Chapter 6

ELEMENTS OF THE THEORY OF FIRE VEHICLE MOVEMENT

The theory of movement of a fire truck (FA) considers the factors that determine the time it takes for a fire department to travel to the place of a call. The theory of PA motion is based on the theory operational properties automobile vehicles (ATS).

To evaluate the design properties of the UV and its ability to arrive at the call site in time, it is necessary to analyze the following operational properties: traction and speed, braking, motion stability, controllability, maneuverability, smoothness.

Traction and speed properties of a fire truck

The traction and speed properties of the PA are determined by its ability to move under the action of the longitudinal (traction) forces of the driving wheels. (The wheel is called driving if torque is transmitted to it through the transmission from the ATC engine.)

This group of properties consists of traction properties that allow the UAV to overcome slopes and tow trailers, and speed properties that allow the UAV to move with high speeds, accelerate (acceleration) and move by inertia (coast).

For a preliminary assessment of traction and speed properties, specific power is used N G PA, i.e. engine power ratio N, kW, k gross weight car G, t. According to NPB 163-97, the specific power of the PA must be at least 11 kW / t.

For domestic serial PAs, the specific power is less than the recommended airbag value. Increase N G serial PA is possible if you install engines with more power on them or if you do not fully use the load capacity of the base chassis.

Evaluation of the traction-speed properties of the PA in terms of specific power can only be preliminary, since often vehicles with the same N G have different top speed and acceptability.

In regulatory documents and technical literature there is no unity in the estimated indicators (meters) of the traction and speed properties of the vehicle. The total number of proposed performance indicators is more than fifteen.

The specifics of operation and movement (sudden departure from cold engine, intensive movement with frequent accelerations and decelerations, rare use of coastdown) allows us to distinguish four main indicators for assessing the traction and speed properties of the UA:

top speed v max ;

the maximum climb to be overcome in first gear at a constant speed (angle α max or slope i max);

acceleration time to set speed t υ;

minimum sustained speed v min.

Indicators v max , αmax , t and v min are determined analytically and experimentally. For the analytical determination of these indicators, it is necessary to solve the differential equation of the UA movement, which is valid for a particular case - rectilinear movement in the profile and plan of the road (Fig. 6.1). In reference frame 0 xyz this equation looks like

where G– PA mass, kg; δ > 1 - coefficient for accounting for rotating masses (wheels, transmission parts) PA; R k - total tractive force drive wheels PA, N; Ρ Σ =P f +P i +P in the total force of resistance to movement, N;
Pf– wheel rolling resistance force PA, N: P i– force of resistance to PA lifting, N; R c is the force of air resistance, N.

It is difficult to solve equation (6.1) in general form, since the exact functional dependences connecting the main forces ( R to , P f ,P i , P c) at the speed of ATS. Therefore, equation (6.1) is usually solved by numerical methods (on a computer or graphically).

Rice. 6.1. Forces acting on a fire engine

When determining the traction-speed properties of a vehicle by numerical methods, the most commonly used method is the force balance method, the power balance method and the method dynamic response. To use these methods, it is necessary to know the forces acting on the vehicle during movement.

The fire department when leaving and following the fire - arrival at the place of call in the shortest possible time in order to eliminate the fire in the initial stage of its development or to assist in extinguishing the fire (if the unit is called additionally). To do this, it is necessary to accurately take the address of the fire, quickly assemble an alarm unit and follow the shortest route at the maximum possible safe speed.

At the beginning of the 21st century, following the call site can be carried out on the following mobile fire extinguishing equipment:

• fire and rescue vehicles;
• river and sea vessels;
• aircraft;
• adapted equipment, as well as, if necessary, on foot.

When proceeding to the place of fire on fire and rescue vehicles according to the set alarm signal, the personnel quickly gather in the garage and prepare for departure.

The senior chief receives a permit (vouchers), a card, a fire fighting plan, checks the readiness of the department to leave and is the first to leave on the fire truck of the first department. This is followed by the second squad, and then the special services squads (if required) in the sequence established by the fire department.

The route of all fire trucks must be the same. It is advisable that all vehicles arrive at the fire at the same time. Departure of the same unit on different routes is allowed only in cases where there is a special order from the head of the guard or the order of departure of the departments on fire trucks to separate objects is predetermined.

On the way, the senior head of the unit, if necessary, studies operational documentation (a fire extinguishing plan or card, a tablet of the area of ​​departure of the unit on the territory of which the fire broke out) and maintains constant radio contact with the central point fire communication(point of contact of the unit - PSC), if technically possible, listens to information coming from the place of fire.

The fire brigade unit is obliged to arrive at the place of the call, even if information is received along the way about the elimination of the fire or its absence (except when there is an order to return from the garrison communications dispatcher or senior commander).

Definition optimal routes follow-up to concentrate a significant amount of forces and means on a particular object is carried out in the development and adjustment of fire extinguishing plans, schedules for fires, conducting fire-tactical exercises.

The amount of damage largely depends on the degree of continuity in the process of concentration and deployment of forces and means.

