Porsche Cayenne 957:

As a result of the facelift of the first generation of the model Porsche Cayenne the Porsche Cayenne 957 car was born. The appearance of the car, predatory, aggressive, was very liked by connoisseurs of the model. The changes also affected technical part cars. More powerful updated engines replenished the line of power units. The diesel version that appeared was aggregated with a mechanical turbocharger. Fresh engineering development went to the chassis. The PDCC system includes active stabilizers, on high speed banks are completely suppressed. All Porsche Cayenne cars are equipped quite richly. And this is not surprising, in the first place - these are luxury models. Cruise control, climate control, premium audio systems, navigation system, full power accessories, as well as many other useful and convenient things.

When buying, you can choose modifications with a V-shaped turbodiesel with a volume of three liters or power units, running on gasoline, with a volume of 3.6 liters and 4.8 liters. V Russian Federation Porsche Cayenne has become very popular. However, only a wealthy person can become the owner of this car. The price of the model is too high, the cost of maintenance is also not small.

INTRODUCTION

After the undeniable success of the first Generation Cayenne Porsche management decided to create his successor. 650 million euros were allocated for the development of the next Cayenne with factory index 957. The premiere of the updated version took place in 2007. Both outside and inside, the new Cayenne is very similar to its predecessor.
As before, the exterior of the Cayenne is made in the same vein with the sports Porsche models 911: teardrop headlights, integrated front bumper with large air intakes, extended fenders. But now the design has become even more energetic due to the new shape of the front air intakes and the redesigned headlights. The main changes to the rear touched the brake lights and lights reversing- now they are made on the basis of LED technology. Cayenne and Cayenne S have two single exhaust pipes, a Cayenne Turbo with two twin tailpipes and a new roof spoiler. In addition, the Cayenne Turbo is easily distinguished from other versions by the large front air intake.

To match the appearance, the interior of the car is made in best traditions Porsche. For its decoration, high-quality leather with the indispensable embossing of the company logo, aluminum and metallized plastic are used, which gives the interior a sporty style, traditional for the German automaker.
In the cabin new Cayenne two new buttons have appeared: the first activates the hydraulic drive of the trunk lid, and the second, the Sport button, switches to sports mode air suspension, automatic box gears and accelerator drive. As before, the driver can choose from three air suspension modes: Sport, Normal and Comfort.
Comfort is provided by a large number auxiliary systems and electronics, and there is enough space for all passengers. Luggage compartment volume of 540 liters can be increased to 1770 liters by folding the rear seat in a ratio of 40:60.

Of the technical innovations of the Cayenne, the PDCC system, designed to deal with rolls, deserves the main attention, as well as more advanced and powerful engines. A new 3.5-liter gasoline engine with direct injection with a capacity of 290 hp began to be installed on the basic version of the Cayenne. The working volume of the eight-cylinder engines of the Cayenne S and Cayenne Turbo versions has increased from 4.5 to 4.8 liters, while the developed power has become 385 hp, respectively. and 500 hp In addition to the increased volume, these engines have acquired the proprietary VarioCam valve opening system.

A little later, the company introduced additional versions: Cayenne GTS with a 4.8-liter engine producing 405 hp. and Cayenne Turbo S with a forced 4.8-liter bi-turbo engine with a capacity of 550 hp.
On the basis of the Cayenne GTS, a version of the Cayenne S Transsyberia was also created - an SUV stylized based on the Transsiberian rally, which differed from the basic version in the use of orange decor elements, as well as four fog lights mounted on the roof.

The transmission of all modifications of the Porsche Cayenne has a permanent all-wheel drive with a center differential with an electronic lock and a multiplier, and is equipped with a rear differential lock on request. In normal operation, the differential distributes torque in a ratio of 33:62, however, in the event of slipping of the wheels of the front or rear axle the clutch redistributes it between the axles from 0:100 to 100:0, depending on road conditions. In the event of a wheel slip on one of the axles, the PSM dynamic stabilization system comes into action, and off-road, you can use the lower transmission row and forcibly lock the center differential.
The body of the Cayenne is load-bearing, but reinforced with front and rear subframes that reduce vibrations.
Fully independent suspension on double levers at the front and multi-link at the rear for the basic version of the Cayenne and Cayenne S, it is equipped with conventional springs without ride height adjustment, and optional equipment with air suspension that allows you to change the height of the body. Cayenne Turbo is equipped with air suspension as standard. Thanks to the Porsche Active Suspension Management system, you can choose from three ride modes - Comfort, Normal, Sport.

