. If at the time of the exercise you suddenly did not have enough time to make the right decision, you should calmly stop the car without spraying on other actions.
Now let's talk specifically about what you need to pay attention to when performing the exercise.
1. You should look not in front of the “nose” of the car directly, but in the place where the car is heading for you (shown by arrows in Fig. 14).

Fig.14
2. It is necessary to take into account some inertia of the steering of the car (unlike a motorcycle, a bicycle), since there is a free play (backlash) in the steering mechanism within 10 °, provided by the design. During taxiing, this play is selected quickly enough.
3. When driving along a curve, do not strive all the time to turn the steering wheel in the direction of the turn. The desired trajectory is provided by a certain position of the steered wheels.
When performing the exercise, it is useful to make intermediate stops. After driving a few laps (5-6), change direction and do the same exercise clockwise.

Exercise 2. Acquisition of taxiing skills while driving on the "eight" (Fig. 15).

Fig.15
In this exercise, you need to pay attention to the correct steering. The rudder turns freely with interception, approximately as shown in Fig. 16a and 16b.

Fig.16a. turn right

Fig.16b. turn left
In the process of performing the exercise in question, make intermediate stops.
To successfully complete the following maneuvering exercises, it is very important to be able to move the car over any smallest distance. This is achieved by competent clutch work.
When the clutch pedal is released, some time elapses during which the car travels a certain distance. In other words, if, when starting the car, try releasing the clutch pedal, immediately squeeze it out and apply the brake, you can make sure that the car will roll several meters during this time. But sometimes it is necessary to advance the car quite a bit, literally by centimeters. How to do it? To do this, it is enough to move the car on a half-pressed clutch, after which the clutch pedal should be immediately squeezed out.

Fig.17
I - fully depressed pedal
II - clutch actuation position
III - fully released pedal
IV - position of the pedal (conditional), at which the car will start moving
As we already know, position II (Fig. 17) determines the moment the clutch starts to actuate. From position II the car will start to move. Therefore, the less we release the pedal from position II with subsequent squeezing, the smaller the distance pass the car. This will be the goal of our next exercise - to move the car a minimum distance.

Exercise 3. Moving the car to a minimum distance.

We turn on the 1st gear and find the moment of clutch actuation (position II, Fig. 17). Further, at the same time adding a little engine speed, we release the clutch pedal to the conditional position IV, literally by a few millimeters. After the car moves, the clutch pedal is fully depressed. In this case, it is not necessary to use the brake pedal, because if you do everything right, the car will not have time to roll and stop under its own weight.
In this exercise, you need to set yourself the task of gradually moving the car to the smallest possible distance (10-20 cm).
Try the same when moving backwards. After practicing this exercise, you will gain confidence that the car can be tamed. There will come a pleasant feeling of complete control over the car.

Exercise 4. Maneuvering with the use of reverse.

We choose the trajectory of movement arbitrarily, for example, as shown in Fig. 18. In this exercise, the main thing to pay attention to is taxiing when reversing. We have already considered reversing in a straight line.
In the proposed exercise, when reversing, we turn. Here it is very important for the driver to choose for himself such a position behind the wheel, so that it is comfortable, the movements are relaxed, the area where the car should be directed is clearly visible.

Fig.18a

Fig.18b
On fig. 18a shows the movement of the car in reverse with the right turn of the steered wheels. In this case, the driver must turn slightly to the right so that the glass area of ​​the rear right door and the rear window of the car are visible. You can turn the steering wheel with one, left hand, and two hands. It depends on the steepness of the turn and on the speed of movement.
On fig. 18b shows the movement of the car in reverse with the left turn of the steered wheels. In this case, the driver must choose a convenient position for himself: either turn around, as in the previous case, but much more so that the area of ​​the rear window and partially the glass of the rear left door of the car can be seen; or, which is probably more convenient when making a sharp turn, turn to the left and look through the side window of the left back door. Try both options. Moreover, the driver can change the position during reverse maneuvering. If you feel that you are uncomfortable while driving, change position, but first stop the car. The main thing is that the zone into which the car is heading is visible.

8. Driving with gear shifting

To move the car in different road conditions and at different speeds, it is necessary that the torque on the drive wheels be variable. This is provided by the gearbox (gearbox).
Each gear has its own speed range, which has lower and upper limits and is set by engine speed.
The approximate range of speeds in each gear for a 4-speed gearbox is as shown in Table. one.
I - 0 - 40
II - 10 - 60
III - 30 - 90
IV - 50 - max
The driver, when driving, chooses a convenient speed mode, and uses the transmission according to the selected speed. To accelerate the car to the desired speed, it is necessary to sequentially accelerate the car in each gear in ascending order (I, II, III, IV gears). For example, the selected speed mode in IV gear is 60 km / h. The final speed is not the maximum for the car, therefore, the acceleration in each gear should not be the maximum:
* starting the car from a place in 1st gear and accelerating to 20 km / h;
* switching to II gear and acceleration to 40 km / h;
* switching to III gear and acceleration to 60 km / h;
* switching to IV gear and maintaining the selected speed - 60 km / h.
In this case, the engine will operate in each gear in approximately the same speed range: from idle (700-800 rpm) to medium (2000-2500 rpm).

