Car (lat. mobilis - moving) - self-propelled trackless vehicle intended for movement on the surface of the Earth. For fast and comfortable movement of cars, special highways or paved roads are built. Two-wheeled self-propelled vehicles, even with a trailer, as well as small three- and four-wheeled self-propelled vehicles, are not classified as cars.
The story began back in 1768 with the creation of steam-powered machines capable of transporting a person. In 1806, the first cars powered by engines appeared. internal combustion in English. combustible gas, which led to the introduction in 1885 of the gasoline or gasoline internal combustion engine commonly used today. Electric cars appeared briefly at the beginning of the 20th century, but almost completely disappeared from view until the beginning of the 21st century, when interest in low-toxic and environmentally friendly transport arose again. Essentially, the early history of the automobile can be divided into stages that differ in the predominant mode of self-propelled propulsion. Later stages were determined by trends in size and style appearance, as well as preferences for intended use.

History of creation
The first known drawings of a car (with a spring drive) belong to Leonardo da Vinci, but neither a valid copy nor information about its existence has survived to this day. In 2004, experts from the Museum of the History of Science in Florence were able to restore this car according to the drawings, proving the correctness of Leonardo's idea. During the Renaissance and later in a number of European countries, "self-propelled" carts and carriages with a spring engine were built in single quantities to participate in masquerades and parades.
In Russia in the 80s of the XVIII century. the well-known Russian inventor Ivan Kulibin worked on the car project. In 1791, he made a cart - a scooter, in which he used a flywheel, a brake, a gearbox, rolling bearings, etc.
In 1769-1770. the French inventor J. Cugno started building a log house and at the same time built a three-wheeled tractor for moving artillery pieces. The Cugno cart is considered the forerunner of not only the car, but also the steam locomotive, since it was driven by steam power. In the 19th century, steam-powered stagecoaches and rutiers (steam tractors, i.e., trackless locomotives) for ordinary roads were built in England, France and used in a number of European countries, including Russia, but they were heavy, voracious and inconvenient, so they were widely used have not received.
The appearance of light, compact and enough powerful engine Internal combustion has opened up great opportunities for the development of the car. In 1885, the German inventor G. Daimler, and in 1886 his compatriot K. Benz manufactured and patented the first self-propelled carriages with gasoline engines. In 1895, K. Benz manufactured the first bus with an internal combustion engine. In 1896, Daimler produced the first taxi and truck. In the last decade of the 19th century, the automobile industry was born in Germany, France and England.
In 1906, a Stanley steam car set a speed record of 203 km/h. The 1907 model traveled 50 miles on one tank of water. The steam pressure required for movement was reached in 10-15 minutes from the start of the machine. These were the favorite vehicles of the New England police and fire departments. The Stanley brothers produced about 1,000 cars a year. In 1909, the brothers opened the first luxury hotel in Colorado. From railway station a steam bus drove the guests to the hotel, made of a log house, which was the actual beginning of car tourism. Stanley produced steam-powered cars until 1927. Despite a number of advantages (good traction, multi-fuel), steam cars left the scene by the 1930s due to their uneconomical and operational difficulties. In 1923, the Benz company produced the first freight car with diesel engine.

Car classification
A car - gross weight no more than 3500 kg for the carriage of passengers (from 1 to 8, not including the driver) and luggage. Passenger cars are produced with closed bodies (sedan, limousine, coupe, hatchback, station wagon and van) and with bodies, the top of which is removed (convertible, roadster, landau and phaeton).
SUV - a car adapted for off-road driving. SUVs are usually characterized by all-wheel drive, tires with a special tread pattern and other technical features.
Pickup - a cargo-passenger modification based on a passenger car or SUV with an open platform with a tailgate. Load capacity from 150 to 4500 kg
Racing car - a car designed specifically for sports competitions, as well as for setting speed records and so on.
Truck (truck) - a vehicle for the transport of goods. Specialized and special-purpose vehicles are also produced on truck chassis.
An electric car is a car that uses electricity from its own batteries or batteries to move.
A hybrid vehicle is an economical vehicle that uses both an electric and a conventional internal combustion engine at the same time.