Therefore, one of the ways to reduce material damage from fires is to establish increased fire numbers at the first notification of a fire at objects of particular importance and fire hazard, critical objects, especially valuable objects of cultural heritage, objects with a mass concentration of people, in order to in the event of fires, it was possible to carry out a continuous process of concentration and deployment of forces and means on them. Currently, such a system of fire numbers is being installed in many urban facilities. However, it, with late detection of a fire and reports about it, cannot significantly reduce the damage from a fire during the time of concentration and deployment of forces and means. The situation is aggravated by the fact that with an increase in the intensity of urban transport, the speed of fire trucks decreases.

The period of concentration of forces and means can be reduced by reducing the time of notification of a fire. This can be achieved by introducing territory monitoring installations and automatic fire detection at the facilities. Due to this, by the time the units arrive at the fire, all parameters of its development will be of the least importance, and therefore less forces and means will be required for extinguishing and, as a result, the duration of the concentration and deployment of forces and means and the damage from the fire as a whole will be less. Focus time depends on performance characteristics mobile fire-extinguishing equipment, the state of the ways of travel, knowledge of the operational staff of the streets, alleys, other operational and tactical features of the area (region), climatic conditions and other data.

In some cases, mobile fire extinguishing equipment can be delivered to the place of work to eliminate the consequences of emergency situations by rail, air, and water transport. If the fire department follows by rail or water, it is necessary to ensure the safety of vehicles during loading and unloading, securely fasten them to platforms and decks.

Methods of loading fire trucks are determined by the administration railway or water transport.

For protection on the way, a driver must follow each car and, if necessary, a guard must be posted. The staff is located in one place. All delivery issues are determined in agreements, instructions developed and approved in the prescribed manner.

Fire extinguishing requirements

Departure and following to the place of the fire (call) includes the collection of the personnel of the duty guard or the duty shift of the unit (hereinafter referred to as the guard) at the signal "ALARM" and its delivery on fire trucks and other special vehicles to the place of the fire (call).

Departure and following to the place of fire (call) are carried out in the shortest possible time, which is achieved:
Proceeding to the place of fire (call) is suspended only by order of the dispatcher.

In the event of a forced stop along the way of the lead fire truck, the vehicles following it stop and continue further movement only at the direction of the head of the guard.

When the second or following fire trucks are forced to stop, the rest, without stopping, continue to move to the place of the fire (call). The senior chief on the fire truck that stopped moving immediately reports the incident to the dispatcher.

When the primary tactical unit of the guard, capable of independently solving individual tasks of extinguishing fires and carrying out rescue operations related to extinguishing fires (hereinafter referred to as the department), and the forced stop of the fire truck, the commander of the department informs the dispatcher about the incident , while measures are taken to deliver personnel, fire tools and equipment to the place of fire (call).

If another fire is detected along the way to the place of fire (call), the head of the guard or an official of the unit following to the place of fire (call) as the head of the fire extinguishing:

Calculation of collection and departure indicators on alarm and following to the place of the call

When conducting fire tactical calculations, the following calculation rules are used:

The travel time to the call site can be determined by the following formula:

Rating: 2.6666666666667

Rated: 3 people

METHODOLOGICAL PLAN

conducting classes with a group of guards on duty of the fire brigade on Fire Engineering.
Topic: Organization of operation of fire and rescue equipment.
Type of lesson: class-group. Allotted time: 90 minutes.
The purpose of the lesson: consolidating and improving personal knowledge on the topic:
1. Literature used during the lesson:
Textbook: "Fire equipment" V.V. Terebnev. Book number 1.
Order No. 630.

General provisions

Fire equipment should only be used to extinguish fires and carry out emergency rescue operations related to it. Use of supernumerary vehicles, staffing of the State Border Service units cars due to the regular position of auxiliary fire trucks of other brands - it is prohibited.

Auxiliary fire trucks are used to support combat operations to extinguish fires, as well as the economic activities of government bodies and units of the State Fire Service.

For each vehicle, taking into account the amount of fuel allocated from the funds and other conditions, an individual operating rate (mileage) is established for the year and quarter.

On the basis of quarterly operating norms, mileage norms for a quarterly month are established.

To increase the technical capabilities and combat readiness of the units, a reserve of fire engines is being created.

Fire engines in combat crew and in reserve must be in a state of technical readiness.

The technical readiness of fire engines is determined by:
good technical condition;
refueling with fuels and lubricants and other operating materials, fire extinguishing agents;
staffing fire fighting equipment and a tool in accordance with the personnel regulations and labor protection rules;
their compliance appearance, coloring and inscriptions to the requirements of GOST 50574-93

A machine is considered serviceable if its technical condition does not meet at least one of the requirements of the regulatory and technical documentation. In this case, operation is prohibited.

Maintenance and repair of fire engines is organized according to a preventive system.

Reception and staging of fire trucks on combat duty

For the acceptance of a fire truck arriving at the UGPS, OGPS, the head of the governing body of the State Fire Service appoints a permanent commission consisting of: chairman - representative of the department (department) of fire equipment, members - head of the PTC, detachment, unit technical service, head and senior driver (driver) of the unit to which the car is transferred.

Acceptance (transfer) of a fire truck (unit) is documented by an act. The chairman of the commission reports on the results of acceptance to the head of the UGPS, OGPS.

A new fire truck that has arrived at the unit is registered with the State Traffic Inspectorate within the prescribed period and must be run-in before being placed on combat duty.

The running-in of fire trucks is carried out in accordance with the requirements of the manufacturer, set out in the manuals and operating instructions. The results of the run-in are recorded in the fire truck log.

