Types chargers. Safety rules when charging batteries.

The most common types of chargers:

Accelerated chargers 1–3 hours;

Not every type of battery can be charged in a rapid charger; for example, lead acid battery will not be able to charge as quickly as nickel-cadmium.

Determining the end of the charge is extremely important in accelerated chargers, since longer charging of the battery at higher currents and, accordingly, an increase in temperature are dangerous for the battery.

Slow chargers 14–16 hour (sometimes 24 hour);

If the Ni-Cd battery is charged with a current of 1 C (100% current of rated capacity for an hour), then the typical capacity charge efficiency will be 0.91 (for an ideal battery it will be - 1). For a 100% charge, charge for 66 minutes. On a slow charge of 0.1 C (10% current of the rated capacity for 10 hours), the charge efficiency in terms of capacity will be 0.71.
The reason for low charging efficiency is that part of the charge energy absorbed by the battery is wasted through dissipation into heat. Therefore, in a slow charger (the current is 0.1 C, i.e. 10% of the nominal capacity - see capacity assessment), it is recommended to charge the battery for 14–16 hours (this should not be taken as a 140% charge!), and not within 10 hours.

Typically, slow chargers (for Ni-Cd, Ni-MH batteries, the charging current is 10% of the nominal battery capacity) do not determine the end of the charge, since with a low charging current, keeping the battery in the charger for a longer period of time, say, 1–2 hours, does not leads to critical consequences.

Air conditioning chargers;

The preference for conditioning chargers is that by constantly charging Ni-MH and Ni-Cd batteries in these chargers, you can significantly increase the life of the batteries (not forgetting about the rules of battery operation!)

Car batteries are complex and dangerous equipment. They are manufactured using toxic and dangerous chemicals that can cause harm to the human body if the basic rules for safe work with batteries are not followed. They must be handled in compliance with safety precautions, as they contain batteries There are dangerous explosives and harmful toxic substances:

Sulfuric acid is extremely dangerous, toxic, easily reacts with all elements, causing burns, fire, and vapor poisoning. When interacting with water, in the case of preparing an electrolyte, a lot of heat and gas are released. Charged car batteries have a 30-40% concentration of sulfuric acid in the electrolyte, while discharged ones have only 10% or less. It contains small proportions of arsenic, manganese, heavy metals, nitrogen oxide, iron, copper, chloride compounds.

Lead – Lead and lead salts (lead sulfate) are extremely toxic substances. The toxicity of lead does not have such a bright immediate effect as sulfuric acid, but it tends to accumulate in the body, affecting vital organs, such as the kidneys. Permanent lead poisoning causes headache, fatigue, pain in the heart area.

Arsenic is very poisonous. Poisoning occurs when only 5 mg enters the human body, and it also accumulates, causing serious consequences. Arsenic compounds are also poisonous. Causes headaches, vomiting, abdominal pain, and nervous disorders.

Hydrogen is an explosive and flammable gas. At a ratio of approximately 2 to 5, hydrogen and oxygen form an explosive gas that can cause a strong explosion. Every year, tens of thousands of people suffer burns and injuries from oxyhydrogen gas explosions while working with batteries.

Safety rules when working with batteries:

1) Car batteries can only be charged in a well-ventilated area or with constant air supply.

2) You can work with electrolyte only in rubber gloves and safety glasses; the surface of the skin should be covered as much as possible with clothing.

3) You CANNOT pour distilled water into sulfuric acid, only acid into water, because water is lighter than acid, when it hits its surface, it boils and sprays toxic liquid around. When acid enters water, it immediately sinks and cannot splash out.

4) DO NOT smoke, light anything on fire, or use faulty electrical appliances that may cause a spark while charging the battery.

5) Before charging the battery, it is necessary to release the accumulated gases and clean the gas outlet. Even if the battery is fully charged, when you install it, you need to wait until all the gases have evaporated.

6) Ventilate engine compartment before installation car battery on seat. Connect after some time, do not try to cause a “spark” to avoid an explosion.

