car tire passed long haul from the first invention, which was patented back in 1846, to modern diversity and technological excellence. More than a century ago, one single person was involved in the production of tires, and the first manufactories, factories and conveyors began to appear decades later. It is now giant transcontinental corporations that have their own testing bases, huge production facilities and a staff of tens of thousands of people ...

And on June 10, 1846, a significant patent for the history of the automotive industry was issued in the United States under the number 10990, which secured Robert W. Thompson the right to manufacture and install the world's first pneumatic tires, with an engineering solution primitive by modern standards, which was based on an air chamber made of canvas impregnated to retain air with a solution of rubber mass and gutta-percha.

The outer part consisted of riveted pieces of tanned leather. The first tests of the new invention took place in the same year, when Thompson installed tires on the carriage, and then checked the level of traction reduction. The results were great. Traction power was reduced by 38% when driving over rough terrain, and on not the best road surface in the world by almost 70. In addition, traveling in a carriage on these tires was more comfortable, softer and quieter. True, immediately after the death of the inventor, these tires were forgotten. The world began to wait for the emergence of a new guru in the production of pneumatic tires, trying to swear less while shaking in carriages.

The most powerful breakthrough in the field was a patent from 1888, which was issued to John Dunlop, whose name is known today, probably, by every schoolchild who played any game about racing. It is the Dunlop name that is associated with the appearance of the first pneumatic tire in the form that we are accustomed to seeing.

In 1887, after his son's numerous complaints about the inconvenience of a bicycle, John Dunlop glued together two hoops from a garden hose, pumped them up with air, and then pulled them over a bicycle wheel. Again, rubberized canvas appeared among the materials. The success of this Danlop tire was practically proven during the historic cycling race, in which the terrible cyclist William Hume on a bicycle with pneumatic tires easily won every race he ever ventured into. This success was the main reason for John Dunlop (other than, of course, money problems in the family) to organize his own small tire production in the city of Dublin. Pneumatic Tire & Booth Bicycle Agency became the first company in the world to study and produce pneumatic tires at an industrial level.

Just a year later, an unknown engineer working for Dunlop's company proposed to separate the tire from the chamber, as well as to reinforce the tire with wire rings. At the same time, the first method of mounting and demounting tires was invented, which became a breakthrough for all tire companies.

After that, it took the world only five years for the Frenchmen André and Edouard Michelin (Michelin) to produce the world's first car tire, which, with difficulty, but reached the finish line. It was a raw example of a pneumatic tire that did not take into account many external conditions, and the material had a huge amount of internal stress, which led to dozens of punctures on a 1200 km track.

Just a year later, in 1896, the Lanchester Car was equipped with tires from Dunlop, who tried to take into account the mistakes of competitors. The first car tires significantly increased the cross-country ability, comfort, smoothness and speed of the car, but were inconvenient in terms of installation. Installing tires sometimes took the whole working day. Competition between tire manufacturers, increasing demand, and the rather rapid rise in prices for pneumatic tires led to a constant search for new engineering solutions, which led to standardization, improved tire mounting and demounting systems, as well as innovations that are still used today. For example, the introduction of a cord into a tire made of extra strong threads, new fastening systems, which became the main reason for the rampant growth of the tire industry at the beginning of the twentieth century.

It was during this period of time that the dynamics of the development of science that affects the production of tires, primarily chemistry, is most clearly traced. The very first tires were low-profile, thin and bicycle-like. This was due not so much to the peculiarities of the fashion of that time, but to the absence of carbon fillers to increase strength and reduce internal stresses, as well as to give a more rigid shape. It was the absence of carbon in the composition of rubber that led to the white and beige colors of tires in the early twentieth century.

However, already in the twenties and thirties of the twentieth century, carbon became an integral part of the rubber composition along with rubber, which led to a significant increase in the height and width of the tread. It increased maximum load on the tire, allowing to improve the carrying capacity, and also increased the permeability by increasing the contact patch of the tread with the road. Tires made of soft rubber, which, due to the special chemical structure of the mixture with carbon, have only a radial direction of the carcass threads, and therefore very clearly transmit all the bumps in the road to the car. It's uncomfortable and tough.

A real breakthrough was the emergence of chemical polymers, which made it possible to increase the rigidity of the structure without losing comfort and maneuverability, as well as increasing the load on the tire. Bias tires are becoming ubiquitous.