After the run-in, Maintenance fire truck chassis in the scope of work recommended by the chassis operating instructions, and special equipment - in the scope of the first maintenance work in accordance with technical description and operating instructions for the PA.

Putting a fire truck on combat duty and assigning it to drivers is carried out by the head of the State Fire Service division.

Accounting for fire trucks and their work

The registration documents of fire trucks are:
Registration certificate (technical passport, technical coupon), vehicle passport;
form;
a log of the presence, work and movement of motor vehicles;
operational card;
voucher for the main (special) fire truck;
work record card car tire;
battery operation card;
maintenance log book;
the waybill of the auxiliary fire truck;
issuance, return log waybills and accounting for the work of an auxiliary fire truck.

The certificate of registration is issued by the State traffic inspectorate when registering a car and is handed over to the State traffic inspectorate when it is written off.

The fire truck form is included in the accompanying documentation of the manufacturer and is subject to mandatory completion when the vehicle arrives at the State Fire Service. The form is maintained by the senior driver, and in his absence, by the head of the guard.

If there are meters on fire trucks that take into account the operation of special units (fire pump, generator, etc.), the value of the reduced mileage must be set according to the meter readings.

Control over the maintenance of the form, the timeliness and objectivity of filling in its sections is carried out by the head of the SBS subdivision. A log of the presence, work and movement of motor vehicles is kept in each UGPS, OGPS. The journal is filled in by the head of the department (department) of fire equipment.

An operational card is started for each fire truck, is a document of accounting for its work and is filled in by the driver. The correctness of the entries made is controlled during the changing of the guards by the head of the State Border Service unit. A service card, fully completed and signed by the head of the unit, is submitted to the accounting department on a monthly basis, on set days, with a report on fuel consumption. lubricants.

A permit for the departure of the main fire truck is issued by the dispatcher (radio telephone operator) and issued to the head of the guard before leaving for the fire (teaching, lesson, etc.). The form of the voucher is given in the appendix of the Combat Charter of the Fire Department.

The car tire operation record card is started when the car arrives at the department and when a new tire is installed on the car.

Filling in the card is carried out by the senior driver, and in his absence - by the head of the guard, according to specialization.

The battery operation card is entered for each battery when the car arrives at the department and when the batteries are replaced with new ones.

Filling in the card is carried out by the senior driver, and in his absence - by the head of the guard according to the specialization.

The fire truck maintenance logbook is entered for each vehicle and filled in by the senior driver, and in his absence, by the head of the guard according to specialization.

Maintenance entries are made in the log (immediately after it has been carried out):
the first maintenance of the car and the maintenance of fire-technical equipment - at least once a month.
second maintenance - at least once a year.
seasonal maintenance - 2 times a year
about checking the level and density of the electrolyte, as well as tire pressure and tightening the wheel nuts - 1 time in 10 days
on checking the performance, cleaning, adjusting the gas-jet vacuum foam mixer - once a month.

All records are certified by the signatures of the drivers conducting maintenance, and information about the maintenance of fire-technical weapons is completed by the signature of the squad leader.

The correctness of the maintenance logbook is controlled by the head of the State Fire Service.

The waybill for the departure of the auxiliary fire truck is issued by the senior driver, and in his absence by the dispatcher (radio operator).

The waybill is signed by the head of the department of the State Border Service and is an order to the driver to complete the task. The use of waybills, the form of which does not correspond to the established Manual on the technical service, is prohibited.

Waybills for the work of vehicles on weekends and holidays(except for trips to fires) are issued with the permission of the head of the fire department garrison or his deputy.

A waybill is issued to the driver for one day, and in the case of a business trip, for the entire period of the business trip against receipt in the issuance log, return of waybills and accounting for the work of auxiliary fire trucks.

The journal of issuance, return of waybills and accounting for the work of auxiliary fire trucks is started for all vehicles of the unit, including seconded ones.

The result of the work of the fire truck is summed up monthly by the senior driver, and in his absence - by the head of the guard according to the specialization or the head of the State Fire Service unit.

Maintenance of fire trucks

Maintenance (TO) is a set of preventive measures carried out in order to maintain fire trucks in technical readiness.

Maintenance of fire trucks should provide:
constant technical readiness for use;
reliable performance the car, its units and systems during the established service life;
traffic safety;
elimination of causes causing premature failure of faults;
the established minimum consumption of fuels, lubricants and other operating materials;
reducing the negative impact of the car on the environment.

Types, frequency and place of maintenance

Maintenance of fire trucks according to the frequency, list, labor intensity and place of work performed are divided into the following types:
daily maintenance (DTO) during the changing of the guards;
maintenance on fire (exercise);
maintenance upon return from fire (exercise)
maintenance after the first thousand km. mileage (according to the speedometer);
first maintenance (TO-1);
second maintenance (TO-2);
seasonal maintenance (SO);

Daily service is carried out in the subunit during the changing of the guards by the driver and personnel of the combat crew on duty under the leadership of the squad leader.

Before the changing of the guard, all fire trucks in the combat crew and reserve must be clean, fully filled with operational materials and fire extinguishing agents, staffed in accordance with the personnel regulations. The driver of the changing guard is obliged to make all entries about the work of the fire truck during combat duty in the operational card and prepare the vehicle for delivery.