The role of the car in society
In addition to the undeniable conveniences that a passenger car creates in a person's life, the social significance of the mass use of private cars is obvious: the speed of communication increases when traveling; the number of full-time drivers is reduced; the delivery of the urban population to places of mass recreation, to work, etc. is facilitated. The 21st century, no doubt, has gone down in history as the century of the automobile. At the beginning of the century, at the dawn of the automobile era, the slogan “A car is not a luxury, but a means of transportation” appeared, now this slogan has become a reality. Modern passenger transport provides transportation of people, their hand luggage and luggage. For passengers, the use of transport is primarily associated with saving time and effort spent on movement. Automobile transport as one of the types land transport received the greatest distribution and occupies a leading position in the transportation of passengers, goods, goods over various distances.
A person has always needed to move both himself and various loads - stones and tree trunks for construction, household utensils and food during a forced change of habitat. Most often, these operations were carried out on the back of tamed animals or dragged along the ground. But someone put a round wooden chock under the load, and then pierced it with an axle, getting a wheel. The wheel is one of the most remarkable inventions, which largely determined the development of our civilization. Almost all modern mechanical devices incorporate either elements of a wheel, or its axis, or surfaces of rotation.
Gradually, the development of mankind began to acquire an increasingly technogenic character. Now it is difficult to judge why the development of human society has taken the path of mechanization of labor, and not the path of biological development.
Apparently, the rejection of the path of biological development is associated with the very limited bioresources of our planet. When trying to create biological helpers, a person immediately faces the need to constantly maintain their minimum standard of living - that is, the need to feed the animal, which in this case becomes a competitor to the person himself. At the same time, even in the recent past, the mineral wealth of the planet, used in the construction of "mechanical substitutes" for man, seemed inexhaustible. Technogenic development was also facilitated by the competitive struggle between individual communities for the most profitable habitat and vital resources, which often turned into bloody wars, success in which required the rapid movement of combat resources.
The need to accelerate the movement of various goods and people was also facilitated by the economic principles of human existence - the faster the cargo is transported, the faster capital is circulated, the greater the profit. The faster information or business papers move, the faster decisions are made, the faster events are carried out, the faster profits appear again. That is, the pursuit of profit, the main component of the economic development of modern society, requires the acceleration of transport operations for various purposes. This circumstance is the main parameter that determines the development of transport in modern society.
Equally important for the development of transport is the provision of recreation. Transport is widely used in the field of life safety and in the performance of combat missions.

MBOU "Secondary School No. 1", Shelekhov, el. address: golubeva. *****@***ru

"A car is not a luxury, but a means of transportation."

Henry Ford

INTRODUCTION

Human society, solving the problems of its rapid development, owes much to the car. Cars have firmly taken their place in human life. They have become so familiar that the dangers associated with their use are involuntarily forgotten. Like any achievement of progress, the car also harms the environment. However, the car is at the same time a tireless assistant, if a person thinks through all the moments of communication with him, follows the rules of operation and safety. And I set out to find out:

When did the first car appear? Who created it?

How much does the car affect the environment?

What is the role of the car in human life?

Revealing the importance of the car in the lives of my classmates.

To achieve these goals, the following tasks were set:

1. Study the history of the car.

2. Determine the impact of the car on the environment and human health.

3. Reveal the role and importance of the car in the life of classmates.

Research hypothesis: having collected information about the history and reasons for the creation of the car, I will find out whether its invention is really necessary for mankind.

Object of study: information sources.

Subject of study: photographs, newspaper articles, encyclopedic and Internet sources.

Research methods: theoretical, comparison and analysis.

1. The history of the creation of the car

1.1. The first cars in the world.

For many years, people dreamed of flying carpets and walking boots. These dreams were embodied in fairy tales. And in real life I had to work hard to feed myself and my loved ones. It took many months to overcome the distances between cities, the construction of buildings went on for years, because there were too few of the own physical forces of man and the forces of animals.

This went on for thousands of years, until man began to create machines capable of working hard, doing hard work and remaining obedient to the will of man. So there were wagons, carriages.

In the carriages, people strived for comfort, improving everything more and more. The desire of people to increase speed accelerated the change of events in the history of transport development. From the Greek "autos" - "self" and the Latin "mobilis" obilis - "mobile" in European languages, the adjective self-propelled, literally "auto - mobile" has developed.

