Truck driving technique Ural. Driving Tips. Introduction to the automotive life of novice drivers. Driving should always be taken seriously: with feeling, with sense, with arrangement. no need to try to master everything at once. it's simple
“The main principle of counter-emergency driving courses,” says Arseny Frolov , teacher contra-emergency driving , master of sports in motorsport,– prevent a critical situation and minimize its risk. And also always be as collected as possible.
Your safety starts with correct driving position. This is a common truth, but many people neglect it and end up with severe muscle pain, a decrease in concentration, and, consequently, an increased risk of an accident.
Another important point - taxi technique. Try to learn how to drive a car without taking your hands off the steering wheel - this will allow you to more accurately feel the car. Note that this is especially important when cornering. Many people turn the steering wheel too sharply at intersections or exits from a secondary road. Passing the steering wheel from one hand to another, they make too many unnecessary movements, as a result, the hand and shoulder quickly get tired. The vehicle enters a sharp corner and may collide with either the sidewalk or another road user.
Practice shows that not all drivers use car mirrors correctly. Look in the mirror at least every 5-7 seconds, and none of the maneuvers of those who ride next to you in the stream will definitely not hide from you. This minimizes the risk of being hit from behind - you know about the habit of many unfortunate drivers to "sit on the bumper". If you notice that someone is getting too close to you on the right or left, just increase the distance.
In order not to notice the obstacle and become a member car accident, you need no more than 3 seconds. During this time, the driver usually has time to orient himself and make the right decision. If you do not have 3 seconds, then the distance between the cars was less than necessary. Remember: the greater the distance between you and other road users, the easier it is to react. However, this does not mean that you need to keep a huge distance from everyone.
The optimal distance for cars is 3 seconds. It is defined as follows: mark a stationary object on the road and as soon as front car will pass it with his own rear bumper start counting. But it is best to do this with three-digit numbers, for example, 221, 222, 223, etc. Those. such figures, during the pronunciation of which approximately one second passes. Stop your score when you cross the landmark with the front bumper of your car. The resulting figure is the distance. If you get 221, 222, 223, 224, then 4 seconds have passed. But remember that the time of ice, heavy rain, fog, that is, with poor visibility, the distance between the cars should be greater.
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Accident-free driving
Let's start with the concept. Sometimes you ask a person:
Are you a good driver?
Why do you think so?
Because I drive without accidents.
Good thing ... I immediately remember the anecdote about the elusive Joe :)))
This is the elusive Joe.
Why elusive? What, no one can catch him?
No, it's just that no one needs him! :)))
Safe doesn't mean safe
Here the analogy is direct, and it is that the average driver is "elusive", that is, accident-free, not because he is impossibly cool, but because he is simply lucky. He rides and does not blow his mustache, which is in constant danger, but, fortunately, in the end everything is in order. And if suddenly something goes wrong, an accident cannot be avoided.
Example. Let's take the left lane of the Moscow Ring Road. When there are no traffic jams, drivers drive 100 km/h or faster, but they keep a very small distance between cars, 3-4 car lengths, that is, 15-20 meters. And everything seems to be in order, without accidents. Accident-free? Yes! Safely? No. Why is it unsafe? Because the average reaction time of the driver is 1 second, and at 90 km / h the car travels 25 meters in 1 second. Suppose the driver in front brakes urgently and his car comes to an abrupt stop. The driver behind reacts for 1 second, during which the car continues to move without braking and travels 25 meters before he applies the brakes. Do you think there are chances to avoid a collision at a distance of 20 or even 15 meters?
No one slows down abruptly, and everything works out. So you can drive all your life and not get into a single accident, but this does not at all mean safety and that the driver drives a car well.
Or a completely abstract example. A person walks along the edge of the abyss and does not fall into it. Safe, but not safe. Slightly stumbled - and down. There is no reserve, no right to make a mistake, everything is on the verge. And now imagine that another person is walking along the edge of the abyss, being 50 meters from it. Both safe and secure. Because the probability of falling into the abyss is extremely small. Even walk on your hands, even run, even jump.
Safe driving
What does it mean to drive safely?
Driving safely means driving with minimal risk of an accident, with an understanding of the risks at any given time and with the ability to manage the risks. That is, it means to fully control the traffic situation.
Safe driving is a set of technical and tactical driving techniques that allows you to avoid critical situations, minimize the risk of an accident and manage risks.
For this you need:
- understanding of the essence safe driving at the level of physics, physiology, psychology and theoretical training of the driver;
- correct driving skills and practical training;
- personal responsibility of the driver for everything that happens to him on the road.
Security - for every day
As you understand, described are everyday driving habits.. Among them, there is nothing at all related to the exit from emergency situations. No emergency braking, obstacle detours, drifts and, especially, police turns. The driver simply does not need it, because he does not bring the situation to an emergency. Using the abyss metaphor, he constantly drives his car "50 meters from the edge of the abyss."