The personnel, under the leadership of the squad leader, prepares the anti-tank weapons for surrender in accordance with the duties of the combat crew.

The driver receiving the fire truck, in the presence of the driver of the changing guard, must check the condition of the vehicle in the scope of the list of daily maintenance work and make an appropriate entry in the service card.

In this case, the operation of the engine should not exceed:
for the main fire trucks of general use with carbureted engine- 3 min;
for the main fire vehicles of the intended use, vehicles with diesel engine and vehicles equipped with multi-circuit brake pneumatic system- 5 minutes;
for special fire trucks - 7 min:
for fire ladders and articulated lifts - 10 minutes;

If malfunctions of fire equipment, fire-technical weapons and equipment are detected, measures are taken to eliminate them by the forces of the guard personnel. If immediate troubleshooting is not possible, fire equipment and equipment are replaced, and fire equipment is withdrawn from the combat crew and replaced with a reserve one, which is notified to the CPPS.

The decision to replace fire equipment and equipment is made by the head of the guard, and to replace fire equipment - by the head of the unit (operational duty officer)

The reserve fire truck, before being put on combat duty, must undergo daily maintenance, which is carried out by the drivers of the incoming and changing guards.

The senior driver (driver) makes an entry about the work performed to eliminate malfunctions in the maintenance log.

The driver, having accepted the car, is responsible in accordance with the established procedure for all malfunctions discovered during his duty.

Maintenance on a fire (exercise) is carried out by the driver of a fire truck in the scope of the requirements of the Instructions for the operation of a fire truck.

Maintenance after returning from a fire (exercise) is carried out by the driver and personnel under the leadership of the squad leader in the unit.

Maintenance after the first thousand kilometers of run is carried out by a driver assigned to the car under the guidance of a senior driver at the maintenance post of the unit in the scope of the requirements of the Fire Truck Operating Instructions.

The first maintenance is carried out at the maintenance post of the unit by the driver assigned to the car during official and off-duty hours under the guidance of a senior driver in the scope of the requirements of the Fire Engine Operating Instructions.

Before maintenance, the head of the unit, together with the senior driver, the commander of the department, the driver, conducts a control inspection of the technical condition of the fire truck and fire extinguishers. Based on the results of the control inspection, the senior driver, taking into account the comments of the drivers, draws up a maintenance plan with the distribution of the entire scope of work between the combat crew personnel involved in the maintenance.

The senior driver of the unit is obliged to prepare the operational materials, tools, fixtures and spare parts necessary for maintenance.

On the days of maintenance of fire trucks, practical exercises with a trip to a protected area are not planned. The schedule of classes during this period is drawn up in such a way that classes can be held at any other convenient time during the current duty day.

After the maintenance, each driver signs in the maintenance log. The second maintenance is carried out in the PTC, detachment, (part), a separate post of the technical service by the workers of these units with the participation of a fire truck driver in accordance with the annual TO-2 schedule.

As an exception, it is allowed to carry out TO-2 at the TO post in the unit if the necessary conditions for its implementation are available.

At the same time, maintenance is carried out by the driver assigned to the car under the guidance of a senior driver.

In the facility subdivisions, maintenance can be carried out on the basis of the vehicle fleet of the protected facility in accordance with the developed and agreed schedule.

The first and second maintenance are carried out after runs, which are set depending on the types of fire trucks, features and designs of operating conditions in accordance with the standards for the frequency of maintenance.

Seasonal maintenance is carried out 2 times a year and includes work on preparing fire trucks for operation in the cold and warm seasons.

Seasonal maintenance, as a rule, is combined with the next maintenance. As an independent type of maintenance, CO is carried out in areas of a very cold climate.

The procedure for planning, conducting and recording maintenance

Technical maintenance of fire trucks (TO-1 and TO-2) is carried out on the days established by the schedule.

The annual plan-schedule of TO-2 is compiled by the fire department, agreed with the service and training department and approved by the head of the UGPS, OGPS.

Extracts from the TO-2 schedule are sent to each unit that is armed with fire trucks 15 days before the start of the planned year.

The annual TO-1 schedule is developed in each fire department garrison by the garrison head of the technical department, coordinated with the garrison fire fighting service and approved by the garrison head. The annual schedule of TO-1 is drawn up in a form similar to the schedule of TO-2

When compiling the annual TO-1 schedule, the uniformity of the withdrawal of fire trucks from the combat crew in the areas of departure is ensured, and the TO-2 schedule and other features of the garrison are also taken into account.

Extracts from the TO-1 schedule are sent to each unit armed with fire trucks 5 days before the start of the planned year.

It is allowed to draw up a single schedule for TO-2 and TO-1

The maintenance schedule is drawn up on the basis of the planned total mileage of fire trucks, the standards for the frequency of maintenance, and the uniform loading of maintenance posts.

Maintenance schedules include all departmental fire trucks.

Maintenance as an exception is allowed to be carried out at car maintenance stations, as well as in car fleets and motor transport enterprises of other ministries and departments on the basis of contracts concluded in the prescribed manner with payment for the work performed by bank transfer at the rates applicable at these stations.

A note is made about the maintenance in the logbook, form and operational card.