Despite the frameless body structure, the car has significant off-road capability. With the air suspension in the upper position, the SUV's ground clearance is 271 mm. In this case, all vehicle systems go into off-road mode: transfer case activates the lowering row, and the center differential of the system all-wheel drive can block 100% depending on the condition of the coating. Having stopped on the rise, you should not worry that the car is about to start rolling, the recoil system responsible for this is especially useful for owners of cars with a manual transmission. Also, SUVs are equipped with a descent assistance system. The driver can release all the pedals, and the system itself will select the correct and safe mode of descent from the mountain, braking if necessary and distributing the moment between the wheels.
The basis of the new brake system put latest technology. To ensure a constant temperature of the brake mechanisms and, accordingly, optimal dynamic possibilities, brake discs are internally ventilated. The front wheel brakes are equipped with six-cylinder calipers, and the rear wheels with four-cylinder. All calipers are titanium lacquered.
The safety of the Cayenne deserves special attention, meeting all the requirements for any type of impact protection, including frontal, side, diagonal and rear impacts, as well as rollover protection. The laser-welded triple-skin body structure provides exceptional rigidity and, as a result, maximum protection for passengers. The system of side and cross members at the front of the car redirects the impact energy that is absorbed by the three-section crumple zone, protecting the interior.
Dual-stage airbags for driver and front passenger, side airbags in the backs of each front seat and curtain airbags provide optimum protection for the occupants. In addition, the car is equipped with three-point seat belts with pretensioners and force limiters. The standard ISOFIX mounting system allows you to install child seats on both the front passenger seat and on any rear seat.
Porsche Cayenne has become a car designed to break all existing stereotypes. This crossover has it all. best qualities modern cars a wide variety of areas - the speed and handling of a racing sports car, the comfort of a luxury limousine and the cross-country ability of an SUV.
This manual provides instructions for the operation and repair of all modifications of the Porsche Cayenne / Cayenne S / Cayenne Turbo S / Cayenne GTS / Cayenne S Transsyberia with factory index 957, manufactured since 2007.

(957) Porsche Cayenne/Cayenne S/Cayenne Turbo S/Cayenne GTS/Cayenne S Transsyberia
3.6i V6 Body type: station wagon Engine size: 3598 cm3	Doors: 5 Gearbox: manual or automatic Drive: full permanent	Fuel: gasoline AI-98 Consumption (city/highway): 18.3/9.8 l/100 km
S4.8i V8 Years of release: from 2007 to 2010 Body type: station wagon Engine size: 4806 cm3	Doors: 5 Drive: full permanent	Fuel: gasoline AI-98 Capacity fuel tank: 100 l Consumption (city/highway): 20.3/9.9 l/100 km
GTS 4.8i V8 Years of release: from 2007 to 2010 Body type: station wagon Engine size: 4806 cm3	Doors: 5 Gearbox: automatic Drive: full permanent	Fuel: gasoline AI-98 Fuel tank capacity: 100 l Consumption (city/highway): 20.6/10.2 l/100 km
Turbo 4.8i V8 Years of release: from 2007 to 2010 Body type: station wagon Engine size: 4806 cm3	Doors: 5 Gearbox: automatic Drive: full permanent	Fuel: gasoline AI-98 Fuel tank capacity: 100 l Consumption (city/highway): 22.5/10.5 l/100 km
Turbo S4.8i V8 Years of release: from 2007 to 2010 Body type: station wagon Engine size: 4806 cm3	Doors: 5 Gearbox: automatic Drive: full permanent	Fuel: gasoline AI-98 Fuel tank capacity: 100 l Consumption (city/highway): 23.9/13.7 l/100 km

As if apologizing to the brand's orthodox adherents for its own apostasy, Porsche is tirelessly striving to give the Cayenne an increasingly sporty character.

As if “apologizing” to the orthodox adherents of the brand for its own “apostasy”, which gave birth to a super hit called Cayenne for the sake of the rush market demand, Porsche is tirelessly striving to give this “status vehicle” an increasingly sporty character. The next step in this direction was the appearance of the Cayenne GTS version.