And from the outside, everything looks as usual, everything is human, the driver just drives along the road and does not give himself away. How, then, to distinguish a safe driver from an ordinary one? What is the difference then? The fact that a safe driver knows what to pay attention to during a trip, while an ordinary one either doesn’t know at all and just drives by feeling, or knows partially. A safe driver correctly positions the car in the traffic flow, rationally looks at the road - at the right time in the right place, he sits correctly, holds and rotates the steering wheel correctly, presses the pedals correctly, engages the right gear in a timely manner. He correctly and in time releases the brake and adds gas, turns the steering wheel and returns it to its place. He drives smoothly and with plenty of space, speed, tire grip and time to assess the situation. A safe driver is in full control of the traffic situation.
Driving experience does not guarantee driving safety
Often, experienced drivers who come for training want to immediately take courses in emergency driving, bypassing the level of safe driving. Like, it’s not the first day behind the wheel, we already know how to drive safely around the city. Here, many are mistaken - they do not drive safely, but without accidents. How so?! After all, an experienced driver! And not a single accident! Why does he need safe driving?
Firstly, one can then object, why does he need counter-emergency training then, if without it there is not a single accident?
Secondly, no matter how experienced the driver is, if he has not undergone special training, he himself will still not be able to think of and learn many of the nuances of safe driving. After all, what is driving experience in itself? This is a daily repetition of what was learned in driving school. The driver does not gain new knowledge and skills just because he drove back and forth on the same route 300 days a year.
Although, if you really love to drive a car, constantly strive for improvement and treat every trip as another driving lesson, then you will grow. And then, this will happen by trial and error - much longer and less efficiently than if you are specially trained according to some method. And for most people, driving is just getting from point A to point B. Everyone has their own affairs, worries, thoughts, and behind the wheel they have no time for training and no time for practicing driving techniques. In this case, the driving experience is an unconscious repetition and consolidation of skills from a driving school.
Then the question is: how much can a driving school initially teach? Unfortunately, very little. There is no task to teach, there is a task to bring to pass the exam in the traffic police. The level of requirements for the exam is extremely low, the level of education in an average driving school is also low. Read more about this in the article "Where is the best place to learn driving?".
From simple to complex
Therefore, no matter how experienced and experienced a driver is, in our opinion, it is useful for him to take courses on safe urban driving. It is absolutely certain that there he will learn a lot of new and useful things for himself. Our training experience shows that drivers with both 15 and 25 years of experience do not know much and make various mistakes. And only after the courses of safe driving it is correct to move to the next level of training - the level of counter-emergency training.
By the way, let me remind you that when taking courses of counter-emergency training on your own car at the autodrome, insurance policies for OSAGO and DSAGO, as well as the CASCO policy, are not valid, and in the event of an accident, all the risks are borne by its participants-owners of cars. You can, of course, avoid all these risks by being trained on a school car. In this sense, safe driving courses are less risky, since practical classes are held on public roads, and the insured motor third party liability remains valid, as well as CASCO car insurance.
What is the result?
- Preparation for the exam in the traffic police.
- Safe driving courses.
- Countermeasure preparation.
- Courses extreme driving.
- Sports training.
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What is defensive driving?
In progress traffic From time to time, situations may arise when it is very difficult or even impossible to avoid an accident. It might be a slippery road. And not only icy, but also wet or covered with liquid mud or sand. Even on dry pavement, a car can go skidding if it is “shod” with tires that are inappropriate for the season, or if the driver has significantly exceeded the speed limit.
There is a situation when nothing foretells an accident: the road is dry, the tires are suitable for the weather, the speed is within the permissible limits, the visibility is excellent. But suddenly another driver makes an unexpected maneuver, and the situation is rapidly changing. It is possible to avoid a collision, but for this you need to quickly make a decision and clearly perform the necessary actions to drive a car.
Why does the accident happen?
In a state of stress and lack of time for reflection, even an experienced driver can get confused and make a fatal mistake. Then, in a calm atmosphere, analyzing the accident, you can see your miscalculation, understand how it was necessary to act. But study and analysis do not guarantee adequate action in a similar situation next time.
The situation may repeat itself, but again there will be no time for reflection, in a stressful situation it will not be possible to remember and do what was carefully analyzed last time. In rapidly changing circumstances, there will be no time to calculate and analyze many factors: the movement of one's own and other people's cars, speeds, masses, friction, acceleration and braking.
Why is driver training needed?
Remember how we evaluate the traffic situation, determine the order of travel or the order of movement at the intersection. We do not begin to delve into memory, remembering the points of the rules that we diligently studied before the exam for obtaining a license. We do not even remember the wordings set out in them, but, nevertheless, we almost always act in full accordance with the prescribed order. These skills have been developed for a long time, deposited in the subconscious, and we do not even think about how to act in this or that situation. The decision is made at the level of a reflex.
The same should be done in emergency- without thinking, almost reflexively. This is the purpose of counter-emergency training - to teach the driver to act correctly in emergency circumstances.
How to achieve this?