Exercise 1. Movement with switching to 2nd gear.

There must be enough space for this exercise. You will move in a straight line, without being distracted by taxiing.
Recommendation. The process of switching to II gear for ease of implementation is divided into several stages.
1. Starting the car from a standstill and smooth acceleration in 1st gear.
2. Depress the clutch pedal while releasing the accelerator pedal.
3. Quiet translation of the gearshift lever from I gear to II gear.
4. Sufficiently fast, but smooth release of the clutch pedal.
5. Adding engine speed for subsequent acceleration.
As skills are acquired, the 4th and 5th stages can be combined.
At the 1st stage during acceleration, the speed sufficient to switch to 2nd gear can be controlled not by the speedometer. and visually, by eye, and by engine speed (speed should be average).
At the 2nd stage, do not rush when depressing the clutch pedal without fail to immediately shift gear. By depressing the clutch and dropping the speed, you will coast enough time for a smooth shift of the gearshift lever (3rd stage). Stages 4 and 5 are a matter of technique.
Possible errors and their causes:
1. After acceleration, at the moment of switching, the engine “roared”, i.e. gained excessive speed without load - when the clutch was pressed, they forgot to release the accelerator pedal.
2. After acceleration at the moment of switching, the car slowed down sharply. - Clutch release too late. You released the accelerator pedal, but the clutch remained engaged. The engine worked like a retarder in 1st gear.
Practice this exercise.
Upshifts from II to III and from III to IV gears are similar to those discussed above. Just keep in mind that driving in higher gears is possible at high speeds. Therefore, more space is required for training. It can be any free road. However, when driving on it in the learning process, an experienced driver should sit with you.

Exercise 2. When decelerating, shift to a lower gear.

Returning to Table 1, let's pay attention to the lower limit of speeds in each gear. It shows that it is unacceptable to move at a speed less than the lower limit for a particular gear. The engine in this case will run intermittently at speeds below idle, and may even stop. At the time of operation, the engine will experience a very harmful "oil starvation" for it.
If during the movement a situation arises that requires a reduction in speed, then, having reduced the speed to the minimum allowable for a given gear, it is necessary to shift to a lower gear suitable for this speed. In this case, switching down in the reverse order is not necessary.
Let's give examples.
First. We are moving in IV gear at a speed of 60 km / h. There is an intersection ahead where we need to turn. Slowing down, we reduce the speed to about 50 km / h (lower limit in IV gear), squeeze the clutch, continuing braking. We turn on the second gear, since the speed we have chosen for cornering is approximately 10 km / h.
Second. We move at the same speed in IV gear. There is a traffic light ahead. We reduce the speed to 50 km / h, squeeze the clutch, continuing to slow down until a complete stop in front of the traffic light. We put the transmission in neutral.
From the two examples given, it can be seen that intermediate transmissions were not required.
Try the following transition exercise:
* from IV to III
* from IV to II
* from III to II gear.
Shift to 1st gear only if the speed is practically zero.

9. Check in the garage

For further classes, you will need overall poles - wooden, plastic, ski poles, etc. The main thing is that they should be about one meter in size or a little more; so that in case of accidental collision with them, damage to your car is not caused; so that the bearings on which they will be installed do not damage the wheels of the car. There are enough of them 7-8 pieces.
We put the car on the site and place poles around it, as shown in Fig. 19.

Rice. 19
The task is to leave the garage and drive into it in reverse. Moreover, this exercise must be performed from different sides.
When leaving the garage, it must be taken into account that when turning, the trajectories of the front and rear wheels are different. The rear wheel runs on the inside radius. Therefore, when leaving the garage, do not rush to turn right away, otherwise the front pole (Fig. 20) will be knocked down (and if this is a real garage, then the side of the car will suffer). To prevent this from happening, roll out the car in a straight line about halfway, then turn in the selected direction, controlling the inner side of the car.

Rice. twenty

Exercise 1. Drive out of the garage, turn right and drive back in.

When leaving the garage, you need to focus on the right front corner (right front pole). We leave the garage to the right side and put the car, as shown in fig. twenty.
To enter the garage, turn around driving position so that it is clearly visible. We will divide the race itself into three stages.
At the 1st stage, we focus on the nearest milestone, which must be rounded at a distance of 30-40 cm from the side of the car along a steep radius. At the end of the 1st stage, the car should be located at approximately 45 ° to the garage, the nearest pole should be visible in the glass of the rear right door and be at a distance of 30-40 cm from the side of the car, the steered wheels are completely turned to the right (Fig. 21a).

