Car batteries, general information, selection, maintenance. Recovery and resuscitation of a lead-acid battery Features of the use of liquid-acid car batteries
Stationary acid batteries at substations and in production shops of industrial and other enterprises must be installed in accordance with the requirements of the PUE. Install acid and alkaline batteries in the same room prohibited.
Walls, ceilings, doors, window casings, metal structures, racks and other parts of the room intended for the installation of acid batteries must be painted with acid-resistant paint. Ventilation ducts must be painted on the outside and inside.
To illuminate such premises, lamps installed in explosion-proof fittings are used. Switches, sockets and fuses must be located outside the battery room. Lighting wiring is carried out with a wire in an acid-resistant sheath.
Bus voltage operational direct current under normal operating conditions, it is maintained at 5% above the rated voltage of current collectors.
The battery installation must be equipped with: basic and assembly electrical diagrams connections; densimeters (hydrometers) and thermometers for measuring the density and temperature of the electrolyte; portable DC voltmeter with measurement limits of 0-3 V; a portable sealed lamp with a safety net or a rechargeable lamp; a mug made of chemically resistant material with a spout (or jug) with a capacity of 1.5-2 liters for preparing electrolyte and topping it up in vessels; safety glasses for covering elements; acid-resistant suit, rubber apron, rubber gloves and boots, goggles; a solution of soda for acid batteries and boric acid or vinegar essence for alkaline batteries; portable jumper for shunting battery cells.
For installations without permanent operating personnel, it is allowed to have all of the above in the delivered kit.
Upon acceptance of a newly mounted or overhauled battery, the following are checked: availability of documents for the installation or overhaul of the battery (technical report); battery capacity (current 3-5 A or 10-hour discharge mode); electrolyte quality; electrolyte density and cell voltage at the end of battery charging and discharging; battery insulation resistance to ground; serviceability of individual elements; serviceability of supply and exhaust ventilation; compliance of the building part of the battery rooms with the requirements of the PUE.
Acid batteries operating by the methods of constant recharging or “charge-discharge” are subjected to an equalizing charge (recharge) once every 3 months with a voltage of 2.3–2.35 V per cell until a steady value of electrolyte density in all cells is reached 1.2– 1.21 g/cm3. The duration of recharging depends on the condition of the battery, but not less than 6 hours.
It is allowed to charge and discharge the battery with a current not exceeding the maximum guaranteed for this battery. The temperature of the electrolyte at the end of the charge should not exceed +40 °C. During the equalizing charge, the battery must be given at least three times the nominal capacity. In addition, at substations, once every 3 months, the performance of batteries is checked by voltage drop during a short-term current turn-on.
The supply and exhaust ventilation of the room is turned on before the start of the battery charge and is turned off after the complete removal of gases no earlier than 1.5 hours after the end of the charge, and when using the constant recharge method, as necessary in accordance with local instructions.
Measurements of voltage, density and temperature of the electrolyte of each element of stationary storage batteries are performed at least once a month.
When the voltage on the acid battery cells drops to 1.8 V, the battery discharge is stopped, and the battery is put on charge. Do not leave the battery discharged for more than 12 hours, as this reduces the capacity of the batteries.
Starting to charge the battery, first turn on the supply and exhaust ventilation of the room and check its operation, then the battery is connected to the charging unit, observing the polarity of the poles. The value of the charging current at the beginning of the battery charging process is taken from the tables recommended in the instructions by the manufacturer (approximately 20% more than the rated value of the charging current). In this mode, charging continues until the voltage on the batteries becomes 2.4 V. Then the charging current is halved, the charging process continues until it ends. Charging is considered complete if the voltage on the cells reaches 2.6-2.8 V and no longer increases, and the electrolyte density of 1.20-1.21 g/cm3 does not change within an hour. At this time, "boiling" of the electrolyte of both polarities is observed.
When charging an acid battery, the temperature of the electrolyte is monitored. Upon reaching +40 °C, the charge is stopped and the electrolyte is allowed to cool to +30 °C. Simultaneously measure the density of the electrolyte and the voltage at the terminals of the individual elements. The high temperature of the electrolyte accelerates the wear of the cells and increases their self-discharge. Low temperature increases the viscosity of the electrolyte, which worsens the discharge process and reduces the capacity of the cells. Therefore, the temperature in the cells of the battery is maintained at a level of at least +10. When charging, it may turn out that the individual cells of the acid battery are not fully charged; such elements must be recharged separately.