To learn adequate behavior in emergency traffic conditions, theoretical classes are not enough. The acquired knowledge must be consolidated in practice, working out the techniques in the lessons of contra-emergency driving to automatism. It is very important to learn to feel the behavior of the machine and instantly respond to it. Emergency preparation is the practical ability to adequately drive a car when it is trying to get out of control.
Where can I take defensive driving lessons?
As already mentioned, it takes practice to learn how to ride safely. But where can you get it without sacrificing your own car and endangering your life and health?
For the correct and safe training of drivers to behave in an emergency, there is Vasin Driving School. It is equipped with autodromes fenced off from public roads, where you can hone your skills without risking getting into an accident. The school has the latest Audi cars from all-wheel drive quattro.
All driver instructors have a higher pedagogical education, extensive sports and teaching experience and are certified under the international Audi driving experience program. They are great at teaching you their craft.
Developed for participants two year-round counter-emergency training courses- Basic and Advanced.
- The basic course is for everyone.
- The advanced course assumes basic driving skills in extreme situations, drivers who have successfully mastered the Basic are allowed to it.
Contact us at Vasin Driving School! The cost of training is affordable, and it must be understood that it cannot be compared with the financial, physical and moral damage that any, even the most insignificant, accident incurs.
After completing the course at our school, you will learn how to get out of emergency situations without loss, keeping your property, health and life intact and those of your loved ones.
vasindrivingschool.ru
School of extreme driving
Based on the principle that life is a journey, not a destination, extreme courses offer thrill-seekers a ride in any of the exotic cars on the fast track. Classes are conducted by an experienced and patient instructor. extreme driving who has many years of experience in sports rallies or special training.
Education in any school consists of theoretical and practical classes. Theory is studied in classrooms, and practice takes place on closed tracks of the autodrome. Some extreme training schools can provide you with real trips on mountain roads, snowy terrain, sandy terrain or steep slopes.
After a brief introduction behind the wheel of your car or behind the wheel of a racing supercar, you can learn how to behave in dangerous situations. You will understand why the car skids and how to drive in such a situation. Courses also include sharp turns, emergency braking, balancing the center of gravity of the machine. You will also learn how to avoid and prevent understeer by causing slips. rear wheels car.
Extreme driving courses
At the lessons of extreme driving you can learn:
- pass all sorts of obstacles;
- drive on ice
- apply extreme braking slippery road;
- make sharp turns
- prevent irreversible collisions;
- descend steep slopes;
- drive off-road, sand and through shallow rivers.
Each extreme driving school has its own courses and developed training lessons. But all the services offered can be divided into several levels, each of which is more complex and intricate. Someone will want to stop at the first stage, having learned the basics of extreme driving, and someone will be interested in the most difficult course. It all depends on the wishes of the driver and, importantly, his ability to pay. After all, extreme driving lessons will cost a lot.
Cars for extreme driving
The cars that every extreme driving school has are specially equipped for this practice. Vehicles are equipped with everything necessary to ensure safety while driving: sports suspension, bucket seats, special seat belts.
If you decide only to master the basic course, it is better to choose cars with front-wheel drive. Although they are quite limited in capabilities and do not quite provide a chance to experience extreme maneuvers, but such cars are quite safe.
Quite easy to operate and are in great demand among extreme driving practitioners four-wheel drive vehicles. They are characterized by excellent balance and cross-country ability, which is important in conditions of driving at the limit of possibilities.
Rear-wheel drive vehicles will be the most efficient to drive for extreme driving. With such vehicles, accelerations and sharp turns, dangerous descents and maneuverability are possible.
Stages of learning
Stage 1 - improving driving skills
The instructors will carefully guide you through all the difficult driving situations. At this time, you will be able to optimize your driving skills and gain invaluable experience.
Faced with various traffic situations, you will learn to control your car. Preparation at the first stage does not require prior knowledge. This is a good investment in safe driving skills. Braking in corners, the first climbs and descents, as well as the skills of lateral angles of inclination.
In addition to the initial skills of descending or extreme braking, the instructor will show the appropriate driving style with more efficient vehicle operation, which will help reduce fuel consumption. Includes:
- driving on simulators;
- descents and ascents on steep surfaces;
- asymmetrical braking;
- braking angle;
- off-road travel;
- fuel economy test drive.
The maximum speed at this stage does not exceed 60 km/h.
Stage 2 - improving skills
For experienced drivers at the second stage, you can improve your reactions in more difficult situations and for more high speeds.
After the initial course, you can try to drive a car in more difficult situations. Bumpy roads, more difficult off-road conditions. At higher speeds in extreme situations, you will increase your ability to concentrate and react.
Practice and experience are the foundation of excellent driving, especially in unexpected traffic situations. How to master sudden evasive maneuvers or full braking in emergency situations and make a decision in a split second? An experienced instructor will offer exercises to counter an oversteer or understeer vehicle.