Responsibility for timely and high-quality maintenance of fire trucks is borne by:
when carrying out maintenance on a fire (exercise) - the driver of a fire truck;
during the daily maintenance and maintenance upon return from a fire (exercise) chief of the guard;
during the maintenance of the first thousand kilometers and TO-1 - the head of the GPS unit;
during the seasonal service and TO-2 - the head of the unit in which the service is carried out;

The main work performed during the maintenance of vehicles.

To carry out TO-1 and TO-2, a fire truck is removed from the combat crew and replaced by a reserve one. The procedure for withdrawing fire trucks from the combat crew for maintenance and replacing them with reserve ones is determined, taking into account local conditions, by the head of the garrison of the State Fire Service.

The time spent by a fire truck for maintenance should not exceed:
two days for TO-1;
three days for TO-2.

During vehicle maintenance, individual operations can be performed current repair(associated current repairs) in an amount not exceeding 20% ​​of the labor intensity of the corresponding type of maintenance.

A fire truck that has passed TO-2 (repair) is received by the head and senior driver (driver) of the unit according to the act (delivery of issuance).

A fire truck that has undergone maintenance must be serviceable, filled with operating materials, clean, adjusted, lubricated and meet the requirements of operational documentation.

Putting on combat duty fire trucks that have not undergone regular maintenance is prohibited.

Fire truck repair

Repair is a set of operations to restore the working condition of fire trucks and ensure their trouble-free operation.

It can be performed on demand or after a certain mileage.

Repairs associated with the disassembly or replacement of units and assemblies should be carried out, as a rule, based on the results of preliminary diagnostics.

In accordance with the purpose and nature of the work performed, the repair of fire trucks is divided into the following types:
for cars: current, medium, capital;
for aggregates: current, capital.

After repair, a fire truck is received by the head of the unit and the senior driver (driver) according to the act of delivery (issuance). The head of the vehicle department is responsible for the quality of the maintenance and repair work performed.

Before putting on combat duty, a fire truck must undergo a run-in:
after overhaul - mileage of 400 km. and the operation of special units lasting 2 hours;
after medium and current repairs (with replacement or overhaul one of the main units) - a mileage of 150 km. and the operation of a special unit lasting 2 hours.

Preparation of fire trucks for operation in the summer winter periods of the year

Preparation of fire equipment for operation in summer and winter period s is carried out by order of the head of the UGPS, OGPS. Summer and winter periods, depending on the climatic zones, are determined by the decisions of the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Before the onset of the summer and winter periods, classes are organized with drivers, where they study:
Features of maintenance and maintenance of fire trucks;
Ways and means of increasing their patency;
Driving features;
Operating materials and their consumption rates.

In preparation for operation in the winter, in addition, the following are studied:
The procedure for starting a cold engine at low temperature;
Tools that facilitate the start of a cold car;
Means of heating and maintaining a normal temperature in motion and in parking lots;
Safety measures when heating the engine and when handling tactful antifreeze coolants;
Features of extinguishing fires at low temperatures.

SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR OPERATION OF FIRE EQUIPMENT

Organization of work to ensure the protection of labor, the environment, industrial sanitation and fire safety when operating fire trucks should be carried out in accordance with the requirements

Control mechanisms of fire trucks

Fire engine controls include steering and brake system. At the same time, there are no significant changes in the control mechanisms of a fire truck compared to the base chassis of the same brands, except for the movement of some mechanisms and the introduction of additional devices. So, for example, on tankers on the GAZ-53 chassis hand brake they are transferred from the gearbox to the power take-off, on tankers on the GAZ-66 chassis a heat exchanger is installed in the power steering crankcase, and on tankers on the ZIL chassis, a remote control system for water-foam communications valves is connected to the air brake system receiver.

The main malfunctions of control mechanisms. The main steering malfunctions include: increased free play (play) of the steering wheel or too difficult turning of the steered wheels, which complicates control, endangering the safety of the fire truck at high speeds.

Steering wheel play increases as a result of wear on the steering gear and pivot rod joints, as well as when the steering gear housing, levers and drive pins are loosened. Difficulty turning the steered wheels can be caused by excessive tightening of the steering mechanism, lack of lubrication in the joints. The force required to turn the steering wheel increases significantly in case of malfunctions hydraulic system amplifier.

The main malfunctions of the brake system are weak braking, which manifests itself in an increase in the braking distance, uneven braking of the right and left wheels, leading the car to skid, spontaneous jamming and braking or incomplete releasing of the wheels when the pedal is released.

Reasons for the decline braking force there may be wear and oiling of the linings brake pads and drums, wear of pistons and cuffs of brake cylinders, air ingress or liquid leakage into hydraulic drive, leaky pipelines and malfunction of the pneumatic drive compressor. Uneven braking of the wheels can be caused by a violation of the adjustment of the gaps between the brake pads and the drum.

Maintenance of control mechanisms. The movement of a fire truck on alarm is characterized by intensive acceleration, braking and vigorous maneuvering in the traffic flow. Under these conditions, the technical condition of the control mechanisms has a significant impact on the traffic safety of a fire truck, which necessitates increased requirements for them.

So, for example, the allowable backlash of the steering wheel of a fire truck should be 2-3 ° less than that of the base chassis of a truck.

Daily maintenance. When changing guards, make sure that there is no leakage of brake fluid from the steering hydraulic system at the junctions of pipelines, hoses, through gaskets, seals; check the condition of the fastening and cotter pins of the steering gear rods, swivel pins.