According to the official classification, the three-letter GTS index traditionally denotes versions Porsche cars, which are distinguished by “a balanced combination of long-distance suitability and sportiness”. In fact, the GTS version is the result of a factory and therefore exceptionally solid and intelligent sports tuning original model. And, although in the case of the GTS, the initial model was not the base Cayenne, but its already “sported” version S, the tuning undertaken, rather, from the same area that this letter stands for, and not the abbreviation GT added to it in its classical sense . That is, the car has become even more sporty, and not more “tourist”, and Porsche marketers insist that now it is “the most sports version in the Cayenne lineup.” This is confirmed not only by the new exclusive body colors - GTS Red and Nordic Gold Metallic, but also by its sporty body kit, corresponding changes in the interior, upgraded suspension and transmission for a more sporty driving style, and, of course, increased from 385 to 405 liters. With. V8 naturally aspirated engine power. And here, of course, a logical question arises: what about the 500-horsepower version of the Turbo, which develops top speed a measurable 25 km / h more and accelerating to “hundreds” a whole second faster? Well, as is often the case in the automotive industry, the concepts of “most powerful” and “fastest” are not always identical to the concept of “sportiest”. And proof of this, for example, is the possibility of purchasing a Cayenne Turbo exclusively with automatic transmission, while the GTS version in the “base” is equipped with classic “mechanics”. Porsche representatives themselves explain that when working on the GTS, they were not aimed at achieving the highest power and speed, but at giving the car a more “driving” character and a sporty spirit in general. That is, a kind of curtsy was made towards adherents of the classical values ​​that the “purebred” Porsche sports cars are famous for. So, following the update of the entire Cayenne line, undertaken a year and a half ago, designed to ennoble the rather awkward appearance of these cars and emphasize their sports component, such a step a couple of years before the appearance of a fundamentally new generation of this SUV looks completely natural and justified. Well, what is the Cayenne GTS not in words, but in deeds, I had a chance to find out in the open spaces of the Stavropol Territory, where the Porsche Russland company, following the opening of its next dealership, organized a test drive of the new model. If it were not for painting in new bright colors in Compared with traditional black or silver, which noticeably enlivens a very heavy-looking car, the GTS can at first be mistaken for a top version of the Turbo. In front - the same much wider than that of the "donor" Cayenne S, the "mouth" of the radiator air intake, the same horizontal "sidelights" integrated into its side sections, and behind - the same twin chrome-plated exhaust nozzles. But the hood is flat, without the Turbo's distinctive pair of knife-edge hood ridges. “Instead” of them, extenders protruding about 1.5 cm on each side wheel arches, which, along with the 21-inch Cayenne Sport wheels, “shod” in 295/35 mm tires, give the car an additional “muscularity”. The sporty look of the luxury SUV is complemented by branded red brake calipers and a 24 mm lower ground clearance.

Even the deaf have heard that diseases of the Porsche Cayenne are very expensive to repair, and in general Porsche is only for very rich people. It cannot be said that there is absolutely no truth in these words, but it is not entirely true to say that Cayenne's sores will strip anyone to their underwear. In order to finally understand the issues of reliability and provide the reader with material that could be a starting point in the selection of a Porsche Cayenne, the editors of the Diagnostic Laboratory decided to shed light on all the most expensive Porsche problems Cayenne 955/957/958 all model years.

Important! We would like to draw your attention to the fact that the article presents all the most expensive of possible problems, but the abundance options breakdowns does not mean that they will all happen. On the contrary, with the right choice, operation and maintenance, this car practically does not bother the wallet and nerves. Therefore, treat this article as a reference, not a repair order.

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Porsche problems - why do engine scuffs appear?

“Bastards - how much in this sound” (c)

For 955 and 957 (restyled), and now for 958 (2010+) Cayennes, engine cylinder scuffs have become a household name. Despite the huge statistics on torn up cars, one hundred percent of the reasons have not been identified so far, and probably never will be. Most accurately, we can say that there are several main causes of seizures:

• Low quality engine oil and late changes. Degradation of oil properties (flash point) leads to increased oil consumption and deposits in the engine with all the ensuing consequences. If your city mileage prevails, then it is worth reducing the mileage interval between oil changes.
• Engine overheating or malfunction temperature regime. The M48 is quite heat loaded by itself, and if we add to this the poor performance of the cooling system due to clogged radiators, there is a big risk of “leaving” thermal gaps to zero and, as a result, scuffing of the cylinder surface.
• Poor quality 98 petrol and/or use of 92-95 petrol which in addition leads to wear fuel injectors direct injection and premature stretching of the timing chains.
• Aggressive driving on a cold engine. You can’t drive on an underheated engine, this is fraught, but cold starts have nothing to do with it.