Stage 3 - winter extreme
You will go through critical situations under the supervision of an instructor. Step by step, your ability to deal with emergencies will become more developed. Maneuvers with a high degree of driving dynamics will push you to the limits of the car.
On rocky and steep slopes, when avoiding falls in icy areas, and braking in the winter will provide experience that will be beneficial. The practice of spectacular drifts on ice, as well as the study of the limits of the laws of physics at speeds up to 100 km / h:
- lane change;
- braking angle;
- drift in circles;
- steep descents and ascents;
- sand track;
- forest climbing;
- transitions in marsh conditions.
Video about extreme driving on ice:
Stage 4 - dangerous situations
Based on the experience of fundamental training professionals, at this stage there is practice in especially difficult stressful situations and special requirements that apply to the driver. The ultimate challenge is to face dangerous situations in the toughest road conditions while gaining experience.
Precise steering dynamics and driving in extreme situations are milestones on the road to perfect driving technique. At speeds up to 130 km/h, you will learn how to regain control of the car after an emergency, weight transfer on slopes with gradients up to 100%, winding paths, night hauls.
Level 5 - extreme conditions
For perfect driving you will experience obstacles that will bring your adrenaline from top speed.
This level is the prerogative of the riders. You'll be able to push yourself into the toughest off-road conditions or drift at speed around icy tracks.
Racing tracks, optimal braking points - training allows you to experience the dynamics and efficiency in extreme conditions. You will be taught how to put back an overturned car on wheels, help yourself in case of a breakdown, off-road driving:
- slope riding;
- sand tracks;
- forest climbing;
- extreme descent and ascent on gravel;
- water crossing;
- descent with a low coefficient of friction;
- use of a winch;
- rescue work.
Video about extreme driving school:
If driving for you is a rather big car with an instructor, which annoys other road users and causes traffic jams - try your hand by signing up for extreme driving lessons. Do you have experience? Share with us.
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feng shui driving
Human physiology is very important in driving a machine. First of all, the instructor will make the student sit correctly in the driver's seat. The almost vertical position of the torso and the short distance to the steering wheel - such is the racing landing. However, in fact, there is nothing Spartan in this.
№1.
The human vestibular apparatus works ideally precisely with the vertical position of the torso. Due to this, the driver can timely feel the beginning of the loss of stable movement of the car (drift germs from a skid). The reverse side of the coin - for example, I have problems with my back and it hurt for about a week, getting used to its new position. But after training, the back gets tired and worried much less often. Even driving a car with frankly uncomfortable seats no longer causes as much discomfort as before. 
The correct driving position is likely to cause significant discomfort for a beginner, but after a week you can get used to it and get dividends.
№2.
A close position to the steering wheel is the key to maximum speed of its rotation. This is extremely important during emergency maneuvers, there are even standards for professional drivers of special services: for a certain time you need to have time to turn the steering wheel from lock to lock a certain number of times. Even with the right fit, you have to practice for the sake of good result, and if you sit down incorrectly, you definitely won’t meet the standard. 
Proper driving position implies the following: if you stretch your arms forward and put them on top of the steering wheel, your hands should hang freely behind its rim. So the driver will be able to rotate the steering wheel as quickly as possible.
№3. Only with the correct position of the hands on the steering wheel can you accurately lay out the trajectory of movement, whether it is a turn or an emergency detour of an obstacle. At the same time, the driver feels good grip of the front wheels with the road surface. It is important not to lose such feedback when you have to turn the steering wheel at large angles. In this case, when intercepting the steering wheel, it is important to maintain the correct position of the hands.
With an incorrect driving position, the feeling of the car is dulled, and the driver's actions will not be accurate enough. This is clearly seen, for example, when a snake passes at high speed on the site. But, as soon as the instructor conveys the essence of the problem to the student and puts him in the correct position, the result will immediately improve. 
The correct position of the hands on the steering wheel is 9 and 3 o'clock or 10 and 2 depending on the configuration of its spokes.
№4.
Additionally, the use of a platform under the left foot will help to improve the quality of driver maneuvers. At the time, this was a revelation for me. During sharp maneuvers, especially with seats without pronounced lateral support and with conventional three-point belts, the driver imperceptibly begins to hold on to the steering wheel. Accordingly, the quality of work with the steering wheel drops significantly. However, it is worth resting your left foot on the platform, and the same snake can be driven at a much higher speed. 
The platform for the driver's left foot is not just a convenient stand, but also a hidden tool for sharper steering.
Syndrome
Human psychology is very insidious. A few seemingly natural and logical self-preservation instincts often lead to disastrous results. For example, even where the driver’s eyes are directed is important.
№5. Whatever skills the driver has, he will always arrive where he looks. In no case should you focus on an obstacle when driving around it. In a mysterious way, this psychological nuance makes you perform any action other than the right one. That is why, even on a spacious snowy area, you can always come to a single post, purposefully training or just enjoying sideways riding!
