Spiders - which is better? 4-2-1 or 4-1

D The most common exhaust system tuning questions are: “Which spider is better 4-2-1 or 4-1?” and “Is there any point in installing a spider?”. Once upon a time, I myself was puzzled by this question theoretically, having wandered around the sites and forums for a long time, I did not find anything adequate and reasonable and abandoned the search for truth with a task in my heart. As I managed to make sure before writing this article, nothing has changed dramatically on the network, it is still complete darkness and that it is difficult to figure out in which cases it is applicable, but still let's try!

And let's start with is there any sense in installing a spider after all, there are individual "experts" who claim that most tuning spiders are worse than a standard collector. Yes, of course there are such, but they were originally conceived not to improve engine performance, but often for a cool sound. But this is more an exception than a rule, since, after all, most of the range of tuning spiders is aimed precisely at improving the performance of the motor, and not as if not worsening. Yes, and as I see it, the problem here is different, it’s just that some people are waiting for some magical gains from tuning the spider, and often on almost stock engines. And then tales are born that exhaust tuning is a waste of money. And in fact, the sense of tuning a spider on a stock engine is about the same as from a nulivik, it only costs more. Of course, the comparison is rough, but at least it clarifies something, because no one will argue that there is sense from a low-resistance filter, although few people felt it after installation. So with the spider, the meaner the motor, the more it needs a good exhaust, but the drain will not get any worse from tuning the spider. The main thing is that his pipes are of the same length, so that the motor runs smoothly, although probably everyone already knows this.

Which spider is better 4-2-1 or 4-1? Before this question, you need to answer another - "What do you want from the exhaust?". Because most tuning parts “emphasize” either the top or bottom, and the spider is no exception. It is known that 4-2-1 Spiderkeeps the bottom and adds the top but not like 4-1 , 4-1 often created only for the top, but this does not mean at all that 4-1 must be placed exclusively on the "horse" motor, and 4-2-1 only on the "grassroots". There can be quite a lot of options here, for example, you are building a “horse” motor, but you want to leave at least some bottoms, no one bothers you in this case to put 4-2-1 , because 4-1 this is not a very urban option, but if you don’t care and want a rocket on top then 4-1 will be better. What is it connected with? IN 4-2-1 2 pipes out of 4 are connected to 1 and only then they are connected to the main line, because of this, the pressure of the “reverse wave” is less, since it is more efficiently distributed rushing back. The effect of the "reverse wave" in the exhaust system is most noticeable after the engine speed is reset, this is due to the fact that the pressure in the exhaust line is higher than the pressure of the next portion of the exhaust. And accordingly with the exhaust system 4-1 on the bottoms, after a speed reset, a kind of gas “plug” is formed in the exhaust system, slightly suffocating the engine. Therefore, in city cars, install a system 4-2-1 preferable 4-1 .

For the sake of objectivity, it is worth saying that it's not just about the layout of the spider, is it 4-2-1 or 4-1. It's just that this is practically the only spider factor that we can influence when buying, that is, we want 4-2-1, we take 4-2-1, we want 4-1, it will be so, and then it will be much more difficult. Since the rest important factors such as the diameter and volume of pipes when selling, it’s not as indicated by the manufacturer, and there is not so much assortment for these parameters. Therefore, what is written below will be more useful to you as a general theory, unless of course you decide to release it yourself, but in this case one article will not be enough. So, the larger the pipe diameter, the higher its throughput, but the lower the effect of "purging" or gas-dynamic inertia - in other words the exhaust gas accelerating in the pipe creates a rarefaction and draws the next portion of the exhaust gas. Accordingly, the larger the diameter of the pipe, the more gas is needed to have this very effect of gas-dynamic inertia. Accordingly, the lower the operating speed range, the smaller the volume of exhaust gas for a certain period of time, and therefore the pipe diameter should not be excessive.

There are also often discussions about the length of the pipes - something like if the pipe is longer, it’s good for the bottom, if it’s shorter, then for the top, in part it’s true, but it’s not entirely about the length (although not without it), it’s just about ratio of volume and diameter. Since there are certain norms for the ratio of the volume of the exhaust manifold pipe to the volume of the cylinder, it is +/- 2.0 (it depends on a bunch of factors and fluctuates in one direction or another up to 0.5). And since the diameter of the pipes, depending on the desired characteristics, has a clear meaning, it turned out that the downstream motor with a smaller diameter had a longer pipe, and the upper one was shorter due to the larger diameter. Now, as for the length, people who are seriously involved in finalizing the exhaust in practice confirm that with the same diameter of the pipes and different lengths, the characteristics of the motor also change.