In 1490, Leonardo da Vinci designed a hand-operated carriage.

Russian mechanic - self-taught peasant Leonty Shamshurenkov created a "self-running carriage", which was set in motion by the power of two people. In 1 years, the Russian inventor Kulibin worked on a "self-running scooter".

In his "scooter" such elements of the car as a gearbox, steering gear, brakes were used for the first time.

In the 18th-19th centuries, steam power began to be used as a driving force for carriages. In 1769, the French inventor Nicolo - Joseph Cugnot made a "steam cart" that moved at a speed of 3.6 km / h.

The next source of crew movement was electricity. The first electric carriage was built in 1837 by the Englishman Robert Davidson. Such a crew moved at a speed of 3 km / h due to the energy from the batteries installed on the vehicle.

But it is the years that are considered to be the year the car was created, and its inventors were German engineers Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler. First car with gasoline engine was made by Benz and had 3 wheels, weighed 230 kg and could reach speeds of up to 16 km / h.

The term "car" was established in the world after 1894, when the first international motor racing took place in France. Prior to this, the most commonly used phrase was “vouurotomobile”, that is, “self-propelled cart”

1.2 Henry Ford era

There is one legend, according to which, for the first time, the idea of ​​​​creating a vehicle that would be safe and did not require the use of animal power came to the mind of a young American when, while working on a farm, he fell off his horse and was badly hurt. That unfortunate rider was Henry Ford.

By that time, cars were already being produced in America and Europe, but they were very expensive and accessible to few. And Henry Ford believed that "the car is not a luxury, but a means of transportation." Together with his faithful friends, having collected 28 thousand dollars, he organized the world's first in-line production of cheap and public cars.

The number of cars is constantly growing. By the beginning of 2012, according to the official website of the traffic police, there are cars in the Irkutsk region.

Every summer, specialists from the Department for Environmental Protection and Ecological Safety of the Irkutsk City Administration, together with the traffic police and Rospotrebnadzor, conduct raids to control the toxicity and smoke of exhaust gases from cars. In 2011, from May to October, 34 such raids were carried out, 1319 vehicles were checked.

The main tasks set by the administration of Irkutsk to improve the environmental situation in the region include the development of the road network, the transfer of municipal enterprises to gas, greening the streets, the use of environmentally friendly reagents in the fight against icing, the replacement of small-capacity buses with buses of medium and large capacity, equipping places of sludge for passenger vehicles with heating devices in winter. According to the press service of the city administration

In order for people to get sick less and children to be born healthy, environmentalists propose to take a number of measures, including large-scale planting of greenery in the city, as well as the mandatory installation of filters in exhaust systems cars. To solve the problems of traffic jams, a lot of money is being invested in the construction of roads, bypass roads, and new bridges. A significant reduction in environmental pollution and gasoline savings are achieved by replacing traditional types of petroleum fuel - gas.

2.2. The role and importance of the car in the life of 3rd grade students.

In addition to the undeniable conveniences that a passenger car creates in a person's life, the social significance of the mass use of private cars is obvious: the speed of communication increases when traveling; the number of full-time drivers is reduced; the delivery of the urban population to places of mass recreation, to work, etc. is facilitated. The 21st century, no doubt, has gone down in history as the century of the car. At the beginning of the century, at the dawn of the automobile era, the slogan appeared "Automobile is not a luxury, but a means of transportation”, now this slogan has become a reality. Modern passenger transport provides transportation of people, their hand luggage and luggage. For passengers, the use of transport is primarily associated with saving time and effort spent on movement. Road transport, as one of the types of land transport, has become the most widespread and occupies a leading position in the transportation of passengers, goods, and goods over various distances.

In the course of my research work, I conducted a sociological survey on the number and use of private cars in families of 3rd grade students. Below is a table of survey results.

Number of respondents
Have one car
Have da car
Use car every day
Use the car seasonally
Rarely use car
Do you need a car for your business?
Is using a car harmful to the environment? Which?

Conclusion.

As a result, I concluded that the car has become an integral part of life for most people, many cannot imagine life without a car. People are so accustomed to cars that they sometimes treat them like living beings. And, perhaps, it is very difficult to imagine the life of a modern person without such a tireless assistant as a car!