Rice. 21a
At the 2nd stage, all attention is focused on the middle section of the poles, which the car must pass through the center. Watching the movement of the car along a steep arc into the garage, we wait until the rear of the car is oriented in the center of the middle alignment (Fig. 21b).

Rice. 21b
At the 3rd stage, focusing on the rear alignment (or on the central pole), we align the car so that it moves strictly in a straight line inside the garage.
It should be noted that correcting a possible error inside the garage by taxiing will not bring any benefit, it may only worsen the situation.
In the final phase inside the garage, the car should not go in an arc. Correcting the rear of the car, even by a small distance, will entail a significant shift towards the front (driven) part of the car (Fig. 22).

Rice. 22

Exercise 2. Leaving the garage with a left turn and reversing back.

This exercise differs from the previous one only in the orientation of the driver in his place.
Working on the drive to the garage will require patience. It is useful during training, setting guidelines for yourself, stopping the car in intermediate positions, getting out of it to analyze your actions.

10. U-turn in a confined space

To conduct a lesson on the site, we will make a corridor of landmarks, as shown in Fig. 23.

Rice. 23

Exercise 1. U-turn to the left using reverse.

In order for a turn to be most effective, three conditions are necessary:
* use of the corridor across the entire width;
* work with a wheel in all range;
* preparing the car before stopping by turning the steered wheels to move in the other direction.
So, let's try to make a U-turn rationally. We enter the corridor, clinging to right side(about half a meter from the poles). In the middle of the corridor, turn the steering wheel to the left to failure and in this position we pass 2/3 of the width of the corridor. We pass the rest of the way, quickly twisting the steering wheel in the other direction. those. to the right. You need to stop the car about half a meter from the restrictive poles.
Starting to move in reverse, continue to turn the steering wheel to the right until it stops. Thus, we also pass 2/3 of the width of the corridor. The rest of the way to a stop, we turn the steering wheel in the opposite direction, i.e. to the left. After stopping, we resume moving forward with the steering wheel turning to the left.
Recommendation. When performing maneuvering exercises, one should not be afraid to use the "roll", i.e. clutch movement. In this case, the car can move more slowly and it will be easier to control.
With the acquisition of skills and experience, your movements will be more rational.

11. Car parking

Parking a car can be done in three ways (Fig. 24):

Fig. 24a, parallel to the roadway;

Fig. 24b, perpendicular to the roadway;

Fig. 24c, at an angle to the roadway.
Parking perpendicular to the roadway is similar to driving into a garage. Parking at an angle to the road is not difficult if you can handle perpendicular parking.
We will stop in a car park parallel to the roadway. If the space for your car is limited, but sufficient, between the cars standing at the sidewalk, it is advisable to drive into this gap in reverse. The fact is that with the help of the front steered wheels, the “nose” of the car is easily brought in.

Exercise 1. Parallel parking.

We put the landmarks and the car relative to them, as shown in fig. 25.

Rice. 25
For example, let's use a graphic representation of the phased location of the car during the race (see Fig. 26).

Fig.26
In position 1, the steering wheels must be turned to the right. In position 2, the distance from the side of the car to the nearest pole should be ~ 0.5 m. From position 2 to position 3, the car should move in a straight line. In position 3, the steered wheels must be turned to the left. The distance from the rear right corner of the car to the line of poles is ~ 0.5 m. When moving from position 3 to position 4, it is important to control the right fender of the car. Position 4 shows the result that you should achieve after the workouts done. From position 4, a correction with the vehicle moving forward is possible.

12. Check-in to the flyover. Starting a car on a hill

To successfully enter the overpass, you must:
* Correctly coordinate the car;
* maintain straightness when entering the overpass;
* be able to stop the car in any position on the overpass, preventing it from rolling.
Vehicle coordination training should be started without entering the flyover.

Exercise 1. Check-in to the overpass.

We put the poles (without thrust bearings) relative to the car, as shown in Fig. 27. In this case, the poles will determine the track of the overpass.

Fig.27
We take into account that in close proximity to the overpass, the car must move strictly in a straight line. That is, maneuvering must be performed in advance. Otherwise, by pointing the front wheels correctly at the overpass, but continuing to move in an arc, you will not fall into the ruts of the overpass rear wheels.
Do this exercise several times. Now try to do the same with the displacement of the car relative to the placed landmarks in the other direction.

Exercise 2. Stopping a car on a flyover.

To perform the exercise, we select a natural slope (about 16 °) and lay the poles on it in the same way as indicated above.
Aiming the car at an impromptu flyover. stop it on the rise. In order to prevent the car from rolling back after stopping, while continuing to firmly hold the brake pedal, we tighten the parking brake. During a stop on the rise, let's pay attention to the sequence of actions: with the clutch pedal depressed and the brake pedal pressed, the “handbrake” is first tightened, and only then the gear is turned off and the pedals are released.