7) DO NOT charge car batteries in a closed area where people are, for example, in an apartment. The evaporation of vapors of toxic compounds can become cause of lung poisoning, causing typical symptoms of chemical poisoning: headache, nausea, sore eyes, fatigue, nervous breakdown and irritability.

1. General safety requirements.
1.1. Persons who have passed a medical examination, introductory instruction on labor protection, on-the-job instruction, who have mastered the practical skills of performing work safely and who have passed testing of the knowledge and skills acquired during the instruction are allowed to work on charging and servicing batteries.
1.2. During their work, battery workers are required to comply with the internal labor regulations of the enterprise.
Smoking is permitted in places specially designated for this purpose, provided with fire extinguishing equipment.
1.3. Must be contained workplace in order and cleanliness, place raw materials, workpieces, products and production waste in designated areas, do not block aisles and driveways.
1.4. An employee may be exposed to hazardous and harmful production factors (moving machines and mechanisms, moving loads, industrial microclimate, increased explosive concentration of hydrogen, caustic acids and alkalis).
1.5. The battery operator must be provided with special clothing and personal protective equipment:
a cotton suit with acid-proof impregnation;
rubber ankle boots;
rubber gloves;
rubber apron;
protective glasses.
1.6. Those working on charging batteries must strictly observe safety requirements when working with acids and caustic alkalis, which, if handled incorrectly, can cause chemical burns, and with an increased concentration of vapors in the air, poisoning.
1.7. When charging batteries, hydrogen is released, which introduces small splashes of electrolyte into the air. When hydrogen accumulates, it can reach explosive concentrations, so batteries cannot be charged without ventilation.
1.8. Electrical safety rules must be observed when connecting batteries.
1.9. Persons involved in charging batteries must be well aware of and strictly comply with all the requirements set out in this instruction, and the administration of the enterprise is obliged to create normal working conditions and provide the battery operator’s workplace with everything necessary for the safe performance of the work assigned to him, as well as first aid equipment to prevent chemical burns with electrolyte (running tap water to wash away splashes of acid or alkali; 1% boric acid solution to neutralize alkali).
1.10. Battery workers must know and observe personal hygiene rules.
1.11. Battery workers must be able to provide first aid to victims of an accident.
1.12. Labor safety instructions must be issued to all battery workers against signature.
1.13. Trained and instructed battery workers bear full responsibility for violation of labor safety instructions in accordance with current legislation.
2. Safety requirements before starting work
2.1. Put on proper overalls, rubber boots and prepare personal protective equipment (rubber oversleeves, rubber gloves and goggles), fasten the cuffs of the sleeves, put on the trousers of the acid-resistant suit over the tops of the boots, put on a rubber apron (its lower edge should be below top edge boot tops), tuck in clothes so that there are no flapping ends, and tuck hair under a tight-fitting headdress.
2.2. Carefully inspect the workplace, put it in order, remove all objects that interfere with work. Arrange working tools, devices and auxiliary materials in an order convenient for use and check their serviceability.
2.3. Check and ensure proper operation of supply and exhaust ventilation and local suction;
check the sufficiency of lighting in the workplace;
make sure there are no unauthorized persons in the room.
3. Safety requirements during operation.
3.1. In the battery charging room, do not allow fires, smoking, or sparking electrical equipment or other equipment.
3.2. Connect battery terminals for charging and disconnect them after charging only when the charging station equipment is turned off.
3.3. When inspecting batteries, use a portable 12 V safe voltage lamp.
Before connecting a portable electric lamp to the network, to avoid sparking, first insert it into the plug socket and then turn on the switch; When turning off the electric lamp, first turn off the switch and then remove the plug.
3.4. Do not touch two battery terminals at the same time with metal objects to avoid short circuit and sparking.
3.5. Check the battery voltage only with a voltmeter.
3.6. When removing and installing batteries on an electric car, make sure that they do not short-circuit with the metal parts of the electric car.