№6. Probably the most dangerous psychological reflex is to brake urgently to the last. It is certainly important to maximize the speed. However, it is also necessary to be able to release the brake so that braking does not interfere with the correct maneuver. This nuance has not lost its relevance even with the advent of systems exchange rate stability and the simplest anti-lock braking system ABS brakes.
When braking hard on a car that is deprived of even the simplest electronic ABS assistant, there is a high risk of blocking the front wheels. In this case, it is useless to turn the steering wheel - the car will continue to move in a straight line. ABS and the stability control system keep the ability to drive a car in various conditions, but do not cancel the laws of physics. The front wheels are constantly subjected to longitudinal (acceleration and deceleration) and transverse (turning) forces. Their interaction characterizes the Kamm circle. For example, a wheel blocked during braking (excessive longitudinal force) is no longer able to transmit any turning force (lateral force). Therefore, even with the intervention of ABS, the brake pedal pressed to the floor greatly increases the turning radius. And vice versa, no assistants will make the car fit into the turn when the speed of the car is too high. 
Kamma circle - the dependence of the transverse and longitudinal forces transmitted by the tire. As long as their resultant component remains within the circumference, the vehicle's driving stability is guaranteed. Going beyond its limits is the loss of tire grip with the road.
The laws of physics that are difficult to perceive are best conveyed to the student by the “rearrangement” exercise. It repeats the well-known "moose test", but provides for intensive braking before avoiding an obstacle. The instructor arranges the cones in such a way that it is very difficult to fit into the artificial frames. You need to act accurately. If you do not release the brake pedal before turning the steering wheel, even if electronic assistants the car will go in a wider arc and blow off a couple of plastic stops. 
Exercise "rearrangement" - a variation of the "elk test", including short-term emergency braking in front of an obstacle. This maneuver perfectly shows live the redistribution of longitudinal and transverse forces acting on the wheel, and the mass of the car.
In addition to demonstrating Kamm's law of the circle, the "rearrangement" also clearly shows the effect of redistributing the mass of the car. When braking, a significant part of it is transferred to the front axle, and the car nods. At the same time, the grip of the front wheels is significantly increased due to their stronger pressing to the road. If you release the brake pedal at the same time as the steering wheel starts to turn, you can achieve a small radius of the arc along which the car will go, and fit into a narrow corridor of cones. At this point, several fortunate factors coincide. When the brake is released, the longitudinal force acting on the wheel decreases, and for some time the front axle of the car remains loaded and increased tire grip is maintained. Turning the steering wheel at this point will provide maximum turning force.
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Reflexes while driving
№7. Get over yourself and into emergency Pressing the gas is also a very important psychological moment. Personally, it took me the most time to crack this reflex. For simplicity, let's take the example of front wheel drive car. When an unexpected skid occurs in a turn, when the rear axle begins to overtake the front, we turn the steering wheel in the direction of the skid with the addition of gas, and the car stabilizes. The main thing here is not to catch the so-called whip. If you do not put the steering wheel straight in time, then the car will eventually skid even more, but in the other direction. The instructor will definitely demonstrate to the student this extremely important point.
№8.
The classic trajectory allows you to take turns with greater speed. Do not take this moment lightly. It helps not only in racing, but also in everyday life. There are always a lot of factors when the speed before the turn is too high: driver inattention; the absence of a sign about a sharp bend in the road; difficult weather conditions. Often, the lane width (up to 3.75 m) makes it possible to make the maneuver trajectory more gentle - from the outer turning radius to the inner one. This can be easily trained in everyday driving without annoying other road users. 
The classic trajectory of cornering in racing - from the outer radius to the inner. It is also important in everyday life. Thanks to her, you can fit into the turn, which turned out to be unexpectedly steeper, and not fly into the oncoming lane.
№9.
If the driver learns to deliberately provoke a skid and understands the nature of its occurrence, then subsequently he simply will not allow an accidental skid. It's like learning a bicycle - then you can't unlearn it. The easiest way to provoke a skid (with the exception of the handbrake) is by a simple combination of maneuvers: turning the steering wheel while releasing the gas. This is a continuation of the theme with the redistribution of the mass of the car and the Kamm circle. Most often, such a “maneuver” can be observed in winter in long turns performed by inexperienced drivers. For some reason, a person abruptly releases friendly gas, the front axle of the car is additionally loaded, the turned wheels gain additional grip - and the car goes into a skid. The instructor will not only teach you how to do it on purpose, but also show you how to properly extinguish a skid or, on the contrary, support it when necessary. With such a wealth of knowledge and practice, the driver will no longer perform dangerous actions on public roads. 
Special provocation of skidding and its maintenance - great tool to figure out the nature of the phenomenon and never again allow its unexpected occurrence.