Check the tension of the drive belt of the brake pneumatic system compressor and power steering. The deflection of the drive belts should be within 10-15 mm under the action of a force of 40 N.

The value of the free play of the steering wheel is checked by a dynamometer - play. It should be within normal limits with an effort on steering wheel 10 N. If there is a power steering, the backlash is checked when the engine is running at Idling swinging the steering wheel in both directions until the steered wheels turn.

The tightness of the pneumatic brake system is checked by ear. The pressure drop in the system must not exceed 100 kPa per hour. The indication of the pressure gauge of the pneumatic system should correspond to 560-740 kPa, and of the hydraulic system - 400 kPa when the engine is running at medium speed.

The free travel of the foot brake pedal should be on the GAZ chassis within 8-14 mm, ZIL - 10-25 mm and Ural - 14-25 mm.

The hand brake must provide reliable braking on a slope of at least 16% with a lever stroke of 4-6 teeth in a sector.

When following in fire department from a fire or occupation, pay attention to the intensity of braking, the force applied to the steering wheel, the absence of air leakage from the pneumatic system, etc. Full braking should be carried out by pressing the brake pedal once.

After returning to the fire department, feel the heat brake drums(they should not get warm), no leakage of liquid and hiss compressed air from pneumatic system. By opening the cocks in the lower part of the receiver, remove condensate from the pneumatic system. If necessary, wash, clean and wipe parts of the control mechanism. Eliminate any defects found along the way when returning to the fire station.

Maintenance No. 1 (TO-1). All types of work provided for during the ETO are carried out. In addition, it is necessary to check the reliability of fastening and the splitting of all detachable connections of the control mechanism. At the same time, there should be no play in the joint of the rods. All nuts should have spring washers under them.

Check and, if necessary, adjust the steering wheel play, clutch pedal free play, tension of the compressor drive belt and power steering.

Lubricate the steering rod joints, check the oil level in the power steering reservoir and the brake fluid in the main reservoir brake cylinder according to the lubrication chart. Wherein Special attention it is necessary to pay attention when inspecting the tank at AC-30 (66) -146 for the absence of water leakage from the coil additional system cooling.

APPROVE

INSTRUCTIONS

Ø physical overload (when moving heavy objects, such as wheels, batteries, etc.);

Ø Uncomfortable working posture (for example, when performing repairs or maintenance work under the vehicle).

1.11. The driver must be aware of the toxicity of substances that make up gasoline, oils, etc. and follow the rules of personal hygiene: before eating, wash your hands with soap and water.

1.12. The driver should be aware of the high fire hazard of fuel and pay special attention to fire safety issues.

1.13. The driver during work must use overalls, safety shoes and other personal protective equipment against the effects of hazardous and harmful production factors.

1.14. To prevent the possibility of a fire, the driver must comply with the fire safety requirements himself and prevent violations of these requirements by other employees: smoking is allowed only in specially designated areas.

1.15. The driver is obliged to observe labor and production discipline, internal labor regulations: it should be remembered that the use of alcoholic beverages, as a rule, leads to unfortunate knocks.

1.16. The driver must comply with the working hours and rest time established for him: in case of illness, poor health, insufficient rest, the driver is obliged to report his condition to his immediate supervisor and seek medical help.

1.17. The driver, if necessary, must be able to provide first aid, use a first aid kit.

1.18. A driver who has committed a violation or non-compliance with the requirements of the labor protection instructions is considered as a violator of industrial discipline and may be subject to disciplinary liability, and, depending on the consequences, to criminal liability; if the violation is associated with causing material damage to the enterprise, then the perpetrator may be held liable in accordance with the established procedure.

2. Labor protection requirements before starting work

2.1. Before starting duty, the driver must undergo a medical examination. A driver who has established the fact of using alcoholic beverages or drugs is not allowed to work.

Ø no leakage of fuel, lubricants, water, foaming agent and other liquids:

Ø the engine must be smoothly and easily started by the starter and work stably in various modes;

Ø power supply, ignition, gas distribution, brakes, lubrication, cooling, vehicle and pump control systems must be serviceable and reliable in operation:

Ø Camber, toe-in of the front wheels and air pressure in the tires must comply with the established standards:

Ø lighting and electrical equipment and all control devices must be in good working order:

Ø fastening of vehicle units and fire-technical equipment must be serviceable and reliable;

Ø The free play of the pedals, control levers, as well as the steering wheel must comply with the norm.

2.5. It is forbidden to put a faulty vehicle or with malfunctions into the combat crew.

2.6. If the car is in good condition, you should check its completeness with a spare wheel, a fire extinguisher, a first aid kit and a tow rope: in addition, the car must be equipped with a set of serviceable tools and devices, including a jack, a portable lamp, a tire inflation pump, wrenches; the car must have stop blocks for putting under the wheels (at least 2 pcs.).

2.7. Before taking up duty, the driver must check the availability of the necessary documents, including a certificate for the right to drive a car, and, if necessary, also a coupon for the right to work on a car.

3. Labor protection requirements during work

3.1. Fire trucks should be kept in such a way that the passages between them are not cluttered, and access to their doors and compartments is free.

3.2. There should be no foreign objects in the cabin and interior of the fire truck.

3.3. When changing the guard, the vehicle engine must be started after inspection and acceptance of fire equipment.

3.4. When the engine is running exhaust pipes must be connected to gas outlets: after turning off the engine, the garage must be ventilated.