3.7. When connecting batteries to a DC power supply and connecting batteries to each other, wear rubber gloves and rubber shoes.
3.8. Do not touch live parts (terminals, contacts, electrical wires) with your hands without rubber gloves. If it is necessary to use a tool, use a tool with insulated handles.
3.9. When working with acid, acidic and alkaline electrolyte and preparing the electrolyte, observe the following requirements:
acid should be stored in bottles with closed ground-in stoppers in special crates, in separate ventilated rooms. Acid bottles should be placed on the floor in a single row. Empty acid bottles should be stored under similar conditions;
on all vessels with electrolyte, distilled water, soda solution or boric acid solution, bottles with acid, clear inscriptions (names) of the liquid must be applied;
The transfer of bottles must be carried out by two persons using a special stretcher on which the bottle is securely fastened. First check the serviceability of the stretcher;
bottling of acid from bottles must be done with a forced tilt using special devices for securing the bottles. Acid bottling is allowed using special siphons;
prepare the electrolyte only in a specially designated room;
when preparing the electrolyte, it is necessary to pour sulfuric acid into distilled water in a thin stream, stirring the electrolyte all the time;
It is forbidden to pour distilled water into sulfuric acid, since water in contact with the acid quickly heats up, boils and, when splashed, can cause burns;
The electrolyte should be prepared only in lead, earthenware or ebonite baths. Preparing electrolyte in glass containers is prohibited, as sudden heating may cause it to burst;
It is prohibited to work with acid without protective glasses, rubber gloves, boots and a rubber apron that protect against possible drops of acid getting on the body or eyes of the worker;
crushing pieces of caustic alkali should be done using special scoops, tongs, tweezers and burlap. The worker must be protected by a rubber apron, rubber gloves and safety glasses;
Do not stir the electrolyte in the bath by blowing air through a rubber hose.
3.10. When charging batteries, do not lean close to the batteries to avoid being burned by acid splashes flying out of the battery opening.
3.11. Rechargeable batteries should be transported in special carts with slots according to the size of the batteries. Carrying batteries manually, regardless of their number, should not be carried out, except for rearrangements.
3.12. Do not touch heated resistance coils.
3.13. Strictly observe personal precautions: eat only in the room designated for this purpose. Before eating, wash your hands and face with soap and rinse your mouth with water. Do not store food and drinking water in the battery room;
Clean tables and workbenches daily, wiping them with a cloth soaked in soda solution, and once a week, clean walls, cabinets and windows.
4. Safety requirements emergency situations.
4.1. If sulfuric acid gets on your skin or eyes, immediately wash it off with plenty of water, then rinse with a 1% solution of baking soda and report to the technician.
If there are signs of poisoning from an increased concentration of sulfuric acid in the air, go out into fresh air, drink milk and baking soda and report to the specialist.
4.2. If alkali (caustic potash or caustic soda) gets on your skin or eyes, immediately wash it off with plenty of water and rinse with a 3% boric acid solution.
If there are signs of poisoning from an increased concentration of alkali in the air, go out into the fresh air, drink milk and report to the specialist.
4.3. In case of electric shock, you must:
release the victim from the effects of electric current;
free him from constricting clothes;
provide access to clean air to the victim, for which open the window and doors or take the victim out of the room and perform artificial respiration;
call a doctor.
4.4. If a fire occurs, call the fire department, notify the administration of the enterprise and begin extinguishing it using available means.
5. Safety requirements upon completion of work.
5.1. Tidy up your workspace.
Wipe tools and accessories and place them in the designated place.
5.2. Securely close the taps of containers with acid and electrolyte.
5.3. Inform the foreman or shift worker about all malfunctions and shortcomings noticed during work, and about the measures taken to eliminate them.
5.4. Remove and store protective clothing and personal protective equipment in accordance with the established procedure.
5.5. Wash your hands and face with warm water and soap, rinse your mouth well, or take a shower.