Exercise 3. Starting the car on the rise.

So, the car is on the rise with the parking brake. Our task is to release the car from the parking brake at the initial moment of its starting.
The sequence of actions is the following.
1. We turn on the 1st gear and put our right hand on the "handbrake".
2. We find the moment of clutch actuation and in this position we hold the left leg (remember that at the moment the clutch is actuated, the engine will react with a decrease in speed).
3. Having increased the speed, we lower the brake lever all the way down, after pressing the ratchet button.
4. Then we do everything as in normal starting.
If your actions are correct, the car will not roll back.
Possible errors and their causes:
1. When starting off, the engine stalled - the “handbrake” was not released in time
2. The engine "roars", the car rolled back - the "handbrake" was released ahead of time (the clutch has not yet worked). When the car rolls back, there is an involuntary desire to move the car forward due to more pressure on the accelerator, while forgetting about the clutch
So, if the goal is clear, it is necessary to start practicing actions. The main thing at the initial stage of training is not to rush to do everything at once. Learn actions sequentially, as we have discussed.
Recommendation. In the event of a rollback of the car, you must calmly continue to smoothly release the clutch until it engages. In this case, at the moment the clutch is actuated, the car will first stop and then start moving forward.
In the exercise considered, the greatest attention should be paid to the work of the clutch.

Section II. ROAD DRIVING

Having acquired sufficient skills in driving a car, you have fulfilled only one of the requirements of the 21st section of the Rules of the Road.
In order to take to the road to continue your studies, you must meet the following requirements.
1. Know and strictly follow the rules of the road.
2. The car must have front and rear identification marks of a training ride and be equipped with a rear-view mirror for the trainee:

3. You must have a driving instructor with at least three years of experience.
When learning on the road, you must wear your seat belts.
In addition to the general prohibition of driving practice
On the highways marked with the sign below, there are roads in cities where driving practice is also prohibited.

In Moscow it is:
* center within the Garden Ring, including the ring itself
* all railway station squares Berezhkovskaya embankment ave. Vernadsky
* Vnukovskoe highway
* Volokolamskoe highway
* B. Dorogomilovskaya st.
* Ilinskoe highway
* Novoarbatsky Ave.
* Komsomolsky Ave.
* Krasnogorsk highway
* Kutuzovsky Ave.
* Leninsky Ave.
* Leningradsky Ave.
* Leningrad highway up to 29 km
* Lomonosovsky Ave.
* Minsk st.
* Minsk highway up to 19 km
* Ave. Mira
* Michurinsky Ave.
* Mosfilmovskaya st.
* Mozhayskoe highway
* Proletarian Ave.
* Podushkinskoe highway
* Rublevo-Uspenskoe Highway
* Rublevskoe Old Highway
* Smolenskaya st.
* Tverskaya (Gorky) st.
* Tverskaya-Yamskaya (Gorky) st.
* University Ave.
* Uspenskoe Second Highway
* Emb. Shevchenko
* Sheremetyevskaya st.

1. Start driving and stop at the curb (at the sidewalk)

Before you start driving, you must:
* make sure that you do not interfere with other road users;
* turn on the turn signal.
Recall that a warning signal (direction indicator) does not give an advantage to the driver in motion.
If the car is parked next to the sidewalk and the road is clear in front of it, it is convenient to start moving at a very sharp angle without making sudden maneuvers. In this case, you will not create inconvenience for a moving vehicle. Whether your car is standing on the sidewalk or moving at a low speed in close proximity to it - for the driver of another vehicle, it is almost the same (Fig. 28).

Rice. 28
If there is an obstacle in front of your vehicle (for example, another vehicle), then the starting maneuver requires great care. Vehicles moving on the road have priority. In this case, you will need acquired clutch skills to make the exit slow and controlled. Such a departure implies, in the event of a change in the situation, a suspension in any position (Fig. 29, pos. 2).

Fig.29
In order to safely stop at the sidewalk, you must:
* know in advance where we can do it;
* give a warning signal in advance (right turn signal);
* Gradually slow down and, if possible, approach the curb at a sharp angle.
It is very important that you approach the curb after slowing down. Driving to the sidewalk at high speed can lead to an error and unpleasant consequences. Hitting a wheel with a curb could damage the wheel or, worse, cause you to lose control of your vehicle due to increased drag on the right wheel.
Where stopping is prohibited is indicated in the 12th section of the SDA

2. Movement in a row while maintaining a distance

The driving speed and distance should be chosen so as to avoid collision with the vehicle in front, even in case of sudden braking.
When choosing a distance, the following factors should be considered:
* movement speed (the higher the speed, the greater the distance);
* visibility (light, fog, etc.);
* condition of the road surface;
* the condition of your vehicle;
* own state (fatigue, decreased reaction, etc.).
Driving in your lane on the road is the easiest and safest. In this case, you are required to maintain a distance and competent use of gears when changing speed modes.