An acid battery should not be discharged to a deep discharge that causes sulfation. During sulfation, continuous masses of lead sulfate are formed on the plates of a lead battery, which clog the pores in the plates. In this regard, the passage of electrolyte is difficult, which prevents the battery from being restored under normal charge conditions. During normal discharge, fine-grained lead sulfate is formed on the plates, which does not interfere with the subsequent recovery of batteries during charging. The density of the electrolyte at the end of the charge reaches 1.15–1.17 g/cm3.
The density of the electrolyte is measured using a densimeter (ariometer). During operation, the electrolyte level gradually decreases and is topped up from time to time.
The staff on duty systematically monitors the operating conditions of the acid battery (all data on current, voltage, electrolyte density, temperature are recorded in the protocols in accordance with the factory instructions).
Battery Inspection produced: by duty personnel - 1 time per day; master or head of the substation - 2 times a month; at substations without permanent on-duty personnel - by the operating personnel simultaneously with the inspection of the equipment, as well as by a specially allocated person - according to the schedule approved by the chief power engineer of the enterprise.
To increase the service life of acid batteries, their operation is carried out in the mode of constant recharging (connecting a charged battery in parallel with the charger). This is due to the fact that when an acid battery is operated according to the charge-discharge method (supplying the load with a charged battery and then charging it after discharging), the positive plates of the batteries wear out much faster than in the constant recharge mode.
The advantage of the float charge mode is that the battery plate is constantly in a state of full charge and can provide normal power to the load at any time.
When using acid batteries, not all batteries have the same self-discharge. The reason for this may be unequal temperature conditions (different distance from heaters), as well as varying degrees of electrolyte contamination in batteries. Batteries with a large self-discharge (lagging) are subject to deeper sulfation. Therefore, acid batteries are subjected to an equalizing charge once every 3 months.
Maintenance battery is carried out according to the PPTOR system, but at least once a year.
During the current repair of the battery, the following are carried out: checking the condition of the plates and replacing them in individual elements(if necessary); replacement of part of separators; removal of sludge from the elements; electrolyte quality check; checking the condition of the racks and their insulation relative to the ground; troubleshooting other battery problems; inspection and repair of the building part of the premises.
All work during the operation of acid batteries during the operation with acid and electrolyte is carried out in rubber boots, an apron, gloves and wool overalls. Safety goggles are required to protect the eyes. There should always be a 5% solution of baking soda near the workplace to wash acid- or electrolyte-affected areas of the skin.
Overhaul batteries are carried out according to the PPTOR system, but at least 1 time in 3 years.
Story
The lead battery was developed in 1859-1860 by Gaston Plante, an employee of the laboratory of Alexandre Becquerel. In 1878, Camille Faure improved on its design by coating the battery plates with red lead.
Operating principle
The principle of operation of lead-acid batteries is based on the electrochemical reactions of lead and lead dioxide in a sulfuric acid environment.
Energy arises from the interaction of lead oxide and sulfuric acid to sulfate (classic version). Studies carried out in the USSR showed that at least ~ 60 reactions occur inside a lead battery, about 20 of which proceed without the participation of electrolyte acid (non-chemical)
During the discharge, lead dioxide is reduced at the cathode and lead is oxidized at the anode. When charging, reverse reactions occur, to which, at the end of the charge, the water electrolysis reaction is added, accompanied by the release of oxygen at the positive electrode and hydrogen at the negative.
Chemical reaction (from left to right - discharge, from right to left - charge):
As a result, it turns out that when the battery is discharged, sulfuric acid is consumed from the electrolyte (and the electrolyte density drops, and when charging, sulfuric acid is released into the electrolyte solution from sulfates, the electrolyte density increases). At the end of the charge, at certain critical values of the lead sulfate concentration at the electrodes, the process of water electrolysis begins to predominate. In this case, hydrogen is released at the cathode, and oxygen is released at the anode. When charging, do not allow the electrolysis of water, otherwise it is necessary to add it to replenish the amount lost during electrolysis.
Device
Element lead acid battery consists of electrodes (positive and negative) and separating insulators (separators) that are immersed in an electrolyte. The electrodes are lead grids. For positives, the active substance is lead peroxide (PbO 2), for negatives, sponge lead is the active substance.
In fact, the electrodes are not made of pure lead, but of an alloy with the addition of antimony in an amount of 1-2% to increase strength and impurities. Sometimes calcium salts are used as an alloying component, in both plates, or only in positive ones. The use of calcium salts brings not only positive but also many negative aspects to the operation of a lead battery, for example, in such a battery, with deep discharges, the capacity is significantly and irreversibly reduced.