And finally, a few words about the "thermal tape" there are a lot of ideas on this subject, but the functionality of this refinement is quite banal and whoever drowned the "potbelly stove" (or any other stove) knows that it "pulls" worse in a cold pipe than in a hot one. Everything is the same here the hotter the spider, the less resistance its walls create for the passage of gas, and "thermal tape" contributes to so that the spider warms up more and cools down more slowly, that's all.
Something like this, we tried to explain everything that we managed to fit into one general article here, of course it turned out not quite concisely and did not fully reveal the topic. But if necessary and if any questions arise on your part, we will write explanatory articles on this topic.

Which Spider is better 4-2-1 or 4-1?

We will try to answer this question.

When tuning the engine, it is very important that the exhaust system of the car is even an integral part of tuning. And then the question arises which spider is better to install in order to get the maximum power flow. In fact, the answer is very simple, that the spider is 4-1, that the spider is 4-2-1 in its own way. technical specifications are the same, although when measured on stand 4-1 it shows a small (insignificant) increase in low revs, on the tops of the spiders are exactly the same. So based on that, the answer is this. if the motor is going for low revs then a spider 4-1 will be a little better for medium and high revs Feel free to install any of them. Also, keep in mind that installing one spider will give you a slight increase, the exhaust system is tuned in a complex, i.e. the resonator with a silencer will also have to be changed, since it is then that you can get an increase of about 10hp.

And one more frequently asked question. What is the difference between a 4-2-1 spider and a Subaru Sound 4-2-1 spider?

Here the answer is also very simple, if you are engaged in tuning the exhaust system to get the maximum effect and not for antlers, then the spider 4-2-1 is definitely better for tuning than the Subaru sound. On a conventional spider, 38mm pipes are bent, and they are the very first, then 48mm and 51mm, made at a certain angle so that at the outlet the exhaust gases from the cylinders with less resistance go further through the system, and not walk around the round pipe 1-2 cylinders, as is done on subaru sound . The sound of the Subaru is also achieved due to the air that does not get into the engine, due to the fact that the outgoing gases have to make a circle through the pipes, it gets between the communication cycles, so we get a sound like a Subaru, which is very audible at high speeds. But if you are not chasing power and you want to get the sound of a charged car, then

It's no secret that the engine internal combustion has very much (gasoline in the region of 25%, diesel can be pumped up to 40 - 50%). There is nothing to be done, but these motors, in fact, are already the last century (I think electric cars are just around the corner). The matter can be corrected with all sorts of improvements, for example, installing a turbine, facilitating the design of pistons, crankshafts, etc. Refinement of the intake and exhaust systems. It is over the release that many tuners are now struggling, because in competent hands you can really remove up to 10% of the power. But how does it happen? Some people think that it is enough to install the so-called "spider" according to the formula 4-2-1 or 4-1 and that's it! BUT what is it anyway? What spiders, what formulas - what it gives and how it is configured. Read on and you'll understand...

Let's start with the fact that any motor has. It is clear that through the "inlet" comes fuel mixture(air + gasoline), and exhaust gases (burned out in the combustion chamber) leave through the “exhaust”. So if you make the exhaust system as unhindered as possible, you can achieve a slight increase in power.

What is the issue with release?

There are only two problems:

• It's noise . Therefore, the exhaust system is often referred to as a muffler to muffle loud sound.
• This is ecology . Not all gases burn in the combustion chamber, and to put it in "simple language" they need to be "burned or decomposed" into more or less safe components.

If there were no muffler, then the engine power would be by default more by about 10% (depends on valve settings and camshaft). BUT it would not be possible to drive such a car, firstly, you yourself would become deaf from the cod that escapes from the engine (and you would be fined for violating the peace of citizens, this is now prosecuted by law), and secondly, the environmental component would be at zero, because there is no catalyst (and we already have a polluted world that requires global cleaning) - it is not possible to pass MOT with such an indicator, and even now traffic police officers can easily check the exhaust.