Now science has stepped far forward, and the competition between companies between each other is so detailed that sometimes it is even difficult to evaluate them for an ordinary buyer. Fractions of a second, grams of load capacity, imperceptible percentages of increased traction, reduced rolling resistance. Numbers numbers...

The material was prepared by Pokryshka.ru

Publication date: 17.02.2011.

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Edinburgh engineer Robert Thompson set out to make travel on 19th-century roads more comfortable. Major share Vehicle at that time they were horse-drawn carts on wooden or metal wheels. In 1845, Thompson proposed to inflate hollow rubber tires protected by a leather cover with air. Tests showed that these "air wheels" (Aerial Wheels) effectively smoothed out bumps in the roads, but they were expensive and scarce: rubber had just appeared. For this reason, another invention of Thompson's became popular - solid tires made of vulcanized rubber. Inflatable wheels were forgotten for a long time - at that time there was simply no commercial need for them.

In the late 1880s, another Scotsman, veterinarian John Dunlop, who practiced in Belfast, Ireland, became interested in the same problem. He did not set himself such global goals as Thompson, his interest was more personal. In 1888, his son, who had just recovered from a severe cold, was prescribed cycling by a doctor. It cannot be said that the boy was very comfortable: bumps and bumps were practically not smoothed out by the molded rubber tires of the tricycle. Dunlop glued the edges of a wide rubber band, tied the resulting tube to the wheel rim with cloth tape (which also increased traction and protected the rubber) and pumped it up with a soccer ball pump. The design turned out to be very successful, Dunlop patented it (however, three years later they tried to cancel the patent in connection with the discovery of Thompson's patent) and even persuaded a small local company, W. Edlin & Co. to equip its bicycles with pneumatic (it was Dunlop who first used this term in relation to wheels) tires. However, at first, the new tires were not very successful and even earned the contemptuous nickname "pudding wheels" - people are used to "hard contact" with the road. However, once the skeptics took a ride, the opinion changed dramatically. And after local cyclist Willie Hume won the Cherryvale cycling race in 1889, the invention attracted everyone's attention. And not only among cyclists - the inventors and designers of the newly appeared self-running carriages - cars paid attention to pneumatic tires.

Established with the help of local paper manufacturer William Harvey du Cros, Dublin's first tire factory was named the Dunlop Pneumatic Tire Co. The Dunlop brand has survived to this day - however, as an integral part of another famous company - Goodyear.

The wheel was invented five thousand years ago. First, the so-called rollers appeared, which were used in ancient Egypt. They were used in the construction of the pyramids. In order to facilitate the movement of goods, round pieces of logs were placed under huge boulders. This is where the story of the wheel begins. Over the centuries, the wheel has been modified and improved. The evolution of the wheel continued. But the real revolution in the history of the wheel occurred in the 19th century, when the tire was invented. Since the invention of the pneumatic tire, without which existence is impossible modern car about 200 years have passed. What is a tire? For many, the tire is an ordinary rubber balloon. From a geometric point of view, a tire is a torus; from a mechanical point of view, it is a vessel in the form of an elastic membrane with high pressure; from a chemical point of view, it is a material that has macromolecules with long chains. By its structure, the tire has high operational properties. But in general, the tire is one of the achievements of scientific and technological progress, the synthesis of scientific and technical knowledge and modern technologies. Tire car tire consists of several elements. The tire embodies many of the discoveries of the chemical industry, since synthetic materials are used in the manufacture of the tire. The tire industry consumes millions of tons of carbon black, elastomers, oils, pigments, various chemicals and other materials every year. The discovery of the vulcanization process contributed to the development of the pneumatic tire. This made it possible to find the best material for its construction, and also became an impetus for the development of the rubber industry in the industry.