An article about how to choose a charger for a car battery. Types of devices, important nuances of choice. At the end of the article there is a video about a simple DIY battery charger.

The content of the article:

A modern car is equipped with an increasing number of devices that are powered by on-board network. The role of the battery is to provide additional energy in situations where the generator cannot cope with the load. And batteries, as a rule, are discharged at the most inopportune moment. Especially in winter period. And unlike batteries of other electrical appliances, car batteries are not equipped with a charger; you have to buy it separately.

Types of chargers and their features

They have several classifications and, depending on their type, are endowed with certain qualities.

By charging method devices are divided into 3 categories:

Fixed current method

Such devices charge the battery to the limit and quite quickly. However, at the end of the procedure, the electrolyte tends to heat up excessively, and this reduces the life of the battery, causing accelerated aging.

Constant voltage method

In this case, the electrolyte maintains the required temperature and there is no need to control the charging process, since with this scheme the device maintains a given voltage level. The disadvantages include a decrease in voltage at the end of the process. This does not allow the battery to charge as much as possible.

Combined method

It combines the two options described above - at the beginning the process occurs at a fixed current value, and at the end it switches to voltage stabilization. This tandem makes this type of device the most effective and in demand.

By charging method z/u are divided into 2 categories:

Transformer type devices

They are unlikely to be encountered in everyday life, as they have impressive dimensions and equally impressive weight. Their purpose is to convert 220V current into D.C.(12V).

Pulse

The principle of operation is similar to the previous version, but this version is compact and light in weight. Therefore, they are ideal for household use.

Depending on the model, pulse chargers may have:

• end of charge indicator;
• indicator of incorrect connection (polarity reversal);
• short circuit protection function,
• automatic charging function;
• reverse polarity protection function, etc.

Unlike transformer ones, pulse ones recharge using small pulses rather than a constant current. This is their peculiarity.

Transformer models are cheaper, but in addition to the disadvantages described above, they also require monitoring during operation. Therefore, the pulse option is preferable.

Depending on power source, z/u are divided into 3 categories.

Powered by electricity

If the car is located in a garage where electricity is supplied, then this option is the simplest, most convenient and reliable. In this case, the battery can be recharged while the car is not in use.

Powered by cigarette lighter

The disadvantages include the fact that with prolonged and/or intense (in some models the speed is regulated) recharge, there is a risk of overloading the on-board network.

But in case of unforeseen situations, you can charge the battery at any time and anywhere.

Powered by solar energy

They are rarely used, since high-quality products are expensive, and cheap ones, as a rule, are ineffective and short-lived.

And of course, they need sunlight to work. The solar model may be useful as a supporting option. For example, for those who have a network charger, but often find themselves “far from the outlet.” For example, a fisherman, outdoor enthusiast or hunter would certainly find such a device useful.

According to purpose, the charger is divided into 2 types.

Charging-starting (or starting-charging)

They perform the function of not only recharging, but also starting the engine - they operate in two modes: automatic and maximum current delivery mode.

Some models are universal and can be used to restore engine operation, charge your phone, laptop and other devices. You just need to have a set of plugs of the right size.

It is important to follow the operating rules and use the device for its intended purpose only after the terminals are disconnected from the on-board network.

Charging and pre-launch

They are used only to recharge the battery; starting the engine with their help is impossible. This is due to the fact that the devices are characterized by a low operating current. The advantage is that when using them there is no need to disconnect from the on-board network.

What to consider when choosing

Before you start purchasing a battery, you should carefully study the documents for a specific battery and car (in particular, the on-board network parameters). This will allow you to avoid many difficulties and specify your requests. In fact, the information provided in the instructions is enough to select the appropriate device. However, there are some minor nuances that should be taken into account when choosing.

Counterfeit

There are few products that can win the competition with chargers in terms of the number of counterfeits. Therefore, it is best to buy devices from official dealers or at least in reputable outlets.

If you have decided on a specific brand, it is worth searching the Internet for information about the features of the brand and its copies. It may not be possible to identify a high-quality fake in this way, but it is quite possible to rid yourself of low-grade Asian consumer goods.

Possibilities

It’s better to get a charger with a small (precisely small, you shouldn’t be too zealous) current reserve. Such an acquisition has two advantages: the device will not have to work at the limit of its capabilities, and if the battery is replaced with a model with a larger capacity, there will be no need to change the charger.

Indication

There are LED and instrument. LED is not as accurate, but it is quite sufficient for household use.