№10. Knowing the laws of physics will come to the rescue, even when the car continues to move in a straight line during a turn. That is, you went too far with the input speed. It is useless to additionally load the turned wheels with braking. Naturally, in some cases it is possible to trust rear axle handbrake to fit into the turn. But this is too dangerous. It is much safer to repeatedly short-term return of the steering wheel to the straight position and turn again. We'll have to break the psychological barrier again. When the steering wheel is returned to the position directly, the front wheels that have lost traction with the canvas regain it. Re-turning the steering wheel, if done more smoothly, allows you to better realize the turning force. Repeated repetition of the maneuver often saves the situation and still helps to fit into the turning arc.
All acquired skills sooner or later help in real life. In my experience, it was a summer “rearrangement” to the side of the road, when I didn’t calculate the speed, distance, weather conditions and almost caught up with an expensive sedan. During the off-season, the experience gained helped me to fit into a blind sharp turn and not fly out into the oncoming lane under a truck. The speed seemed to be normal, and I also saw the sign of a dangerous turn, but I could not imagine that the valiant road workers had spilled water in this place, which froze at night. The classic trajectory and releasing the brake pedal before the maneuver helped to get out of the situation without loss.
Defensive driving courses are very extensive and have a lot of exercises. Therefore, it is very important to visit them both in summer and in winter. For example, skid exercises are easier to do in winter - this way they are better perceived by the student. And honing the “rearrangement” is more suitable for summer.
Proper driving is one of the most important conditions for increasing its service life and trouble-free operation, and also allows you to achieve high average speeds with minimal fuel consumption.
Successful overcoming of difficult sections of the road is possible only with the skillful control of all mechanisms of the car. When working with a trailer and in difficult road conditions (snow, mud, soft ground, sand, etc.), start moving only in first gear. On soft soils, wet meadows, virgin snow and sandy areas, move smoothly, without jerking, slipping or stopping. Overcome small snowdrifts and short climbs with acceleration. In particularly difficult areas (snow, mud, soft ground, sand, etc.), if necessary, reduce the air pressure in the tires to a certain value corresponding to the best cross-country ability in this area (for vehicles with a centralized tire inflation system) and block the differential transfer box, since the slipping of the drive wheels when the vehicle loses mobility or movement with wheel slip with the differential unlocked leads to intense wear of the transfer case differential and tires.
In all other cases of movement in the absence of wheel slip, unlock the differential of the transfer case to avoid additional loads in the transmission. Engage low gear in the transfer case when driving on difficult sections of the road, as well as on steep slopes.
Shift gears in the transfer box only after the car has come to a complete stop, do not set the transfer box control lever to neutral position when the gear in the gearbox is engaged and the auxiliary power take-off is off.
Switch on the auxiliary power take-off and the power take-off with the vehicle stopped, the clutch disengaged and the air pressure in the pneumatic system at least 500 kPa (5 kgf/cm²). After moving the crane lever to the “on” position, release the clutch pedal smoothly.
Brake the car smoothly, gradually increasing the pressure on the pedal. On long descents, apply engine braking using the auxiliary brake. At the same time, the rotation frequency crankshaft engine may be close to nominal, but not exceed 2100 min -1 . If the engine develops a speed above 2100 min -1, periodically slow down the car intensively with service brakes.
Attention! Do not turn off the engine on long descents.
Stopping the car on a slope is not recommended. In the event of a forced stop, it is necessary to take measures to prevent the vehicle from rolling off: turn off the fuel supply, turn on parking brake, first gear in the gearbox and place blocks under the wheels.
Use caution when driving on slippery and icy roads to avoid side slip.
On vehicles with a centralized tire pressure control system, when driving on improved pavement roads with a rated load, the tire pressure must be nominal.
On difficult sections of the road on cars, a short-term decrease in the internal air pressure in the tires is allowed. At the same time, the maximum mileage and maximum speed must not exceed the values given below.
Type of roads: Heavy areas of wetlands, virgin snow and loose sands
0,05 (0,5) 0,10 (1,0) 0,15 (1,5)
Maximum speed, km/h:
15, 20, 25, 20, 30
14.00-20
, km:
600, 800, 1400
Maximum mileage during warranty period tire service 1200x500-508, km:
400, 1000
Type of roads: Roads of all types pa. tire inflation period after heavy sections of the track
Permissible reduced pressure, MPa (kgf/cm²):In the range from the highest value of the allowed reduced pressure to the pressure corresponding to the maximum allowable (nominal) load on the tire
Maximum speed, km/h:
30, 40
Maximum mileage during the tire warranty period 14.00-20
, km:
1400
Maximum mileage during the tire warranty period 1200x500-508, km:
1000
Note. It is recommended to stop the car during the period of increase in tire pressure when driving onto a paved road.
Do not depressurize tires more than necessary for road conditions. Remember that reduced pressure mileage is limited, reduce pressure only when absolutely necessary.
When driving with reduced pressure, keep an eye on the tire pressure gauge.
It is forbidden to drive with reduced pressure to increase the smoothness of the ride. When driving for a long time, the pressure in the tires may increase due to the heating of the tires. To reduce rolling resistance and to save fuel, do not reduce the pressure in hot tires.
While driving, the wheel valves must be fully open, and for long periods of parking, in order to avoid air leakage through leaky pipe connections, they must be closed.