In general, the gas jamming system CANNOT be removed, but it can be improved, and this is what tuners do.

What is a spider in a car?

Indeed, what is it?

Actually, everything is also simple here - this is an exhaust tract (collector) that is attached to the engine block and removes exhaust gases .

By the way, our grandfathers and fathers called him “pants” (because they are somewhat similar to them). Tuners now call a “spider” (like this insect because of the plexus of pipes), especially not a regular one, but one that has been changed according to certain formulas - sizes - calculations (for example, 4-2-1, 4-1, etc. ., more on that later).

There are many names, the essence is one. I read somewhere that such a name was made to attract the attention of young people, marketing and all things, the more aggressively you call it right away + 10 horsepower!

Regular "glushak" - what's bad?

Actually, we are starting to get close to the most interesting, why didn’t the regular system please? Why does it urgently need to be replaced (so I think all tuners)?

The answer is simple - a regular system, it can be called 4-1 - UNDEVELOPED!

To begin with, what is the 4-1 formula - these are four pipes (from each cylinder) that are connected at one point (pipe) and then the whole thing goes to the main path through the catalyst, resonators and so on.

NOW WHY IS IT NOT DEVELOPED? As a rule, to please engineers, environmentalists and others, the manufacturer makes short pipes from engine cylinders, which are immediately connected into one. Why is it bad? YES because the distance to neighboring pipes is very short. During the release, a certain wave is formed, which should divert gases into the main exhaust - BUT this wave also enters neighboring pipes and cylinders, thereby inhibiting the removal of gases. The situation is aggravated by the presence of a catalyst (because it is a filter and creates additional resistance), the presence of advanced resonators (the sound is damped well, but the exhaust gases are worse) and the diameter of the pipe (often made thin, within reason of course).

If you say in simple terms — the motor is choking itself , that is, this is the UNDEVELOPMENT of the gas exhaust system. The engine must "breathe" (take away "working out" freely), thereby increasing the power.

How is it arranged and what does it give? Again, very simple - the short pipes that come from the engine are lengthened (in theory they should be about two meters, but this cannot be physically implemented), they are connected in pairs - that is, two pipes, say, from the first and fourth, and two from the second and third (according to the parallelism of the exhaust), after these pairs are connected into one pipe (but already far from the block).

It turns out 4 exits - 2 pairs (2 pipes each) - 1 common at the end. That's the 4-2-1 formula for you.

Thus, there is no longer close communication between the outlet channels, the gases do not interfere with each other (they are grouped) and are discharged more confidently. Thus, the spider gives an increase in power.

The principle here is the same, the cylinders do not interfere with each other to take "working off". Only here the formula is slightly different. There are 4 long branches from the engine block, which are connected into one large path far behind the block.

Such a spider should also work well. However, as usual, there is one BUT.

There are a lot of companies on the Internet that repeat almost the same thing, put a spider on your VAZ and the power will immediately increase by 10% - IN HOW! That is, it was 100 hp. and then immediately 110, and I'll tell you tangibly!

BUT IS IT REALLY SO? Let's understand logically:

• Installation requires removal of the catalyst. And it has already been proven that removing this filter adds 4 to 5% power.
• It is necessary to flash under EURO 2 - 3. Otherwise, there is no filter element! But with firmware you can catch up with your car up to 7 - 10% of power
• Other resonators are installed. Sports as they are called! They have less resistance yet + 2-3%
• Sometimes this whole system is boiled from a larger pipe 51 mm in diameter.

SO what does the spider itself do and is +10% really? Most likely no! YES, it gives a small increase, about 2-3% by itself (but you will not be able to feel them, because this is at the level of error). YES, and this performance is FREQUENTLY only in a limited range of work, for example 5000 - 6000 rpm (not always, but FREQUENTLY). YOU need to understand that if you are planning to install it, then you need to do it in conjunction with other operations, otherwise the effect will be almost invisible.

Despite the fact that the human being is naturally afraid of spiders, many are increasingly choosing them as exotic pets. Spider owners claim it is perfect option if you don't have time to take care of your little friend. If you do not suffer from arachnophobia and dream of acquiring an unusual pet, we will help you understand the features of care and maintenance, types of spiders, as well as all the pros and cons of such a choice.