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Automobiles of the world Series: The most beautiful and famous, Publisher: Avanta +, 2004

2., Autoencyclopedia Publishers: Prestige Book, Ripol Classic, 2006

3. Larry Edsall Legendary cars. Cars that made history from their invention to the 21st century

4. Internet sources: www. *****,

A car in a person’s life has long become an everyday companion, without which it is difficult to do. It serves different people in different ways. To determine the benefits that an iron friend brings, you can conditionally divide people into groups, each of which uses it in different ways.

The first group includes people for whom a car is a means of transportation, without which it is impossible to get to work, take children to school, and solve other vital issues. This reason is relevant not only for residents of large cities, where the distance to the final points of arrival can be ten, twenty, or even more kilometers. This also applies to rural regions and urban-type settlements where such transport as fixed-route taxi, bus, tram may not be. Therefore, the question of purchasing a car is extremely important here. A car that has the following set of advantages is suitable for such people: safety, efficiency, reliability, and spaciousness. You need to be sure that the car will not break down along the way, the spaciousness will allow you to take the whole family on the road, and I guarantee the safety of the cabin quiet ride. The ideal option will buy a station wagon car, which has a roomy trunk for any trip. If you want to buy a car domestic production, then models such as Lada Lagus are suitable, Lada Kalina. If you have more money, you can buy chevrolet cruze SW, Ford Focus wagon. An alternative to a station wagon is a crossover. 4x4 vehicles type Renault Duster, Nissan Juke, Opel Mokka are quite popular in Russia. Pleasant appearance, spacious interior, and high seating position will satisfy any driver who buys a car for the family.

For another type of people, a car on wheels is an image, a means of expressing oneself and one's status. There are much fewer people of this type than the first, and the functions that the car performs for them are very different. Usually these are people who hold high positions in large firms or enterprises, successful entrepreneurs, deputies, and just people with money. A car for them is both a means of transportation and one of the expensive accessories (because they don’t drive on cheap accessories). For this category of people, we can recommend executive business class cars, among which Mercedes-Benz S-class is the leader in popularity. average price this car hovers around $250,000. Alternatives There are many of this model, if you choose according to the Forbes rating, then the next in line will be: BMW 7 Series - $150,000, Audi A8 - $130,000, Hyundai Equus - $100,000. The right to choose a car, as always, remains with the buyer. It is impossible to say which one is better, because each is a masterpiece of automotive construction and has all sorts of gadgets that use modern technology.

There is also a third category - these are people for whom the car is something like a second child. They love everything related to mechanical engineering: buying, selling, assembling, disassembling a car. Passion for cars is their life. Such people like to "upgrade" or tune their car. Tuning a car can affect both the exterior and the interior. Changing the appearance can be the most diverse: installing a spoiler on the trunk, increased exhaust pipe, painting the body of a car or replacing its coating, increasing and selecting discs and much, much more. All these details only decorate and modify the car. Internal (technological) tuning is also possible, which greatly changes the driving ability of the car. It includes: tuning transmission and engine. It is difficult to say which car is worth buying for this category of people, because they themselves are well versed in them and understand what exactly they need. This question depends only on the monetary investment and the imagination of the motorist.

In conclusion, I would like to say that buying a car is always a holiday for a person. But you always need to remember the traffic rules and not violate them, so that not only the driver, but also pedestrians are safe. Be careful and careful, have a nice trip!

"Car Market" - 2009 The entire market - 117.1 thousand units. (one hundred%). Cars - 0.1 Trucks - 0.4 Buses - 1.7. Passenger cars - 4.6 Trucks - 14.0 Buses - 26.2. The structure of bus production in Russia. The total volume of marketable products in the industry is 499.5 billion rubles. Analytical materials of JSC "ASM-holding". ABOUT THE COMPANY JSC "ASM-Holding".

"Car movement" - Red, like a traffic light peephole, always speaks of danger. The car needs 75-80 meters to stop. If you went out on the road and suddenly heard a car horn, what should you do? The traffic light is over 300 years old. There were traffic lights with arrows that looked like clocks. If there is no sidewalk next to the road, where should a pedestrian walk?