Robert William Thomson was the first to patent the pneumatic tire ("air wheel")
It's hard to believe now, but at first the tire was not designed for a car. On carriages that traveled without horses, she replaced the large rubber tires only many years after her birth. Robert William Thomson was the first to officially record the invention of the pneumatic tire. He was born on June 29, 1822 in Scotland, the son of a small landowner. In 1844, when Thomson was 22 years old, he became an engineer railway transport. In London, he had his own business and his own office, where the pneumatic tire was born. The patent, which is dated June 10, 1846 and written at a high level, described the essence of Thomson's invention, the design of the tire, and the materials needed for manufacturing. The "air wheel" that was described in the patent was intended for a cart or carriage. The tire was superimposed on a wheel with wooden spokes, which were inserted into a wooden rim, which, in turn, was upholstered with a metal hoop. The tire consisted of a chamber (several layers of canvas impregnated with a gutta-percha solution or natural rubber) and an outer covering consisting of pieces of leather that were connected with rivets. The tire was bolted to the rim. The leather tire had the necessary resistance to wear and numerous bends. Since the skin tends to stretch when wet and expand under the influence of internal pressure, the chamber was reinforced with canvas. The patent also describes a tire inflation valve. Thomson tested the crew with air wheels by measuring the force of thrust. The test found a decrease in traction force on a crushed stone coating - by 38%, and on a crushed pebble coating - by 68%. Such qualities as ride comfort, noiselessness, and easy running were also noted. The results of the tests were published in 1849 in the Mechanics Magazine. But the appearance of this significant invention, thought out for implementation, proven and substantiated by the tests carried out and ready for further improvements and transformations, did not become a reason for mass production. There were no enthusiasts who would have released this product with an acceptable cost. Thomson died in 1873, and the "air wheel" itself was forgotten, but samples of the product were preserved.

John Dunlop put the pneumatic tire into practice
They returned to the pneumatic tire again in 1888. It was the Scotsman John Dunlop. He became known as the inventor of the pneumatic tire. In 1887, he improved his young son's tricycle by putting wide hoops on the wheel, which he constructed from a garden hose, and then inflated them with air. On July 23, 1888, J. B. Dunlop was granted a patent for the invention, and the priority in using the "pneumatic hoop" for transport was confirmed by a patent dated August 31 of the same year. The advantages of the tire were appreciated very quickly. In June 1889, at the stadium in Belfast, William Hume competed in bicycle races with pneumatic tires. And, despite the fact that Hume was an average driver, he won all the races in which he took part. The invention also found commercial applications. In Dublin, in 1889, a small company, Pneumatic Tire and Booth's Bicycle Agency, was organized. It is currently one of the world's largest tire companies, Dunlop.

Further improvement of the pneumatic tire
In 1890, a young engineer, Chald Welch, made a proposal: to separate the tube from the tire, insert a wire into the edges of the tire and put it on a rim, which had a recess in the center. Frenchman Didier and Englishman Bartlett invented ways to mount and dismount tires. A pneumatic tire could be used on a car. The first to do this were the French Andre and Edouard Michelin, who by that time had experience in the manufacture of tires for bicycles. In 1895, a car with pneumatic tires took part in the Paris-Bordeaux automobile race, which coped with a distance of 1200 km, came to the finish line on its own, despite repeated punctures. In 1896, in England, Dunlop tires were installed on a Lanchester car. Pneumatic tires contributed to the smooth running and cross-country ability of cars. But the tires were not yet reliable enough and required a lot of time to install. Subsequent developments in this area were associated with an increase in tire wear resistance and fast mounting and dismounting. Many more years passed before the pneumatic tire irrevocably replaced the molded rubber tire. To improve the tires began to use stronger and more durable materials. A cord appeared in the tire - a durable layer of textile threads. They also began to use quick-detachable structures, which made it possible to change tires within a few minutes. Improved pneumatic tires have been widely used and led to a rapid surge in the development of the tire industry. First World War gave impetus to the development of tires for trucks and buses. The United States was the first in this production. Tires for freight transport were of high pressure, and capable of perceiving heavy loads, but at the same time having the necessary speed characteristics. In 1925, there were already about 4 million cars with pneumatic tires in the world. And this is almost the entire car park. The only exceptions were certain types of trucks. Large tire companies appeared, and many of them are still successfully operating: Dunlop in England, Pirelli in Italy, Michelin in France, Continental, Metzeler in Germany, Goodyear, Firestone and Goodrich in the USA.