3. Movement with lane change

This maneuver requires increased attention from the driver. In this case, two conditions must be met. Necessary:
* Give way to a vehicle moving in your lane.
* Give a warning signal.
Let's look at a few examples of rebuilding.
1. The speed behind the car in the next lane is greater than yours (fig. 30).

Rice. thirty
Rebuilding is currently not possible. If the lane change is due to an upcoming turn and the turn is close, slow down early and wait for a safe opportunity to change lanes. The main thing (especially at first, while there is no experience) is not to rush, not to succumb to the impatient manifestations of other drivers (beeps, headlights) and not to take rash actions. Remember! Each action associated with changing the mode of movement must be controlled.
2. The speed behind the car is approximately equal to yours, and there is a sufficient distance to it (Fig. 31).

Rice. 31
Rebuilding is possible. In this case, for greater safety of rebuilding, the speed of movement can be slightly increased (if the situation allows).
3. The speed of your car is higher than the speed of the car moving in the next lane (Fig. 32).

Rice. 32
In this case, rebuilding is possible after the car in the next row is visible through the rear window in the rear-view mirror.
If you need to change lanes on a multi-lane road with several lanes, you should not “cut” the road diagonally. In this case, an error is possible in estimating the speed and distance of several vehicles moving in adjacent rows at once.
It is safer to perform this maneuver step by step from row to row, i.e., after changing to the next row, assess the situation in the next one, and so on. (Fig. 33).

4. Passage of unregulated intersections

Unregulated intersections are divided into equivalent and unequal, i.e. with main and secondary roads.
Driving through an unregulated intersection is one of the most difficult elements on the road.
When approaching an intersection, the driver must clearly know:
* further direction of its movement;
* who has the right of way in traffic at this intersection.
The direction of traffic at an intersection requires the appropriate positioning of your vehicle in front of it. For example, when driving in the forward direction, the car can be located in any lane. When driving at the intersection to the right or left, it is necessary to take the right or left lane, respectively.
If the directions of traffic intersect, the priority right in traffic at the intersection is given to:
* a vehicle with a flashing beacon on;
* a vehicle located on the main road;
* tram;
* a vehicle without obstruction on the right.
Let's give examples.

Rice. 34
In Figure 34, even though the beacon vehicle is on the secondary road, it has the advantage.

Rice. 35
In Figure 35, the vehicle on the main road has the advantage in traffic. The tram also obeys this rule.

Rice. 36
In Figure 36, with an equal right to move (equivalent intersection), the tram has the advantage (despite the fact that the tram has an obstacle on the right).

Rice. 37
As Figure 37 shows, on equivalent roads, the one with no obstruction on the right has the advantage (in the absence of a tram and a vehicle with a flashing beacon).
In order to correctly assess the situation at the intersection, time is needed. The lower the speed with which we will drive up to the intersection, the more time will be to assess the specific situation and make the right decision.
Practice confirms that driving in a 15-20-meter zone in front of an intersection at a speed of no more than 10 km / h allows the driver to calmly understand the situation. We know that 2nd gear must be selected to drive at such a low speed. If, having reduced the speed in advance, turn on the second gear 15-20 m away, then you can focus all your attention on the main thing:
* in the absence of interference, continue moving in the intended direction;
* if there is an obstacle that does not allow moving on, stop in front of the intersection.
Consider the actions of the driver on the example of specific intersections.

Crossroad with STOP sign

If there is a sign prohibiting the passage of an intersection without stopping, the driver's position is greatly simplified. Before him is a specific task - to stop. It must be completed, and then other tasks must be solved. Question: where to stay and how?

Rice. 38
According to the traffic rules, in the absence of the STOP line, you must stop in front of the intersecting carriageway. It should be noted that leaving the conditional line (Fig. 38) without stopping is unacceptable. If you stop long before this line, the intersection will be less visible, which will create inconvenience when resuming traffic.
When stopping, in addition, you should consider how to position the car. If the further direction of movement is straight or left, the car must be coordinated strictly perpendicular to the crossed carriageway (moreover, when turning left, in the left lane); when turning right, the car must be stopped on the trajectory along which the movement is planned.

Crossroad with "Give way" sign

As in the previous case, we are on a minor road. The difference is that this sign does not require an unconditional stop. Therefore, there is a temptation to overcome it on the move.
In order for the intersection to be confident and safe, it is recommended to proceed as follows.