3.5. When starting the engine, the driver should check whether the car is braked parking brake whether the shift lever is in the neutral position.

3.6. The start of the movement of a fire truck is allowed only after the doors of the cabin and the cabin of the combat crew are closed, at the command of the head of the guard or the commander of the squad.

3.7. When leaving the garage, the driver must give a warning signal.

3.8. When following a fire for safe movement fire truck is the responsibility of the driver, for whom it is mandatory to comply with all articles of the Rules of the Road.

3.9. Some deviations from the Rules of the Road are allowed only if the fire truck has a special sound signal of the type - "Siren" and subject to traffic safety.

3.10. In the transport mode of movement, when following a non-operational task, the driver is prohibited from using the siren.

3.11. The driver must be aware that the combat crew is prohibited from smoking, leaning out of the windows, standing on the steps, opening the doors while the fire truck is moving.

3.12. While the fire truck is in motion, employees must be in the place assigned to it, holding on to the handrails (belts).

3.13. During the movement of the fire truck, the driver must observe the readings of the control devices.

3.14. Vehicle speed should be selected taking into account traffic, road and weather conditions.

3.15. The driver must choose the interval between moving cars depending on the speed and road conditions; when driving on wet slippery road the braking distance is significantly increased, so the interval between cars must be increased.

3.16. When maneuvering, changing lanes, overtaking, the driver must make sure that the maneuver is completely safe.

3.17. On steep descents, the clutch and gear must be engaged: during long descents, direct gear should not be used.

3.18. With the onset of darkness, the driver must turn on the lighting devices: on unlit sections of the road - high or dipped headlights, and on illuminated sections - dipped headlights and (or) marker lights.

3.19. In order not to dazzle oncoming drivers, high beam the headlights should be switched to low beam 150 m before the oncoming vehicle.

3.20. The driver must be especially careful when driving in reverse: when reversing, you must not interfere with other road users: before driving the car back, you must make sure that no one goes around it and that there are no people or any obstacles behind; to ensure traffic safety, the driver, if necessary, must resort to the help of other persons.

3.21. Before leaving the cab of the car on the carriageway, you must first make sure that there is no danger associated with the movement of vehicles, both in passing and in the opposite direction.

3.22. The driver of a fire truck must not allow employees to get out of the vehicle until it has come to a complete stop.

3.23. The employee must get out of the car only by order of the head of the guard or other immediate supervisor and. usually on the right side.

3.24. At the scene of a fire, a fire truck must be installed on a level area: at the same time, the car should not interfere with normal traffic.

3.25. It is prohibited for the driver to park the car across the carriageway.

3.26. Stopping a car on the center line of the road or in the center of the square is possible only by order of the head of the fire extinguishing, the head of the guard or another official.

3.27. The fire truck must be installed at a safe distance and. generally upwind of a fire to reduce exposure to smoke, gases, sparks and radiant heat.

3.28. The car must be installed in such a way that in the event of a sudden spread of fire in its direction, it can be taken away.

3.29. If the distance between the car and the source of the fire does not ensure safety, then it is necessary to protect the car from the effects of thermal radiation with sprayed water jets or air-mechanical foam.

3.30. The distance from a fire truck to a building or structure that can collapse in a fire must be at least the height of this structure.

3.31. To ensure the safety of the parking lot, a fire truck at night must be illuminated by side lights or in another way.

3.32. When working on a fire, the driver is prohibited from:

Ø without a command to supply fire extinguishing agents or stop their supply:

Ø without a command to rearrange the fire truck;

Ø leave the fire truck unattended.

3.33. The driver is not allowed to transfer control of the car to limes who do not have a certificate for the right to drive a fire truck, as well as those who are in a state of alcohol or drug intoxication.

3.34. If there are any technical malfunctions in the car that require immediate elimination, the driver must put the car on the side of the road and inspect it, you can start repairing if there is everything necessary tools and if its volume corresponds to the permitted mounting and dismounting of tires, changing wheels, purging in the power system, checking the operation of ignition devices, troubleshooting the lighting system, tightening loose fasteners, etc.

3.35. When servicing and repairing a car, the driver should use a tool that is serviceable and designed for this purpose.

3.36. Wrenches must be selected according to the dimensions of nuts and bolts: wrenches with non-parallel, worn jaws should not be used: wrenches are not allowed to loosen nuts large sizes with placing metal plates between the faces of the nut and the key, as well as lengthening the key handle by attaching another key or pipe.

3.37. The surface of all tool handles must be smooth, free of burrs and cracks; do not use a tool with a poorly reinforced wooden handle, or with a defective handle or without a metal ring on it.

3.38. If it is necessary to jack up part of the vehicle, the driver must take the following safety measures:

3.38.1. Install wheels that are not supposed to be lifted, wheel chocks (shoes).

3.38.2. When hanging the car on a dirt surface, it is necessary to level the jack installation site, put a wide lining and install the jack on it in a strictly vertical position.

3.38.3. Lifting should be carried out smoothly, without jerks.

3.38.4. When carrying out work related to the removal of wheels, it is necessary to place tragus under the raised car: it is impossible to use random objects (boxes, stones, wheel disks, boards, etc.) instead of tragus as coasters.