Auto mode

If possible, preference should be given to the automated option. This will relieve the owner of the need to monitor the operation of the device and possible consequences.

Manufacturer country

Many domestic products are not inferior in their characteristics to their foreign counterparts, so it is worth taking a closer look at Russian products. Not only does it benefit in price, but the risk of buying a fake is almost zero. But even a domestic device that is inferior in quality is better than a fake prestigious brand.

Transmission

For cars with automatic transmission the best option There will be a charger and pre-start device, since it does not require necessarily disconnecting the power source from the on-board network.

Maintenance free batteries

Misconnection protection

In the case of the so-called polarity reversal, the function will help not only prevent damage to the battery, but also to the charger itself.

Desulfation function

Allows you to restore a battery with lead sulfate formations on the plates.

Rated charge current

The rated current is the current that is 10% of the battery capacity. Having information about the battery (can be found in documents or on the product body), calculating the required charger power is not difficult.

For example, a 6A charger is suitable for most batteries with a capacity of 60-70 Ah, which are equipped with cars. But for a truck or jeep you will have to look for a more powerful device.

Battery type

If you have lead battery(WET), then she will need a special device. For batteries of other types, any charger is suitable, but their features should be taken into account.

Gel batteries (GEL) and electrolyte-coated batteries (AGM) are sensitive to temperature changes and overheating. They require a charger with a current control function and an extended temperature range.

But it’s best not to experiment and purchase a charger recommended by the manufacturer.

Conclusion

Some motorists rely on the alternator, considering the condition of the battery to be a secondary problem. However, having a charger can make a driver’s life much easier, because you never know how soon you will need help from the battery or when it will be completely discharged. And for this sometimes it is enough to leave parking lights turned on at night or park the car at the entrance for a while with the alarm on.

Mobile Help (c) 2003

The most important condition for the successful operation of any battery is its correct charging, which depends on the correct choice of charger (charger) and its use. The choice of charger affects the performance and life of the batteries, although this is not always within the user's control.
Most common types of chargers:

• accelerated chargers 1–3 hours;
• slow chargers 14–16 hours (sometimes 24 hours);
• air conditioning chargers.

Not every type of battery can be charged in a rapid charger; for example, a lead-acid battery will not be able to charge as quickly as a nickel-cadmium battery.
If a Ni-Cd battery is charged with a current of 1 C (100% current of the rated capacity for an hour), then the typical capacity charge efficiency will be 0.91 (for an ideal battery it will be 1). For a 100% charge, charge for 66 minutes. On a slow charge of 0.1 C (10% current of the rated capacity for 10 hours), the charge efficiency in terms of capacity will be 0.71.
The reason for low charging efficiency is that part of the charge energy absorbed by the battery is wasted through dissipation into heat. Therefore, in a slow charger (the current is 0.1 C, i.e. 10% of the nominal capacity - see capacity assessment), it is recommended to charge the battery for 14–16 hours (this should not be taken as a 140% charge!), and not within 10 hours.
The correctness of charging can be influenced both by the user himself and by the actual operating principle of a particular charger.
Depending on the type of battery, its design, charging time, etc., there are different principles of operation of chargers.