Rice. 39
1. For 15-20 m, reduce the speed to about 10 km / h and turn on the second gear (Fig. 39, pos. 1).
2. Moving at low speed, first direct all attention to the left side (if from this position the left side of the intersection is poorly visible, you must first look in the direction of better visibility).
3. If interference is detected from the indicated side, we calmly stop in front of the intersecting carriageway. In the absence of interference from this direction, continuing to approach the intersection, we direct all attention in the opposite direction.
4. 3-5 m before the crossed carriageway (Fig. 39, pos. 2), a decision should be made on the possibility of continuing the movement.
If you did not have time to correctly assess the situation at the intersection, it is unacceptable to leave the crossed carriageway. Nothing will happen if you, without orienting yourself in time, stop unnecessarily in front of an intersecting carriageway.

Equivalent intersection

At an equivalent intersection, in the absence of a vehicle with a flashing beacon and a tram, the “interference from the right” rule applies. Therefore, everyone vehicles to your right, you must give way.

Rice. 40
The most difficult maneuver at an equivalent intersection is the left turn. In this case, interference can be from two directions - to the right and towards. To pass a vehicle from the right direction, your car must be in front of the crossed carriageway (Fig. 40, pos. 1). When turning left, to pass an oncoming vehicle moving straight or right, the car should be stopped at the intersection in the position from which the turn will begin (Fig. 40, pos. 2), i.e. in the middle of the intersection. Steered wheels must be straight to avoid unauthorized exit into the oncoming lane at the time of waiting.

5. Driving through regulated intersections

An intersection is regulated if the order of traffic on it is determined by the traffic controller or a traffic light.

Rice. 41a

Rice. 41b
On fig. 41a, 41b show the permitted directions of movement for two main positions of the traffic controller.
The traffic controller, who raised his hand with a baton up, demands attention from the vehicles. The actions of drivers in this case should be the same as with a yellow traffic light.
When traffic is controlled by a traffic light Special attention should be given to a traffic light with an additional section. The included additional section allows movement in the specified direction. But in this case, when the main section of the traffic light at the same time prohibits movement (red or yellow), then, moving in the direction allowed by the additional section, it is necessary to let vehicles from other directions pass. For example, we need to turn right, as shown in Fig. 42.

Rice. 42
Remember that the main red (or yellow) section of the traffic light indicates that traffic is allowed from the other direction. A driver moving towards a green traffic light may not be aware that the permissive arrow is on from your direction. He knows one thing: from your direction - a red light. If the traffic light has additional sections in the direction of which you do not need to go, do not occupy the rows corresponding to the sections. Otherwise, you may interfere with other vehicles and, according to the Rules of the Road, you will be required to clear the corresponding lane by driving in the direction indicated by the section (Fig. 43).

Rice. 43
One more recommendation. Never rush to move the car when the traffic light is green. Trying to start moving as soon as possible so as not to detain anyone will result in a mistake being made and the engine stalling. With calm actions, the delay at the intersection will not be more than 2-3 seconds.

6. Overtaking

Overtaking, i.e. lane departure is one of the most dangerous actions on the road. It requires increased attention from the driver if it is carried out with a departure into the oncoming lane.
In addition to the general requirements listed in the rules of the road, when overtaking, it is useful to know a number of techniques that help to overtake safely.
If you decide to overtake the vehicle in front, you should move your car to the left a little in advance (about half the width of the car) so that the oncoming lane zone is clearly visible. With such a small offset, you will not interfere with oncoming vehicles (Fig. 44).

Rice. 44
In addition, it is necessary to maintain a sufficient distance to the person being overtaken, not to drive too close to him. When an oncoming vehicle catches up with your fellow passenger you are about to overtake, this distance can be used to increase your speed.
The greater the speed difference between the overtaker and the overtaken, the less time is needed to overtake and the safer it will be to overtake into the oncoming lane.
Figure 45 graphically shows a competent overtaking.
The speeds of the overtaken and the overtaken in fig. 45a are equal, the distance is maintained, since the oncoming lane is busy. At the same time, the overtaking driver is slightly shifted to the left for better visibility of the oncoming lane.

Rice. 45a
In figure 45b, the oncoming car caught up with the overtaken one. At this moment, the overtaking person increases speed, the distance is reduced (if the lane behind the oncoming car is free).

Rice. 45b
In Figure 45c, the oncoming lane has become free. The speed difference between the overtaker and the overtaken is sufficient. There is a safe overtaking.

Rice. 45v
You should change lanes after overtaking not earlier than the one you just overtook is visible in the rear-view mirror.
It must be borne in mind that a higher gear is not always useful for a quick increase in speed. For example, you are moving at a speed of 50 km / h in IV gear. A car is moving ahead at a slightly lower speed, say 45 km/h. Overtaking it with a speed difference of 5 km / h will require a lot of time and a large section of the path. During this time, the situation in the oncoming lane may change. It is possible to increase the speed to 60 km / h in the same IV gear, but the increase will be slow (the transmission is weak). If we use 3rd gear(it works in the speed range of 30-90 km / h), then acceleration will be more intense, with much less time spent on increasing speed.