What spiders can be kept at home

Not all types of arthropods can be kept at home. Some of them are deadly poisonous, while others have an unremarkable appearance (for example, a gray spider or a haymaker spider, which most often live in secluded corners of houses and apartments). Many opt for tarantulas, and there are several reasons for this:

1. They have a presentable appearance: large size, bright color, hairy body.
2. This species includes more than a hundred subspecies, from which you can choose a pet for every taste.
3. They live somewhat longer than other species.
4. They can reproduce in captivity.
5. Tarantula venom does not pose a mortal threat to a healthy adult.

Popular types of tarantulas are: white-haired, bicolor, giant, striped, horned and others. In addition to tarantulas, tarantulas, cross spiders, wolf spiders or jumping spiders are often the choice. The listed species rarely bite people (only in the event of a sudden attack), but even if this happens, their poison does not cause any serious consequences.

Where to keep

Usually, glass or plastic terrariums with good sealing are used to keep spiders. They can be of a horizontal and vertical type: the former are suitable for terrestrial spiders, while arboreal species require a vertical type of dwelling with effective ventilation. Therefore, it is very important to know the type of your pet in order to recreate natural conditions for him as accurately as possible.

Most species do not need much space, as they spend almost all the time passively, hiding in hollows, minks and other shelters. However, the length of the dwelling must be at least twice the distance of the pet's leg span. In a terrarium that is too large, the pet will experience obvious discomfort and a desire to hide away.

The terrarium should also not be too high, so that when falling from the walls, the pet is not damaged. For example, for adult tarantulas, a container of the following parameters is quite enough: 30*30*20 cm. bigger size based on the size of the pet.

It is important to understand that the needs of spiders in space are fundamentally different from most of the animals we are used to - the arthropod does not need much space for walking and activity.

Is it possible to keep several individuals in one container

Under natural conditions, some species of spiders can live together, and these can even be individuals of different sexes and age groups. However, in captivity, it is not recommended to keep two or more representatives of the same species in one container - this is associated with high risks of aggression or cannibalism, and as a result, injury or death of pets. It is also necessary to seat the babies after the first molt.

Important!Joint content of spiders different types In the vast majority of cases, it ends with the death of one of the pets.

In order for an exotic pet to please you with its presence for a long time, you need to work on the equipment of its home. When arranging a terrarium, it is necessary to think over the lighting, decor and filler, regulate the temperature and humidity of the air.

What do you need in a terrarium

Be sure to have a layer of substrate in the terrarium. Firstly, it will help to recreate a more natural environment for the pet, and he will not sit on bare plastic or glass. Secondly, the main task of the substrate is to maintain a stable level of humidity inside the container. For this reason, neither sand nor stones are suitable as a filler. The most acceptable options are vermiculite and coconut filler. Both fillers are highly hygroscopic.

The need for decor is determined by the type of your pet. For example, for spiders weaving a web, no special decor is required, since soon it will not be noticeable under a layer of beautiful lace. The main thing - provide the pet with all the conditions for weaving. But for species that like to hide in shelters, you can buy ceramic houses, castles and shards, cork oak products or artificial plants.

Sealing and ventilation

It doesn't matter what you use as a home - a food bowl or a special glass terrarium, it must be securely closed with a lid, otherwise one morning you may find that the spider's house is empty, and its owner is walking around your apartment. But when sealing the container, do not forget that the arthropod needs fresh air and good ventilation of the container, so several holes should be made in the lid through which the spider will not get out, but will get access to oxygen. If the pet lives in a plastic container, it is better to make holes on the side wall in two rows: from below and from above. To do this, you can use a hot nail of a small diameter.

Lighting

The need for decor depends on the type of spider. For example, for tarantulas there is no need to install additional light, as they are nocturnal inhabitants who are excellent at navigating in the dark. If you want to install light, give preference to infrared lamps - their radiation is invisible to the pet. It is undesirable to choose incandescent lamps, and yet if you choose this option, install them outside the container to prevent burns to the animal and drying out of the air.

Temperature

Spiders are able to tolerate a very large temperature range. Optimal indicators are 23-26°C. Additional heating may be needed only during the transitional autumn-spring period, when the heating is already turned off or not yet working. To provide heat, you can purchase special cords and plates for heating, as well as a thermostat. Devices must be installed either under the container (for tree spiders) or on the walls of the house (for terrestrial species).

Important!The temperature in the room and terrarium should not exceed 31°C.