"Turkish Automobiles" - Advantages of the Turkish Automotive Industry. Automotive Industry of Turkey. The number of cars produced. The largest cluster in Turkey. Konya. Market policy of Turkey: Protected market until 1980. In the Marmara area, mainly in Bursa. O?B in short. in 2008 ranked 5th in car production.

"Beware of the car" - Beware of the car! About h i n a. A red-skinned stranger With a bright yellow stripe. Guess what: Not a bus, not a tram. Automobile. C r e c r i s t o k. What would you do? T and to with and. Road. Doesn't need gasoline, Though the wheels are on rubber. Trolleybus. No Pedestrians. R e g u l and r o v shch and k.

"Car on the road" - The rapid growth in the number of vehicles. Survey results. Every year, the army of drivers is replenished by an average of 350 people. Target. Violation speed limit. Watch out for the car. Types of traffic violations by drivers. Road accident prevention measures proposed by the respondents. Relevance. Identify and study the causes of accidents on the roads.

"History of the car" - What cars were there before? A cart driven by the wind. Wheel. Steam wagon. Such a car could go as long as fifteen minutes. Cars. Self-propelled carriages. How did the car develop? The history of the development of automobiles. The advent of the internal combustion engine. Appeared steam engines. So glory to the first masters!

The car and its role in human life - the history of vehicles is rooted in the distant past, when a person tamed a horse, realizing what was on it

He can travel long distances. The thirst for knowledge of the world, the desire to see the unknown distances forced people to look for ways and means to move around the Earth faster. Horses, camels, mules, oxen have served people as a vehicle for thousands of years. The end of the 19th century gave people a car, and for more than a hundred years this vehicle has not lost its popularity, but, on the contrary, is in even greater demand among the townsfolk. Undoubtedly, a personal car provides many advantages: independence from public transport, from the schedule of electric trains, trains, flights. Traveling long distances saves money - 5 people ride in a car for the cost of fuel. For example, for 1000 kilometers you need to spend gasoline for 3200 rubles, and on the train for 5 you have to pay 10-12 thousand. There is an economic benefit of operating a car, provided that it is not an old wreck that requires constant repair, but reliable and strong.

But consider other aspects of the use of vehicles. Most negative consequence its exploitation is the death of people. Every day people die on the roads in car accidents, the statistics are simply amazing by the scale of human casualties. Despite tightening laws and regulations, the number of accidents with human casualties is not decreasing. Unfortunately, every day the scrolling line of the TV screen mercilessly reports new victims of car accidents. This is one of the most negative aspects of using cars.

In recent years, we have become witnesses and, in part, participants in various natural disasters: hurricanes, tornadoes, storms and tsunamis, unprecedented frosts and merciless heat. Climate scientists have already concluded that the "greenhouse effect" plays a role in climate change. Of course, in its creation a significant role belongs to cars that produce exhaust gases. Residents of megacities feel the negative impact of these emissions: chronic fatigue, headaches, asthma - this is an incomplete list of common diseases of city dwellers. Another scourge that hits the health of motorists is physical inactivity, which has engulfed the modern population from 18 to 70 years old. How many young 30-35-year-old men have to be seen getting out of cars with difficulty, breathing heavily, with their bellies protruding forward, with swollen faces. Often this is the result of a sedentary lifestyle, many hours of sitting behind the wheel. For many, the passenger car has become the most important object of attention, the meaning of life.

The car and its role in human life has become very significant. The automobile industry has embraced all segments of the population of our country, from the low-income to the super-rich. If the former are ready to purchase a pile of scrap metal for a bargain price at car flea markets, then the latter seek out latest models luxury foreign cars at car dealerships. Every day you can observe an endless stream of cars on the streets of cities and towns, constant traffic jams and traffic jams. The inhabitants of Russia, as they say, seized upon cars, as the natives once did upon shiny knick-knacks. The consequence of this is “rejuvenated” sciatica, osteochondrosis, ischemia, heart failure, diabetes mellitus and other equally terrible diseases. It is understandable to go on a personal car on a long journey, to visit relatives, to the country house, but to go to work on a neighboring street or to a store located around the corner is nonsense. It is all the more pointless to travel every day in a big city where there is a subway and a huge amount of public transport. Yes, a car is an undeniable achievement of scientific and technological progress, but it needs to be used more intelligently!