Do on the road the way you want others to do with you! Pass the hindrance on the right and the fool on the left!

What the driver needs first of all

- Responsibility: you must take care of the safety - your own, your passengers and all other road users.

- Concentration: do not drive if you feel tired or unwell, think about something distracted, frustrated or irritated, stressed.

- Ability to predict the situation: constantly analyze the behavior of other road users, act in accordance with the traffic situation.

- Patience: do not turn riding into a competition and return rudeness to rudeness, use aggressive language or gestures, try to teach another driver a lesson if he caused you inconvenience; be patient if the car in front cannot move for a long time - the driver may have good reasons; don't test your patience (and don't take unnecessary risks) - don't get too close to the car driven by the student, increase the distance and lateral spacing; do not test the patience of others - do not overtake only to wedge between the cars in front or immediately make a turn.

- Confidence: this is an integral part of driving skills, but remember - unjustified risk leads to an accident!

Safe Driving Techniques

1. Don't rush - it's better to be 10 minutes late than to arrive 10 minutes early.
2. Before driving, make sure it is safe, do not start driving if you interfere with approaching cars.
3. Turn on the turn signals in advance and turn them off in time.
4. Do not exceed the set speed by more than 30 km/h.
5. Don't let yourself be distracted by talking if it affects your driving.
6. When talking on the phone, use the speakerphone.
7. Don't use headphones.
8. Don't look at maps and guides.
9. Don't smoke.
10. Do not turn to the rear passengers - all attention to the road.
11. Maintain the correct (safe) distance and lateral spacing.
12. Move smoothly and stop smoothly.
13. Don't drive with a hangover.
14. Do not accelerate the car in front of a pedestrian crossing where there is no one - a pedestrian may appear unexpectedly.
15. You can not: squeeze the clutch, turn on 1st gear and wait for the green traffic light to turn on.
16. When reversing - turn on the alarm.
17. When reversing, the speed should not exceed 20 km / h, and the travel distance should be minimal.
18. When reversing, turn down the radio volume.
19. Set the horn to reverse gear.
20. Always turn on low beam headlights.
21. Don't skimp on antifreeze, keep your windshield clean at all times!
22. Turn on turn signals in yards.
23. Before pressing the brake pedal, look in the rear-view mirror (estimate the distance to rear car and its speed).
24. Don't tint your car windows (in your first year of driving).
25. Set signs "novice driver" (if you are a beginner).
26. Do not change lanes in front of and on a pedestrian crossing.
27. If you are going to sneeze, then first release the gas pedal.

Two is impossible

1. Be blind (turn your head 360 degrees).
2. Be deaf (listen to the road).

property security

1. Once in the car, block the door locks.
2. Do not leave the car if the engine is running or the keys are in the lock ignition.

Learn to read the road

1. Maintain the path of your vehicle by observing the center of the travel path.
2. Look as far ahead as possible, this will help you notice the danger in advance.
3. Actively observe changes in the situation not only on the carriageway, but also in the surrounding area.
4. Do not hold your gaze for a long time on one object (more than 2 seconds).
5. Keep an eye on the back and sides of your vehicle at all times.
6. Before changing lanes, turning or entering main road make sure in advance that the place you want to take is free.
7. The more your speed, the wider your eyes should be.

Driving in difficult conditions

1. Avoid road sections with oil, oil and tarspots.
2. Do not drive into puddles at speeds greater than 50 km/h.
3. If the road is covered with melting ice, avoid driving in light traffic lanes.
4. Perform an overtaking maneuver only when necessary.
5. Beware of wet leaves, snow and sand drifts.

The list of malfunctions in which it is dangerous to drive a car

1. Brake lights do not work.
2. The sound signal does not work.
3. The handbrake does not work.
4. Turn signals do not work.
5. Alarm not working.
6. Brake fluid level in expansion tank decreases (lower risks min) - you have to top up often.

Rules for driving a car on a roundabout

1. Maintain a safe distance from the car in front, a multiple of the interval between the lighting poles:
- at the speed of movement ~ 50 km / h - 0.5 intervals;
- at the speed of movement ~ 100 km / h - 0.75 intervals;
- at the speed of movement ~ 150 km / h - 1.0 interval.
2. Turn on the turn signal when changing lanes (always).
3. If you are moving in the 3rd - 4th lane and you are often overtaken on the right - think about it, maybe you should change lanes to the next right lane. Observe the speed limit and traffic lane!