The car overcomes the ford with a depth of 0.7 m.
Overcoming ditches, ditches and ditches
Drive at low speed, in especially difficult conditions, block the transfer case differential. Cross ditches at a right angle, otherwise, when the car is tilted, the redistribution of the load will cause slipping of the unloaded wheels.
Driving with a trailer and semi-trailer
To ensure performance towing device use a trailer coupling eyelet with an inner diameter of 90 mm and a cross section of 42 mm; a towing hook with a throat diameter of 48 mm and a throat width of 69 mm. Permissible limit dimensions: loop section 38 mm, hook opening 52 mm, hook width 66 mm.
Towing hooks and towing eyelets that are not the same dimensions as above must be replaced with new ones.
When maneuvering, avoid folding the trailer until the drawbar of the trailer stops against the end of the frame side member or other elements of the vehicle.
Failure to comply with these requirements may result in the trailer loop jamming in the tow hook opening and breaking the tow hook.
When overcoming particularly difficult sections, unhook the trailer and, after overcoming the section, pull it up to the vehicle with a winch. At the same time, remember that three or four turns should remain on the drum. Pull the trailer at an average engine speed. Do not tow a trailer with a winch cable.
When overcoming difficult road sections by a Ural 43203-10, Ural 43203-31 car with a trailer (or when maneuvering), do not allow the spare wheel and its holder to come into contact with the trailer.
Center of gravity truck tractors is located above the center of gravity of flatbed vehicles, so take extra care when driving. Brake the train slowly.
Remember that the road train moves well in difficult road conditions when the tractor and semi-trailer do not have a folding angle in the horizontal plane or this angle is very small. With an increase in the folding angle, a lateral force begins to act, which tends to overturn the tractor or cause it to slide sideways.
Attention! When driving with auxiliary brake on slippery roads with low grip and no trailers solenoid valve brake system folding and skidding of the trailer is possible.
Today, the number of cars on the streets of cities exceeds all possible expectations. But not all drivers have mastered the skills of driving a car qualitatively and at a professional level. Many pedestrians at least once in their lives thought about the fact that they need to take courses, pass on the rights and get their own vehicle. But many are stopped by the fear of iron horse, fear of not coping with training or being alone on the road and personally responsible for the safety of oneself and others. Everyone is afraid to drive for the first time. Experience and skillfully honed skills come with time, in our practice we have not yet met a single person who, sitting behind the wheel for the first time, immediately coped with all the difficult situations on the road. In driving a car, the most important thing is practice, many hours workshops will help hone your knowledge to automatism. But there is no practice without theory. The first thing you are introduced to in driving courses is theory. It starts your journey into the world traffic.
When you decide to learn how to drive a car and get the coveted rights, it is worth remembering that your favorite car starts "kicking" on the road, trying to hit expensive car, which rides in the next row, will choose exactly the path that runs through all the potholes and pits. But with the help of a properly selected driving school for beginners, which will use an up-to-date and modern teaching methodology, unpleasant episodes are minimized. When acquiring new knowledge, the most important thing is the competent distribution of your forces, maximum criticality to your successes and failures in all stages of training, and be sure to remember and listen to the advice that the teacher gives you in the driving school lessons.
One of important points in teaching car driving theory for beginners, is sound thinking. Indeed, in addition to simple skills, you need to learn to clearly understand your actions in any situations on the road, and also be able to calculate everything possible options developments in a short time.
First of all, we will talk about correct technique management vehicle.
If you look at beginners during practical training in a driving school, you will notice that many adopt the wrong driving position. They sit somehow, crooked or half-turned, arguing their actions by saying that it doesn’t matter how they sit, because the main thing is that the car is moving. This way of looking at things is fundamentally wrong. Initially, you need to do everything right, because if you learn on your own, you can gain unnecessary skills that will only interfere with your driving. If you look closely at the traffic during rush hour on the highway, you can see that most cars drive smoothly and do not get out of the general flow. Such driving is ideal, because driving is easy and calmly pleasant for everyone. But those individuals who are used to driving somehow, constantly twitch somewhere on the road, drive the car tensely, jerkily. Such driving will not bring pleasure to either you or your passengers, because you will not be able to relax behind the wheel. Remember that all your actions in the car are reflected on the road. It cannot be that you have taken the wrong position in the cabin, for example, sitting very close to the steering wheel, and this has passed without consequences. Someday someone will suffer because of you and it will be good if only the car is damaged.
When meeting with a car, you need to fully get used to its interior. Explore all levers, buttons and lights as much as possible using the instruction manual this car. There is no extra details and appliances. Everything that you see in front of you, you will need and will be in regular use while driving.
What is the correct driving position for the driver?
You need to figure out the position of the seat. It is important to adjust it exactly to your physique. To adjust the seat, you need to work on the pedals in order to understand in what position it will be comfortable for you to drive the car. There is general recommendations for seating position, but do not forget about comfort and personal preference.