Humidity

This indicator is very important for the health and well-being of the pet. The required humidity level for each species may vary. You can determine the deficiency or excess of moisture by the behavior of the pet:

• the spider constantly sits at the drinking bowl, dragging soil into it - it is too dry in the container;
• the spider constantly sits on the walls of the tank - this behavior indicates excessive humidity (but sometimes this can just be a pet's favorite habit);
• arboreal species descends to the substrate - dry in the container;

It is not worth spraying the substrate with a spray bottle; instead, it is better to use a syringe without a needle or a watering can with a thin hole. It is important to determine by eye when there will be enough moisture (the substrate should get wet by 2/3). Adults in the container must have a drinking bowl, it is worth choosing its size in such a way that the pet cannot fit in it and drown itself. Keep in mind that swamp breeding should not be allowed in the terrarium. In conditions of excessive humidity, midges, mold and fungus easily start up, which can kill the arthropod.

What is required in the care of a spider

So, it is obvious that the following accessories will be required to keep an exotic pet:

• sealed container made of glass or plastic;
• drinker;
• filler;
• air heater;
• thermometer;
• decor (depending on the type of spider);
• a small plastic box for isolating a pet (for example, when cleaning a terrarium);
• long tweezers, 20-25 cm (for feeding and garbage collection);
• long brush (helps with pet transplantation);
• additional lighting (depending on the type).

Did you know? For agriculture, spiders are very useful - their main food is insects that destroy crops. Thus, spiders annually save up to 30% of the world's crop!

How to feed a spider at home

Spiders are representatives of obligate predators, therefore they must eat exclusively products of animal origin. The most common food for spiders are fodder insects: various types of cockroaches (Turkmen, Argentine, marble), larvae, flour worms. You need to buy food in specialized stores. It is not recommended to feed your pet with pet cockroaches, flies, any insects or small animals that you have caught yourself.

Firstly, one cannot be sure of their health (many insects can be carriers of diseases), and secondly, it can be difficult for a spider to cope with a large insect, frog or mice, moreover, such food is not familiar to him.

The frequency of feeding is determined by the age of the pet. Toddlers and teenage spiders need food 3 times a week, adults need to be fed 1-2 times. The size of one serving should correspond to the dimensions of your pet's belly. However, in many cases, spiders are able to eat much larger portions. You need to give food with tweezers, the remains after the meal must be removed.

Important!Do not panic if your pet has no appetite. The period of rest from food can last weeks and even months in some spiders.

In no case should you overfeed the spider. This increases the risk of a hernia or injury if it falls from the wall of the terrarium, and besides, such specimens are not suitable for breeding. If the pet refuses to eat, but at the same time its abdomen is of a normal size (not sunken), there are no injuries on the body, there will be no molting soon and its conditions are good, then you don’t have to worry.

Terrarium cleaning

Careful cleaning of the terrarium with the replacement of the substrate is necessary every 8-12 months, as well as if mold or fungus has started. There is no need to clean your home more often. You should always clean up leftover food with tweezers after a meal. At the time of cleaning, the tenant must be transplanted into a container. To do this, you need to open the terrarium, use a brush to push the spider to the container.

Moulting period

Molting is a physiological, very important period for spiders, during which the growth and renewal of the whole organism occurs. Shedding consists of shedding the old hard cuticle and growing a new one. The process starts under the influence of special hormones. During the period when the new cuticle (exoskeleton) has not yet hardened, the pet is very vulnerable and defenseless.

You can understand that a molt is soon planned by the behavior of the arthropod: the spider stops eating, becomes inactive. Tarantulas create a bed of cobwebs for themselves, lay on their backs and stay in this position until the old skeleton is shed. The speed of this process depends on the age of the pet: the younger the spider, the faster the molt passes.

What you need to remember the owner of the spider during the molting period:

• you can’t offer food to the spider during this period - live food insects can damage your pet;
• you need to feed the arthropod no earlier than 2-3 weeks;
• in no case should you touch the spider, especially when it lies on its back;
• do not try in any way to "help" the pet get rid of the old skeleton;
• you can remove the old skeleton only after the pet turns over and stands confidently on its feet.

Juveniles, which are growing rapidly, molt more frequently than adult spiders. If your pet has not shed in a long time, the conditions of detention may need to be corrected.