3.38.5. When supporting traguses on both sides of the suspended part of the car, it is necessary to use tragus only of the same height and install them in the places provided for in the operating instructions for each car model.

3.38.6. Increase the height of the trestles by installing foreign objects on or under them (boards, bricks, etc.) prohibited.

3.38.7. It is not allowed to carry out additional lifting with the second jack of the car already hung on the jack, as this can lead to its fall: if necessary, make an additional lifting with the second jack, the hung part of the car should be lowered onto the trestle, and then additional lifting should be carried out.

3.39. It is forbidden to stay under the car when the engine is running; it is unacceptable to test the brake system.

3.40. To work, lying under the car in order to avoid colds due to hypothermia, you should use a special lounger.

3.41. When working under a vehicle, position yourself in this way. So that the legs of the worker do not protrude from under the car and are not on the carriageway in order to avoid collision with passing vehicles.

3.42. The power supply system can only be repaired on a cold engine; when unscrewing the fittings of the gas lines, it is necessary to substitute some dishes under the connector so that gasoline does not get on the engine: blow fuel system should only be done with a pump.

3.43. When refueling the car with gasoline, smoking and the use of fire are prohibited.

3.44. To pour gasoline, you must use only a special device: it is forbidden to suck gasoline through the hose with your mouth.

3.45. When refueling the car, the driver should use gloves to prevent fuel from getting on the skin of the hands and body.

3.46. To prevent car poisoning brake fluid it is not allowed to suck it in by mouth when pouring from one container to another using a hose: you should not smoke and eat while working with brake fluid, and after working with it, you must thoroughly wash your hands with water.

3.47. In order to avoid burns of hands and face with steam or hot coolant, the radiator cap on a hot engine should be opened with gloves or by covering it with a rag (rag): the cap must be opened carefully, preventing intense steam from escaping towards the driver.

3.48. When working with battery care should be taken as the electrolyte contains sulfuric acid, which can cause severe chemical burns if it comes into contact with the skin or eyes.

3.49. Since hydrogen is released during recharging the battery, which, when mixed with atmospheric oxygen, can form an explosive mixture, smoking and using open fire is not allowed: while battery plugs must be open; during recharging, do not lean close to the battery in order to avoid burns to the face from electrolyte splashes.

3.50. When dismantling the tire from the wheel rim, the air from the chamber must be completely deflated; it is forbidden to dismantle a tire that is firmly attached to the wheel rim with a sledgehammer (hammer).

3.51. The locking (retaining) ring, when mounting the tire on the wheel rim, must reliably enter the rim recess with its entire inner surface: while inflating the tire, it is forbidden to upset the locking ring with a hammer or sledgehammer; in this case, you should use a safety fork that protects the driver from shock when the lock ring pops out.

4. Requirementslabor protectionin emergency situations

4.1. In the event of a road traffic accident (RTA), the driver involved in it must immediately stop and turn on alarm, and in case of its malfunction or absence, set an emergency stop sign or a flashing red light at a distance of 30-40 m behind the car and do not move the car and objects related to the incident.

4.2. If necessary, the driver must provide first aid to the injured and call an ambulance medical care": if this is not possible, then the victims should be sent by passing car to the nearest medical institution.

4.3. Then you need to report what happened to the traffic police: if there are eyewitnesses to the accident. You should write down their names and addresses and wait for the arrival of traffic police officers.

4.4. If the accident did not cause harm to people's health or significant material damage, with mutual agreement in assessing the circumstances of the incident and the absence of malfunctions of vehicles with which their further movement is prohibited, drivers can arrive at the nearest traffic police post to file an accident.

4.5. If necessary, tow a faulty car, towing can be done either on a rigid or on a flexible hitch; in this case, the driver of the towed vehicle must be at the wheel of his vehicle.

4.6. A vehicle with a trailer must not be used as a towing vehicle.

4.7. When towing on a flexible hitch, the towed vehicle must have a working brake system and steering, and when towing on a rigid hitch, steering.

4.8. A rigid hitch should provide a distance between cars of no more than 4 m, and a flexible one - within 4-6 m: with a flexible hitch, the cable must be marked with signal flags every meter.

4.9. The towing speed must not exceed 50 km/h.

4.10. When towing during daylight hours, regardless of visibility conditions on the towing vehicle headlights must be on. And on towed at any time of the day - side lights.

4.11. The driver of a vehicle towed on a flexible hitch must ensure that So that the tugboat is always tight; this will protect it from breaking, and the car from jerking, and exclude the possibility of a towed car colliding with a towing car in case of sudden braking.

4.12. Towing a car on a flexible hitch in icy conditions is prohibited.

4.13. In the event of a fire, the vehicle must be equipped with primary fire extinguishing equipment.

4.14. In the event of a fire, stop the movement of the car and start extinguishing the fire, inform the management of the unit.

5. Labor protection requirements upon completion of work

5.1. At the end of the shift, the driver must hand over the car to the driver on duty, carry out daily maintenance of the fire truck together with him.

5.2. Before parking the vehicle in a heated parking space, make sure there is no fuel leakage.

5.3. Wash your hands with soap, and after working with the components and parts of a car running on leaded gasoline, you must first wash your hands with kerosene.

5.4. About all the identified deficiencies discovered during work and admission - delivery of duty to technical condition car, he must report this to the mechanic, the head of the guard.