Operating principles of chargers

An important point for most chargers is determining the end of the charge. Typically, slow chargers (for Ni-Cd, Ni-MH batteries, the charging current is equal to 10% of the nominal battery capacity) do not determine the end of the charge, since with a low charging current, keeping the battery in the charger for a longer time, say, 1–2 hours, does not leads to critical consequences.
Determining the end of charge is extremely important in rapid chargers, since longer charging of the battery at higher currents and, accordingly, an increase in temperature are dangerous for the battery.
In some cheap chargers, the end of charge is determined by the principle of reaching a specific absolute voltage value on the battery. However, the difficulty in correctly assessing the state of charge of the battery in this case is due to the fact that the battery voltage changes during repeated cycling and can vary depending on temperature and charging rate. Some chargers implement the principle of counting a specific charging time using a timer, followed by stopping the supply of charging current to the battery.
The disadvantage of this method is that the user, having forgotten about the charged battery, can again install it in this charger, which in turn “in good faith”, in a time strictly counted by the timer, this time will give the battery another portion of the charging current, As a result, the “life” of the battery will be shortened.
Sophisticated chargers have a microcontroller that more accurately detects the end of a charge using several methods - monitoring battery voltage, current, temperature or other variables. For example, on a Ni-Cd cell, the voltage increases as it charges, and then, at the end of the charging process, the rise in temperature due to excess charge causes a slight decrease in the voltage across the cell.
The study of this characteristic made it possible to develop a fast controlled charging system. A sign such as a decrease in voltage is called negative delta voltage Negative Delta V (NDV).
NDV is the recommended full charge detection method for open monitoring of Ni-Cd chargers and analyzers that service batteries that do not have an internal thermocouple (some modern Ni-Cd and Ni-MH batteries use an internal thermocouple to detect full charge).
More advanced chargers using the NDV method include other charge completion methods for more accurate determination full charge. More complex chargers also have an external temperature sensor, since its influence on the battery charge plays a very important role, since not all types of batteries can be charged at low or very high temperatures. For example, the charging efficiency of a Ni-Cd battery at higher temperatures is very low (the battery can take no more than 70% of its capacity at environment+45°С).
The pulse charging method, which is necessarily used in conditioning chargers and battery analyzers, is most suitable for Ni-Cd and Ni-MH rechargeable batteries The essence of the method is that the battery is charged and discharged in short pulses over certain periods of time. The activity of this method is very high, since discharge current pulses minimize the formation of unwanted bubbles, crystals on the Ni-Cd plate and Ni-MH battery, which in turn minimizes the memory effect and increases battery life.

Selecting the type of chargers

Purchase those recommended by the manufacturer. Each manufacturer has its own production technologies and, accordingly, its own operating characteristics of chargers. It is preferable to use accelerated memory if the battery charging time is more critical. Accelerated charger is more expensive than regular charger and slightly reduces battery life.
We leave it to the user to find a compromise between life and battery charging time.
The preference for conditioning chargers is that by constantly charging Ni-MH and Ni-Cd batteries in these chargers, you can significantly increase the life of the batteries (not forgetting about the rules of battery operation!)

Glossary of terms

– characterizes the ability of a (load) battery to maintain the rated voltage at a large discharge (delivered) current.
Discharge depth– the ratio of the discharge capacity to the nominal capacity of the battery.
Capacity (C)– the energy that the battery is capable of delivering to the load, expressed in ampere-hours (Ah, mAh). It will be greater under the following conditions: lower current discharge, less intermittent discharge, higher ambient temperature, and lower final voltage.
Nominal– nominal capacity value: the amount of energy that a fully charged battery is capable of delivering when discharged under strictly defined conditions. For example, the capacity of lead-acid batteries with automatic internal pressure regulation is typically measured at a 20-hour battery discharge rate, while the capacities of other types of batteries with higher discharge rates are measured at a 10-hour discharge rate.
Rated voltage – nominal value of battery voltage. The nominal voltage of lead-acid batteries is 2 V per cell, nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride batteries are 1.2 V per cell, and lithium-ion batteries are about 3.6 V, depending on the chemistry.
Self-discharge– loss of capacity in the absence of an external current consumer.
Battery life– the operating time at which the discharge capacity becomes less than a certain standardized value is usually estimated by the working number of charge-discharge cycles.
Shelf life– the maximum period of time during which a battery can be stored under specified conditions without requiring additional charging.
Specific capacity of the element by mass– ratio of discharge capacity to gross weight(Wh/kg, watt-hours per kilogram).
Specific capacity of the element by volume– ratio of discharge capacity to total volume (Wh/cubic meter, inch or liter).
Cyclic application– using a battery with alternating charging and discharging. Charging a battery and then discharging it is called a cycle.
Electrolytes– substances whose solutions conduct electric current.
Element – component battery

All chargers can be divided into 3 types. The simplest are non-automatic devices with a mains power supply. This is a transformer type power supply. These chargers do not have battery protection circuits. They can be distinguished by their large size and weight. As for transformer chargers, they are very reliable and durable. But they are not so safe. They lead to overheating of the battery, as well as boiling off of the electrolyte. As a result, and sometimes the battery cells are destroyed. Today, large transformer chargers are almost completely out of use.