Facts about badass Porsche Cayenne 955/957

Cylinder wall scuffing only occurs on M48 series eight-cylinder petrol engines for the Porsche Cayenne S/GTS or Turbo 955 (2002-2007), 957 (2007-2010), 958 (2010-2014) and 958.2 (2014-2018) on motor series: M48.00, M48.02, M48.50, M48.52, M48.01, M48.51 and others).

For simplicity, in the future, all Porsche Cayenne produced before 2010 will be called the first generation or E1, and the second generation produced since 10 - E2 (958). You can read about E2 problems in this article.

The six-cylinder naturally aspirated (atmospheric) engines M55.01 / M55.02 (3.6) and M02.2Y (3.2) do not suffer from scuffing, as does the M05.9D diesel six (Porsche Cayenne Diesel). This is a very important remark, because many are confused in abundance different modifications engines. We emphasize once again that on the Cayenne 2002-2014, atmospheric engines of 3.6 liters do not lift up and the cast-iron block, but the turbocharged 3.6 (2014+), which is also put on Porsche Panamera and Macan, is essentially the same M48 with two cylinders sawn off and has exactly the same chances of being bullied

How to identify bullies?

There are only two ways and only one of them gives a 100% guarantee.

• Identify bullying by ear. This is possible when several cylinders are lifted up or the seizures are deep enough. In the early stages, bullying cannot be identified by ear.
• . We throw off the coils, candles, remove the fuse on fuel pumps and inspect the walls of the cylinders with a video probe.
• By the way, sleeved engines should also be examined with an endoscope, because they can only be sleeved on paper or sleeved poorly. In cases of low-quality sleeves (most often incorrect thermal clearances), the sleeves lose their hone in a short time or have damage on the surface.

Prolonged driving or overly aggressive driving on jacked-up cylinders results in piston scuffing. Each new original piston costs from 40-50 thousand rubles. Be careful!

Important! The problem of most services in this case is the use of cheap endoscopes with a low-quality camera and without a swivel joint. In addition, for endoscopy, it is necessary to move the piston as far as possible, and many service workers are too lazy to do this. In addition, the cylinder must be inspected 360 degrees, and in general, if you personally do not stand and watch the procedure, there is a high probability that only half will be looked at, i.e. 180 degrees or not all cylinders.

Important! Seizures appear on all V8 engines without exception, including naturally aspirated and turbocharged ones. Turbo engines M48.51 lifts up on average later, because. on the latest modifications, additional oil nozzles are installed.

In fact, the problem of bullying is somewhat exaggerated. It is absolutely not necessary that your engine stall and the difficulty lies in controlling the factors influencing this. If you buy a car with a whole cylinder cover (small scratches are allowed), you can drive 100-150 thousand km and the engine will not pick up. We know instances of Turbo and even Turbo S with runs under 300 thousand and a native block. However, if the scuffs have already appeared, a sleeve or replacement of the block shorts is necessary.

The Porsche Cayenne engine sleeve at the time of September 2017 costs about 300-400 thousand (with the replacement of timing chains and other oil scraper small things). Buying a “contract” engine for a Porsche Cayenne is a waste of money. almost all second-hand engines sold at disassembly are already seriously bullied. Replacing a short block costs fabulous money, up to 1 million rubles, and it is mainly produced by Porsche OD under the terms of the Porsche extended warranty (GoodWill).

The Most Costly Porsche Cayenne Problems

Many potential buyers of the Porsche Cayenne 4.8, having read horror stories about bullies, often forget about other problems, which, of course, are much cheaper than the sleeve, but are also worthy of attention to check before buying.