The next step will be wheel. In no case should it be compressed with the use of force, and you should not drive a car with “one finger”. For a better understanding, a proverb has long been coined that the steering wheel should be held like a bird, lightly and gently, but not too weakly. When you get to know the steering wheel, you need to master correct location hands on it, your palms should be slightly above the horizontal axis, which can be mentally drawn through the steering circle. When you have found this place, remember that from now on, this is where your hands will live. Now, having decided how the hands lie, you can adjust the back driver's seat. This is also an important stage, because most drivers spend many hours behind the wheel of their car and a tired, tense back will not become you. the best assistant. When adjusting the backrest, you need to take into account your height and arm length, the ideal position is that your back is as relaxed as possible and is adjacent to the seat, and your hands can easily reach all the necessary levers and buttons. In this position, you will not waste time on unnecessary actions and thereby be distracted from the situation on the road.
When getting acquainted with a vehicle, a novice motorist has a number of questions, the answers to which you need to know before you go on the road for the first time. The only true guide to avoid unforeseen situations on the road for both an experienced and a novice car owner is the traffic rules. before receiving driver's license, a potential motorist learns the rules of the road in theory and applies them in practice. Despite this, at self driving car still remains a number of unresolved issues. Consider the main recommendations that allow a young motorist to master the driving style and avoid unpleasant situations on the road.
Vehicle driving style.
Not only the set of rules of the road and various instructions for novice motorists allow us to answer common questions that arise in the early stages of driving a car. Unfortunately, printed manuals do not provide for all cases that may arise on the road. The most detailed understanding of the issue of driving a vehicle allows you to get personal experience experienced motorist, which he willingly shares with a newcomer. It is practical exercises under the guidance of an experienced teacher that allow you to fully master the style of driving a car and answer common questions. After studying the recommendations and instructions of the instructor, we get answers to many questions and begin to feel more confident when driving. Courses for beginner motorists, reveal in detail the rules of the road and allow you to gain initial practical experience.
Therefore, in the course of training a potential motorist, important role play not only printed manuals and various instructions, but also the choice of a car instructor. It is the basics provided by a car instructor that make a big contribution to the driving character of a trained car enthusiast. After all, the experience passed down by drivers from generation to generation is a reliable and proven guide that allows you to avoid unforeseen situations on the road. How and what kind of experience a car instructor will give to a future driver depends on the novice's behavior on the road. Therefore, the first question that needs to be approached legibly and responsibly is the choice of a car instructor.
In this case, it is worth giving preference to proven and well-established driving schools.
Introduction to the vehicle.
Every modern car has its technical features which should be considered when driving a vehicle. Therefore, before you get behind the wheel of your car, you need to familiarize yourself with its characteristics in detail. To do this, it is worth thoroughly studying the following materials:
- Machine device.
- Driving Instructions.
- The location of all controls, as well as their exact purpose.
- Sound and light signals car.
Before driving, you need to prepare the car for yourself. To do this, you need to adjust driver's seat and adjust the rear view mirrors. Having got rid of discomfort, it will be possible to fully focus on the road.
It is also necessary to study the dimensions of the machine well and get used to them in a small area. After that, you can safely advance to big road well feeling the dimensions of your vehicle.
Basic driving rules for beginners.
Your further behavior on the road largely depends on what experience you have received from a car instructor. Therefore, it is necessary to try to adopt only the correct driving experience in accordance with the set of rules of the road.
For novice car drivers, there are basic rules to avoid embarrassing situations on the road.
Before leaving for the route, be sure to have all the relevant documents. After driving with an instructor is over, it is necessary to without fail have rights. And the most important code of security guarantors:
- Before you hit the road carefully work out your route.
- Mark the most difficult sections and disassemble them according to the rules.
- Be sure to accompany each maneuver with a light signal, even if there are no cars nearby.
- Be sure to control the situation behind with the help of rear-view mirrors.
- When driving in the city, do not change lanes for public transport.
- When mastering your driving style, try not to overtake.
- If you operate the car in winter, be sure to master engine braking.
- Always turn on the daytime running lights before driving.
Improve your experience and be vigilant. Good luck on the roads!
Hello! I am a driving instructor and I want to offer novice drivers my method of learning to drive a car, so to speak, remotely. Instructions for novice drivers will help you quickly master the car.
Any undertaking begins with a theory.
INcar driving , simply, it is necessary first to disassemble theoretically from the very beginning of learning to drive, starting from starting off and to driving around the city, i.e. from scratch, a novice driver must undergo theoretical training in driving a car.
Each article in this section is step by step instructions becoming a "teapot" in a professional driver.
A diligent study of the proposed methods and instructions will speed up the receipt of a driver's license. Read all these articles carefully and be sure to re-read what you do not understand. In any article, you can find something new and necessary to solve your problem and speed up the learning process. It's a theory practical driving fromdriving instructor and it will fully help you learn how to drive a car with mechanical box gears.
Read instructions:
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