Modern mobile devices, in addition to a convenient miniature power supply, they have a simple and functional Android OS. Now on the Internet you can find many sites offering Android 236 games and a lot of different applications for work and entertainment. These games are perfect for smartphones and tablets, giving their users several hours of pleasantly spent leisure time.

Pulse chargers

Today, the most popular chargers are those designed for portable equipment. These are automatic pulse chargers with an electronic timer. At the same time, the charger timer can operate in fast charge mode for about four hours. During this period, a discharged battery is able to gain the bulk of its capacity. After this, the timer switches the charger to mode pulse charging. In this case, electrical energy is supplied in small portions to the terminals of the battery cells to maintain it in a charged state.

Chargers with a timer are simple and inexpensive. They are also very comfortable. However, they still need to be used with caution. Please note that the timer is set by the manufacturer for the period of charging a completely discharged battery. If you insert a partially discharged battery into the device socket, overcharging will occur and the battery may eventually be damaged by excess current.
This rule does not apply to cellular devices, as well as PDAs, digital players and other equipment with a proprietary battery. But if you use universal chargers, then this rule should be taken into account.
Please note that a full discharge is very dangerous for any battery, and primarily for lithium-ion ones. They can even fail due to complete discharge. Please note that the device should be recharged from time to time when not in use.

The most advanced and versatile are microprocessor-controlled chargers. They can charge any battery.

They prevent overcharging of batteries. They can be used to charge any partially discharged batteries. But keep in mind that such chargers are very expensive.

It is not advisable to replace a branded cell phone charger with a universal one due to differences in electrical connectors and possible errors. Branded chargers are created specifically for a particular type of battery. So this should be taken into account.
How to properly connect the charger? In the case of cell phones, the sequence is as follows: first you must connect the charger to the electrical network, and then the phone to the charger. Otherwise, you may damage your phone.

During operation, the battery becomes malfunctioning, which is caused by battery discharge. To restore battery capacity, chargers are used, which should be in the arsenal of every car enthusiast, as well as cigarette lighter cables. A wide range of such devices is offered by the auto parts store Carvilshop, on whose website you can familiarize yourself with both the characteristics specific devices, and with current prices. To choose the most suitable charging model, you need to know the features and characteristics of all types presented on the modern market.

Types of batteries.

Lead (acid) batteries are considered common for passenger cars. Such current sources require systematic and regular recharging. It is much less common to find alkaline batteries; they are based on nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd), lithium-ion (Li-On) or nickel-metal (Ni-Mh) plates.

Basically, chargers operate on the same principle. Their main purpose is to reduce the network voltage of 220 V to 12 V.

Types of battery chargers.

It is customary to distinguish two main types of devices described:

1. Charging and starting, charging units that restore battery capacity. They are connected to the battery via long wires and can be used directly in the car.
2. Chargers operating in stages. Initially, capacity is restored, as in the example described above. Next, the engine is started, while the battery is completely discharged.

Today the market offers all kinds of modifications to devices that are designed to charge batteries. When choosing the optimal model, experts recommend taking into account the qualifications and experience of the driver.

For beginners in the automotive business, it is better to select automatic chargers, the operating cycle of which is automatically regulated. Such units turn off on their own when the battery is fully restored.

If we talk about a five-stage charger, it performs the following manipulations. Charging occurs up to 80%, after which it is fully recharged to 100% using a step-down current. Subsequently, the charge level is maintained within 95-100%, diagnostics are performed, and the pulse mode prevents sulfation of the battery.

Eight-stage devices have even more functionality. The battery is charged to 80%, and a reducing current is used until it is fully charged. The battery is checked for its ability to hold a given charge, its performance is diagnosed, and sulfation is eliminated. Preventive charging at 95-100%, preventing electrolyte stratification when the battery is fully charged.

There are stationary multifunctional type converters. They are designed for charging batteries of all types.