Did you know? In terms of strength, the web is equated to steel wire. If it were possible to create a web rod only 0.5 cm thick, it could stop a tank or a bulldozer. The only reason why this durable and environmentally friendly material is not used in industry is the inability to recreate it in the laboratory.

How many years live

Of course, the life expectancy of a pet will depend on how correctly you can create conditions for it. However, in general, with good care, spiders of various species have the following life expectancy:

• tarantulas - live an average of 15-20 years;
• tarantulas - life expectancy is highly dependent on the species, some in captivity live only 1-2 years, but there are varieties that can live up to 20-30 years (females live longer than males);
• cross - a maximum of six months live, males die after mating, females - after creating a cocoon;
• jumper - in captivity, females live up to 3 years, males live 1-2 years;
• peacock spider - lives a maximum of 9 months;
• goliaths - females live up to 8-9 years, males - up to 6 years.

The general pattern is as follows: large varieties have a longer life span than small species.

Is it possible to take

Most often, such questions are asked by owners of large species, for example, tarantulas and tarantulas. It should be clearly understood that spiders cannot be considered full-fledged tame animals, they are guided by physiological instincts, which is why attempts to play with a pet, train it or try to carry it in your arms are completely pointless and doomed to failure.

You also need to be aware that for a spider, a change of scenery will always be very stressful, especially if the temperature, lighting and humidity of the environment differ from those in the terrarium. Any careless movement can lead to injury or death of the arthropod, especially in the case of small species and babies. Some species can immediately run away from you (for example, jumping spiders), and it will be very difficult to find a fugitive in an apartment. In a state of stress, a pet can bite you, and although the bite will not be fatal, pain is guaranteed. Spider venom can be dangerous if you have allergies (which you may not even know about).

All pets have a different character, so some may calmly respond to your attempts to invite him into the palm of your hand, others will strive to bite as soon as you put your hand into the terrarium. Based on this, it is not recommended to attempt to pick up a pet.

What to do if a spider bites

As mentioned earlier, the bites of spiders, which are often kept at home, do not pose a deadly threat if you do not have allergies. Otherwise, anaphylactic shock may occur with the most negative consequences.

A bite is often accompanied by such symptoms: itching, redness, pain and swelling in the affected area. Occasionally, malaise may occur and body temperature may rise. All symptoms go away after a few days. The algorithm of actions for a bite is as follows:

1. If a limb is affected, it must be pulled over with a bandage or rope above the bite.
2. Wash the puncture site with soapy water and treat with an antiseptic.
3. Apply an ice compress.
4. Drink plenty of water for a speedy detox.
5. If necessary, drink an antihistamine.

Content pros and cons

Before deciding to purchase such a pet, weigh the pros and cons of keeping it.

Among the advantages:

• does not require a lot of time and money for care and maintenance;
• silent, calm and almost imperceptible animal;
• it is interesting to observe the behavior of the spider.

Disadvantages:

• there is always a risk that the spider will bite, run away;
• some species have a very short lifespan;
• cannot be trained, is not a tame pet in the standard sense.

Important!For children, the elderly, people with allergies or other serious illnesses, a spider bite can have bad consequences!

Such an exotic pet will clearly attract the attention of all visitors to your home. If you and other family members do not have arachnophobia or allergies, then it is perfectly acceptable to have a spider. But if you want to get emotional feedback from a pet, spend more time with him, then you should look at more social types of animals.

Video: keeping exotic spiders at home

The sports spider 4 2 1 performs better cleaning of the cylinders from combustion products, which in turn leads to an increase in engine filling. Depending on the design, the operation of the engine changes. The 4 2 1 spider design gives a flatter and wider torque shelf than other exhaust manifold designs.

Spider pipe bends are designed specifically for a specific car model with a specific engine. When installing a sports manifold, it is worth remembering that you may need to modify the middle part of the muffler, as it may not fit in length.

Spider 4 2 1 the most common exhaust manifold design optimally suited for city car use. For a long and lasting life exhaust pipes collector and the entire muffler as a whole, it is desirable to install a vibration damper in the exhaust system, which compensates for engine vibrations.

After installing a sports exhaust system, for maximum performance, it is necessary to tune electronic block management. For an additional increase in power, it is also desirable to install a straight-through muffler, and for great aesthetics, you can put