Crib for pedestrians

1. Do not cross the road (even on a zebra), walk calmly.
2. Do not run, do not walk along the road.
3. Don't ride your bike on the road.
4. When crossing the road (on a bicycle) along the green (on a zebra), take your time, move about walking speed.
5. Cross the road perpendicularly.
6. Do not cross the road when a hood is on your head.
7. Don't cross the road listening loudmusic through headphones.
8. When crossing the road with animals, keep them on a short leash.
9. When crossing the road with a stroller, keep it to the side.
10. When crossing the road, lift the child from the sled.
11. When crossing the road with a child, hold him by the hand or in your arms.
12. When crossing the road, look: left and right.
13. It is desirable that one of the outerwear wardrobe items be light color or reflective reflectors were present (in the dark, the driver may not notice the pedestrian).

Axioms when operating a car

1. Understand the rules of the road and remember them (you need to understand the order of travel for all types of intersections, etc.).
2. Make an algorithm of actions when driving and operating a car to various situations(learn it by heart).
Example: an injection engine needs to be started at minus 20 degrees.
but. turn on the side lights for 30 seconds.
b. set the gearshift lever to neutral position (if necessary, raise the parking brake lever).
in. turn all switches to the off position » .
depress the clutch pedal.
e. turn the key to the "ignition" position » , pause for 5 seconds, turn to the position "stater » , after starting the engine, release the key.
e. Release the clutch pedal smoothly after ~ 30 seconds.
(if during the execution of paragraph "d » the engine does not start within 10 - 15 seconds, release the key, wait 15 seconds and repeat paragraph "d» ).
3. Yield to the hindrance on the right and the fool on the left.
4. Always turn on the turn signal signals when changing the trajectory of movement (if, when changing lanes, the driver does not notice the obstacle and starts the lane change maneuver, then the other driver, having seen the turn signal signal, will be able to avoid an accident).
5. Always make smooth maneuvers when changing lanes (if you do not notice the obstacle, the other driver can avoid the accident).
6. Turn on low beam headlights - always.
7. Choose the right speed (it depends: on your skills and traffic situation).
8. If you have not driven a car for more than two months, drive in a quiet mode: on unloaded streets, in the morning.
9. Gravel and stones on the road are dangerous, there is a possibility of getting them into windshield(increase distance and decrease speed).
10. Reduce your speed when entering a tunnel (to adjust your eyes to the new light).
11. Driving on tram rails is dangerous! Causes:
- possible rupture and cut of the tire;
- on studded tires - pulling out studs and skidding;
- during rain - an increase in braking distance and skidding.
12. Do not litter the car interior (there is a trunk for this):
- a forgotten bottle can roll under the pedals;
- do not hang toys on the rear-view mirror, this reduces visibility;
- on the rear panel - it is dangerous to store sharp and heavy objects.
13. In the first year of driving, do not tint the windows, in the future - only with a high-quality film, not the darkest.
14. Don't tint rear lights vehicle, the driver of the rear vehicle may not see a change in the brightness of the brake lights.
15. Wear your seat belts
(according to accident statistics and crash tests, injuries are aggravated if the seat belt is not used).
16. If the car is equipped with airbags:
- everyone must be fastened;
- do not put your hands on the lowered windows if there are side airbags;
- transport the child on his back in the direction of travel front seat it is forbidden;
- you can not install anything in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe inscription "AIRBAG » , as well as along the expected trajectory of the opening of the pillow;
- Wearing glasses may cause injury.
Do not dismantle/install the airbag yourself - injury may result!
17. Distance (safe):
- when moving in a stream - at least 5 meters;
- when stopping on the rise - at least 2 meters;
- when stopping in front of a traffic light - from 1 to 1.5 meters.
18. Do not drive:
- in a state of alcoholic intoxication;
- if you are very tired;
- if you are under stress.
19. If a difficult or unusual situation has arisen on the road, you should not rush and give acceleration, wanting to quickly slip through the dangerous section (according to the rules of good manners, at this moment everyone is equal, like in a bathhouse).
20. Technical condition car - carefully check before a long trip:
- suspension
- camber/toe-in/balancing/pressure
- brake system
- filters (fuel and air)
- air conditioning (pressure)
- fluids (their level and replacement period): automatic transmission, engine, cooling, brake.

Car repair

1. Before you install a new part in the car to replace the damaged one, carefully inspect it yourself, ask the master to check it for serviceability. Responsibly approach the check, remember if the part turns out to be faulty, this can lead to breakdown of other components and assemblies.
2. Leaving the workshopdo not accelerate - on the first meter, do a test braking.

How to push a car (if it broke down)

Lower the glass of the left driver's door, rest your left hand on the glass frame and move the car in the right direction, steering with your right hand (while the key must be in the ignition).

How to install a license plate securely

- option 1: fasten with bolts - generously lubricate the thread with graphite grease or lithol, tighten with the first nut, lock the second;
- option 2: fix with rivets.


Driving lessons are held in all districts of St. Petersburg.
You can sign up for a driving lesson by calling
8-911-209-45-10,
We will arrange a meeting time and place convenient for you.
We will be happy to help you gain confidence behind the wheel of a car, overcome fears and worries. Just give us a call!