Problems Cayenne 9PA 955/957 2002-2010

• Leaks in plastic cooling pipes in the collapse of the cylinder block V8 engines. The problem is hackneyed, like old Soviet jokes. At one point, you may find a puddle of antifreeze under the car in the hood area. It is necessary to replace the bursting plastic tubes with revision aluminum ones, and the problem is solved once and for all. A set of tubes costs about 30-40 thousand rubles + replacement work with the analysis of the internal combustion engine. The problem is relevant only for the 955 body.
• Engine overheating, including due to untimely burst cooling tubes. To diagnose overheating, it is necessary to inspect the camshaft beds for soot or scratches with a video endoscope. Usually done at the same time as an endoscopy of the cylinders.




• Maslozhor. The true extent of the problem of oil consumption can be established by endoscopy or autopsy. It is difficult to talk about any oil consumption standards for cars that are 7-10 or more years old. A consumption of 1-2 liters of oil per 10 thousand kilometers is considered the norm for aggressive driving. Consumption of 1 liter per 500 or 1000 kilometers can be considered a problem and a reason to think about selling or repairing an engine.
• Turbine wear on Cayenne Turbo (M48.50/M48.51/M48.52). A standard problem for any turbo engine. There are two turbines on the M48 engine, respectively, one or two at once may have malfunctions. There are two main criteria for the health of turbines, these are intake leaks and boost efficiency. And if everything is extremely clear from oil fogging inside and outside the nozzles, then determining the efficiency of turbines is a complex, complex process. The first step is to check the maximum pressure during acceleration. To do this, you can use a regular barometer on dashboard, or diagnostic equipment, such as PIWIS or Launch latest versions. In addition to the maximum power, it is necessary to check the connection speed of the turbines in the test drive.

It should be noted that most of the checks need to be done on the move, and classic lifts to check the Porsche Cayenne Turbo before purchase are needed last.

• Steering system malfunctions and active PDCC stabilizer(also known as body roll control). In addition to the standard possible problems with the steering rack, leaks and knocks of the active stabilizer are possible. First of all, it is necessary to check the level of the hydraulic fluid "pentozin" in expansion tank. With a low level or old fluid, wear of the active elements of the stabilizer, as well as the Power Steering Tandem Pump, is possible. In addition, the high pressure pipes of the vented valve can leak at the front and rear, and no errors will appear until the stabilizer is “dry”. In this case, you can throw it away and buy a new one.
• Important! Cayennes have a fluid level sensor only for antifreeze and oil, and the fluid level in the PDCC is not controlled by sensors, so in order to avoid the ridiculous death of an expensive mechanism, it is necessary to check the contents of the reservoir at least once a month.
• Power steering tandem pump installed on cars with PDCC system. This option is always available on Porsche Cayenne GTS cars, and is an option on Turbo and S. Occasionally seen on 3.6 petrol or diesel, but generally extremely rare. A tandem pump that has been running on old hydraulic fluid for a long time begins to wear out and make noise when the steering wheel is turned or the stabilizer is operated, in addition, “heavy steering wheel” may be a symptom, which actually means the death of the unit. A new pump costs about 70-80 thousand rubles. Very few organizations are engaged in the restoration of Porsche tandem pumps, so it is better not to take risks and not bring the unit to failure.





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If you want to ride by car, not study its potential Problems- contact our company, we will find you the most serviceable car. We have an excellent understanding of the problems of these vehicles and know how to detect wear due to the fact that we work only within the framework of our specialization and our own knowledge base.

Why worth contacting to us for a car check
before buying or car selection Full construction?

Why worth contacting to us for a car check
before buying or car selection Full construction?

The car selection service from the Diagnostics Laboratory is not just a search for a car with a lower mileage or a body inspection with a thickness gauge: we perform the whole spectrum necessary checks large and expensive to repair units, so that you do not do repairs in principle.

Badass Porsche Cayenne 3.6 2014+ - New engine, old problems 958

Since 2014, the Porsche Cayenne E2 has been restyled and new engines have come with it. Now S and GTS versions were no longer equipped with the old 4.8 V8 aspirated. It was replaced by 3.6-liter petrol V6 biturbos (MCX.ZA and MCU.RA).

This new motor with a volume of 3.6 gave rise to a large number of embarrassment of buyers who naively believe that this is the same old motor from Tuareg VR 3.6, but it's not him. The embarrassment began after the installation of an atmospheric version of this engine on the Porsche Panamera, where it had a power of 300 horsepower, i.e. exactly the same as the forced VR6 on the Cayenne 958. In fact, the new 3.6 is a lighter version of the M48 (4.8), which removed two cylinders, changed the intake and partially the timing mechanism.