Scientific approach to tire manufacturing
By the end of the 20s of the last century, the creation of tires only due to the intuition of the designer ends. There is a need for a scientific approach to the creation of pneumatic tires. At that time, there was already a base of well-mastered chemical technology. It could be used to prepare rubber compounds tires. In the field of designing and testing tires for automobiles, experience did not come immediately. For this purpose, scientific research was carried out, and the practical activities of many companies were carried out. different countries. For determining performance characteristics tires created special test benches. In the 30s, designers worked on the shape and pattern of the tread, and also tried to determine the role of the tire in the car's handling. During World War II, synthetic rubber (SR) began to be actively used in rubber formulations to create new and improved tires. In the former USSR, in the tire industry, synthetic rubber began to be used instead of natural rubber as early as 1933. The next step in the development of tire production was the use of viscose and nylon cords. Viscose tires have improved performance and reduced tire failures. Nylon made tires more durable. As a result, frame breaks are practically reduced to zero. In the middle of the 20th century, Michelin proposed a new tire design. Its feature was a rigid belt, which consisted of layers of metal cord. The cord threads were not located diagonally, but radially from side to side. These tires began to be called radial and gave an increase in patency. At the same time, the designers paid great attention to the wear resistance and grip properties of the tire, both on dry and wet road surfaces. In the next decade, the ratio of tire height to profile width changed. Radial tires are made with low profile tires. The desire for low tire profiles was due to the increase in the area of ​​​​contact with the road. This contributed to an increase in tire life, and also improved lateral stability and traction. Compared to the 50s, in the 70s, the pneumatic tire has reached a certain level of perfection. Increased safety and reduced fuel consumption. Passenger cars switched to radial tires. The Continental company in the 80s proposed a new tire design with a mount on a T-shaped wheel rim. This provided safe movement at low speed even with flat tires. A new era in tire design began with space travel and space exploration. Moon rovers and lunar robots required the production of new types of tires that are not afraid of either heat or cold or vacuum, capable of moving on any surface. There is a general trend towards low profile tubeless radial tyres. The use of these tires makes it possible to use the performance characteristics of the vehicle in terms of load capacity and volume, as well as ensure the safety of transportation and the efficient operation of the vehicle. The improvement of tires is moving in all directions and is characterized by a wide specialization in accordance with their purpose. Attention is paid to grip, rolling resistance, tire load capacity. Tire industry developers are working on the chemical composition, increasing tire life and vehicle traffic safety, tread pattern, simplifying production technology, and improving the technical and economic performance of tires.

The history of the automobile tire dates back to the middle of the 19th century. After the American inventor Charles Goodyear discovered the production of rubber from rubber, a solid rubber rim stretched over a wooden wheel began to be used as a tire. It did not have an air gap, so driving a wagon with such a tire on rough roads was absolutely uncomfortable by today's standards, although the rubber layer of the wheel partly absorbed shocks and vibrations.

Scottish inventor Robert William Thomson is considered to be the forefather of the pneumatic tire. In 1845, he received a patent for an “improved wheel,” which was a wooden rim, to which a tube-shaped outer leather cover was attached with bolts, and in turn an air “chamber” of rubberized canvas was placed in it. However, at that time, such an “improved wheel” was not successful due to its low strength, so everyone forgot about it.

Wheel by Robert William Thomson. 1 - spoke, 2 - rim, 3 - hoop, 4 - tire, 5 - tube, 6 - outer coating, 7 - rivets, 8 - washers, 9 - bolts. Image source: studfiles.net

Later, already in 1888, the British inventor John Boyd Dunlop proposed his own version of a pneumatic tire. He improved his son's bicycle by attaching an air-filled garden hose to the wheel rim with canvas bands. To increase the strength of the top layer, a piece of durable rubber was attached to this tape. A year later, the success of this invention was confirmed in bicycle races, and John Dunlop opened his pneumatic tire workshop, which later became the well-known Dunlop Tire Corporation.

John Dunlop tire. 1 - rim, 2 - chamber, 3 - tire carcass, 4 - hubs. Image source: studfiles.net

Dunlop's new tire was not strong enough for the car's heavy weight. In addition, due to non-removable tires, such tires were extremely inconvenient to use. In 1890, Childe Kingston Welch came up with a new tire design for a car with removable tires. And a little later, in 1895, the brothers Andre and Edouard Michelin introduced pneumatic tires that are completely suitable for use on a car. Now the name Michelin is probably known to almost everyone by the name of the international corporation.