It must be understood that car manufacturers very rarely bother to make completely new engines, most often “new” ones are made from something painfully familiar, as in the case of the new 3.6. In our situation, this means that the new motor is prone to cylinder scuffing, because. completely inherited the internal structure and cylinder coating.

The new MCU and MCX motors have a nickel-plated finish and an aluminum cylinder block, while the earlier 3.6 naturally aspirated VR6 engines, with which they are so often confused, had a cast-iron block that did not pick up even at very high mileages. Do an endoscopy of the cylinders so as not to engage in expensive repairs, because it is much easier to keep track of a serviceable car than to fix it.

By the way! The same 3.6 engine was installed on the Porsche Macan Turbo and has all the same problems, but the new generation 3.0 turbo engine (Porsche Cayenne 959) has nothing to do with this 3.6. The 3.0 in the Cayenne 959 (E3) range and in the Porsche Macan/Panamera range is nothing more than a third-generation Audi 3.0 TFSI engine. The cylinder block has liners and there should not be any scuffs, theoretically.





Porsche Cayenne, how to check before buying and is it worth looking for yourself?

Obviously, Porsche Cayenne diagnostics need to be a little more advanced than the standard suspension checks on a lift. We will give you some tips on how to properly check your Porsche before buying.

Which Porsche Cayenne to choose?

• If it's important to you appearance and prestige, while acceleration and handling characteristics are not important, it is better to choose a diesel Porsche. Also, the version with gasoline engine V6 300 hp, however, as a rule, diesel and gasoline V6 versions are distinguished by poor trim levels.
• If you are a fan of the sound of eight-cylinder engines or a fan of tuning exhaust systems— then you should pay attention to Cayenne with exhaust volume control. This option is quite rare, but it is most often found on the Cayenne GTS and occasionally on the S or Turbo. (On the GTS type 957 there is always an exhaust adjustment)
• If you want the ultimate in light handling, the Cayenne GTS version is worth looking into. Standard air suspension levels on this model are lower than other versions. The car is equipped with a different transfer case and a rear differential. In addition, the GTS is always equipped with an active PDCC stabilizer.
• Don't Give Up on Pneuma. Pneuma, especially after 2010, when it became a closed circuit, is an extremely reliable unit on cars concern VAG. In addition to the variable clearance, which allows you to lower the car at speed, pneuma can significantly reduce the roll of the car. Vehicles with air suspension are also equipped with the PASM damping system, which is a much needed option for such universal car. A separate option since 2010, until 2010 was always supplied with air suspension.
• For fans of speed and frenzied acceleration (for such a mass of civilian cars), there are versions of the Cayenne Turbo and Turbo S. The difference in fuel and maintenance costs with a regular Cayenne S or GTS is negligible.
• Porsche Cayenne Turbo S. The most charged version of the cayenne you can buy. Almost always comes with the maximum number of options that could be installed. but this modification model has a very serious catch for used car buyers. Many units from Turbo S do not fit from other models, in addition, there is a difference in components. For example, brake discs on the Cayenne 957 Turbo cost about 10-12 thousand for the original disc and from 2500 for the non-original disc. For the Turbo S version, one front brake disc costs about 40-50 thousand rubles and there are no substitutes at all. This trend does not end with consumables, so be careful when choosing a car to buy.

Car selection Porsche Cayenne/Panamera/Macan

The company "Laboratory of Diagnostics vd-lab" provides services for the selection of Porsche cars in Moscow and comprehensive diagnostics. The company's specialists are able to perform the full range of checks (including accurately identifying real mileage auto) and provide the most accurate data on technical condition in addition, it is not difficult for us to check the Porsche for theft and identify the broken car.

Quality turnkey Porsche assistance requires much more than the standard pre-purchase vehicle inspection skills offered by most car hire companies in Moscow. In addition to the article about Porsche problems, we suggest that you familiarize yourself with several diagnostic results and simply cases related to buying a Porsche in Moscow.

The principle of our diagnostics is to create conditions for the manifestation of wear of specific units and the diagnostics as a whole is aimed at determining the condition of the most expensive car parts for repair, and not silent blocks, light bulbs and cosmetics. We evaluate wear not on the basis of diagnostics Official Dealer, who is more profitable to sentence to replacement on the slightest suspicion. We primarily evaluate wear based on condition and remaining life.