Tire Childe Kingston Welch. 1 - rim, 2 - wire rings, 3 - tire. Image source: studfiles.net

Since the development of the Michelin brothers, the car tire has undergone frequent improvements to increase its strength and make it easier to mount and remove. Tires began to use sealing materials in the form of strips - cords. For hundreds of years, experiments have been carried out with the composition of rubber, tread pattern, cord materials. All this was done to make the tires as reliable as possible even under high loads. Also later developed tubeless tires so that in the event of a puncture it would be possible to drive some more distance on the wheel. In the second half of the 20th century, low-profile tires were invented, which, in contrast to the tires with an almost “round” profile used earlier, have better grip on the road.

Tire profiles. 1 - regular, 2 - low profile. Image source: studfiles.net

Today, research and inventions in the field of car tires are carried out not only to increase durability, but also towards environmental friendliness, because tire production causes great damage to the environment. Researchers and engineers are looking for new environmentally friendly materials to make tires.

Wheels were invented 5,000 years ago. Their first appearance was recorded in ancient Egypt. During the construction of the pyramids, special inventions were used to facilitate the movement of goods. They were called "skating rinks" and looked like round pieces of logs. They were placed under large boulders. This can be called the beginning in the history of the wheel.

Over the centuries, the wheel has been modified and improved. However, in the 19th century there was a real revolution in the entire history of the wheel. About 200 years ago, the pneumatic tire was invented, which is still used today to operate a modern car. Its discovery was facilitated by the discovery of the vulcanization process. What was the impetus for the development of the rubber industry in the industry.

What is a tire?

There are many opinions about what a tire is. Many people think that this is a rubber balloon. Geometrically, a tire is a torus. The mechanical point of view defines the tire as a vessel in the form of an elastic membrane with high pressure.

Chemistry takes a tire as a material that has macromolecules with long chains. The tire embodied the discoveries of the chemical industry, because various synthetic materials are used in the manufacture of tires. Tire production consumes several million tons of carbon black, elastomer oils, pigment and other materials each year.

In a broad sense, a tire is the achievement of scientific and technological progress, as well as the synthesis of scientific knowledge and modern technologies.

In 1844, the tire was officially patented for the first time.

The invention of the pneumatic tire was officially patented by Robert William Thomson, born in 1822. At 22, the year the tire was invented, he was a railway engineer and also had his own business in London.

In 1846, on June 10, a patent was dated, the essence of the invention, the design of the tire and all the materials necessary for its manufacture were described. The patent described that the "air wheel" was intended for a cart or carriage.

The invention was as follows: the tire was superimposed on a wheel that had wooden spokes. The wooden rim was upholstered with a metal hoop, and knitting needles were inserted into it. The tire consisted of a chamber, which was several layers of canvas, which were impregnated with a solution of gutta-percha or natural rubber. Also, the tire consisted of an outer coating, or rather, of pieces of leather that were connected with rivets. The tire was bolted to the rim. The patent stated that the leather tire had the necessary wear resistance, as well as numerous bends. The skin has the property of stretching when exposed to water and expanding with internal pressure. Therefore, the chamber was reinforced with canvas.

The tests were carried out with a crew with air wheels. Thomson measured the traction force, as a result, it was found that the traction force is reduced by 38% on a crushed stone pavement, and by 68% on a crushed pebble pavement. Tests have proven the ride comfort, quietness and smooth running.
After the tests were carried out, their results were published in the Mechanics Magazine in 1849. However, the appearance of this significant invention, as well as the evidence and justification for a thoughtful implementation, turned out to be insufficient for a reason for mass production. The main reason was that there were no volunteers to make this product at an acceptable cost. After Thomson's death, everyone forgot about the "air wheel", but samples of the product were saved.

The first practical application of a pneumatic tire.

The pneumatic tire was remembered in 1888. The Scotsman John Dunlop improved the tricycle by building wide hoops from a hose for watering the garden and, having inflated them with air, put them on the wheel. He received a patent for the invention and became known as the inventor of the pneumatic tire.

The tire quickly became widespread in use. In 1889, William Hume, who raced bicycles, used pneumatic tires for his transport. His talent in this matter was at an average level. However, he won all the races.

In 1889, this invention was also commercialized. The existing and still largest company, the Pneumatic Tire and Booth Bicycle Agency, was organized in Dublin. Now its name is Dunlop.

improvement

In 1890, engineer Chald Welch proposed to separate the chamber from the tire. He also found it necessary to insert a wire into the edges of the tire and put it on the rim. The Englishman Bartlett and the Frenchman Didier also contributed to the mounting and demounting of tires.

Frenchmen André and Edouard Michelin were the first to use a pneumatic tire on a car. They had great experience in the manufacture of bicycle tires. In 1895, for the first time, a car with pneumatic tires took part in an automobile race. The driver was French Bordeaux. He coped with the distance of 1200 km, and also came to the finish line. And already in 1896, pneumatic tires were installed on the Lanchester car.

Pneumatic tires were the impetus for the development of smoothness and patency of cars. But reliability was in doubt and required time for installation. The subsequent improvement in this area was associated with an increase in tire wear resistance, as well as their quick mounting and dismounting.

Many years passed, and the pneumatic tire replaced the molded rubber tire forever. To further improve the tire, more expensive and durable materials were used. A cord appeared in the tire - this is a durable layer that consists of textile threads. They also used quick-detachable structures, because this made it possible to change tires within a few minutes.

Modernization of the already existing model of pneumatic tires has become widespread and has led to a rapid surge of innovation in the tire industry. The first world war gave impetus to development, which consisted in the development of tires for trucks and buses. America was the first manufacturer. Truck tires had high pressure, and were able to take heavy loads. In addition, they had the necessary speed characteristics.

In 1925, almost 4 million cars with pneumatic tires were recorded in the world. The exceptions were certain types of trucks. Started to appear large companies for the manufacture of tires. Some of them are still working successfully today. For example: Dunlop (England), Pirelli (Italy), Michelin (France), Goodyear, Metzeler (Germany), Firestone and Goodrich (USA).

Science and pneumatic tires

The creation of tires ends by the end of the twenties of the last century thanks to the intuition of the designer. The fact is that there is a need for a scientific approach to the improvement of pneumatic tires. At that time, the base of chemical technology was already well mastered. It was used to prepare rubber compounds for tires.

Designing and testing tires for automobiles was not immediately gained experience. Numerous scientific studies have been carried out and used in practice in the activities of many companies in different countries. To develop further tire performance, special test benches were created.

In the thirties, designers modified the shape and pattern of the tread and tried to reflect the importance of the tire's role in car handling.

During the Second World War, synthetic rubber began to be used holistically. This was done to create improved tires in rubber formulations.

The next step in the development of tire production can be considered the use of viscose and nylon cords. Because viscose tires have improved tire performance and reduced some of the tire failure rates. Nylon tires were more durable. Thus, the gaps in the framework somehow reduced to zero.

The Michelin company in the middle of the twentieth century proposed a new tire design. The highlight of this idea was contained in a rigid belt, which consisted of layers of steel cord. The cord threads were located not in a diagonal form, but in a radial one - from side to side. Further, these tires were called radial and allowed the car to be more passable transport. At the same time, the designers worked on the wear resistance and grip properties of the tire.

In the next ten years, the ratio of tire height to profile width was changed. The desire for lower tire profiles was due to the increased contact area with the road. This contributed to an increase in the overall life of the tire, as well as improved sidewall stability and traction.

In the seventies, compared with the fifties, the pneumatic tire has reached a certain level of improvement. The following changes were noticed: safety was increased, and fuel consumption was reduced. Moreover, cars switched to radial tires.

The Continental company in the eighties proposed a new improvement: a tire design with a special mount on the T-shaped wheel rim. This innovation has provided safer driving at low speeds, even if the tires are flat.
Simultaneously with space flights and space exploration, new era in making tires. Since lunar rovers and lunar robots required the production of new types of tires that would not be afraid of either heat or cold, or even vacuum, which could move on any surface.

Modern stage of development

In modern times, there is a trend towards the use of low-profile tubeless radial tires. These tires make it possible to use various vehicle performance in terms of load capacity and volume, and ensure the safety of transportation and the efficiency of the vehicle.

Tire modernization moves in all directions and is justified by a wide specialization in accordance with the purpose. For a long time, great attention has been paid to the grip, load capacity and rolling resistance of tires. Tire industry developers are working on the chemical composition, increasing the life of the tire and the safety of vehicles, tread pattern, simplifying production and improving the technical and economic performance of tires.