The electrodes are immersed in an electrolyte consisting of sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4) diluted with distilled water. The highest conductivity of this solution is observed at room temperature (which means the lowest internal resistance and the lowest internal losses) and at its density of 1.23 g/cm³
However, in practice, often in regions with a cold climate, higher concentrations of sulfuric acid are also used, up to 1.29–1.31 g/cm³.
There are experimental developments of batteries where lead grids are replaced with foamed carbon covered with a thin lead film. By using less lead and distributing it over a large area, the battery has been made not only compact and light, but also much more efficient - in addition to being more efficient, it charges much faster than traditional batteries.
As a result of each reaction, an insoluble substance is formed - lead sulphate PbSO 4 , deposited on the plates, which forms a dielectric layer between the down conductors and the active mass. This is one of the factors affecting the life of a lead-acid battery.
The main wear processes of lead-acid batteries are:
Although a battery that has failed due to the physical destruction of the plates cannot be repaired on its own, some sources describe chemical solutions and other methods that can "desulfate" the plates. A simple but harmful method for battery life involves the use of magnesium sulfate solution. The solution is poured into the sections, after which the battery is discharged and charged several times. Lead sulfate and other remnants of the chemical reaction fall to the bottom of the battery, which can lead to a short circuit of the section; therefore, it is advisable to rinse the treated sections and fill them with a new electrolyte of nominal density. This allows you to somewhat extend the life of the device. If the battery has one or more sections that do not work (that is, they do not give 2.17 volts - for example, if the case has cracks), it is possible to connect two (or more) batteries in series: connect the consumer's positive wire to the positive contact of the first battery, and connect the consumer's positive wire to the negative contact of the second battery. the negative wire of the consumer, and the two remaining contacts of the battery are connected by a cable. Such a battery has a total voltage of working sections and therefore the number of working sections should be no more than six - that is, it is necessary to drain the electrolyte from excess sections. This option is suitable for Vehicle with large engine compartment.
Recycling
Recycling for this type of battery plays an important role, since the lead contained in the batteries is a heavy metal and causes serious harm when released into the environment. Lead and its salts must be processed at special enterprises for the possibility of its secondary use.
Discarded batteries are often used as a source of lead for artisanal smelting, such as fishing weights, shot or weights. To do this, the electrolyte is drained from the battery, the residues are neutralized by washing with some harmless base (for example, sodium bicarbonate), after which the battery case is broken and metallic lead is removed.
see also
Notes
Links
- GOST 15596-82
- GOST R 53165-2008 Lead-acid starter batteries for automotive and tractor equipment. General specifications. Instead of GOST 959-2002 and GOST 29111-91
- Video demonstrating how the battery works on YouTube
- Maintenance and Restoration of lead batteries of the AGM system"
MINISTRY OF FUEL AND ENERGY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE OF STATIONARY LEAD-ACID BATTERIES
RD 34.50.502-91
UDC 621.355.2.004.1 (083.1)
Expiry date set
from 01.10.92 to 01.10.97
DEVELOPED BY "URALTEHENERGO"
PERFORMER B.A. ASTAKHOV
APPROVED by the Main Scientific and Technical Department of Energy and Electrification on 10/21/91
Deputy Head K.M. ANTIPOV
This Instruction applies to batteries installed in thermal and hydraulic power plants and substations of power systems.
The instruction contains information on the design, technical characteristics, operation and safety measures of stationary lead-acid batteries from accumulators of the SK type with surface positive and box-shaped negative electrodes, as well as the CH type with smeared electrodes manufactured in Yugoslavia.
More detailed information is given for batteries type SK. For SN type batteries, this Instruction contains the requirements of the manufacturer's instructions.
Local instructions for installed battery types and existing DC circuits must not conflict with the requirements of this Instruction.
Installation, operation and repair of batteries must comply with the requirements of the current Rules for the installation of electrical installations, Rules technical operation power stations and networks, safety regulations for the operation of electrical installations of power stations and substations and this Instruction.
Technical terms and symbols used in the Instructions:
AB - storage battery;
No. A - battery number;
SC - stationary battery for short and long discharge modes;
C 10 - battery capacity at 10-hour discharge mode;
r- electrolyte density;
PS - substation.
With the introduction of this instruction, the temporary "Instruction for the operation of stationary lead-acid batteries" (M .: SPO Soyuztekhenergo, 1980) becomes invalid.
Batteries of other foreign companies must be operated in accordance with the requirements of the manufacturer's instructions.
1. SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS
1.1. The battery room must be kept locked at all times. Persons inspecting this room and working in it, the keys are issued on a common basis.
1.2. It is prohibited in the battery room: smoking, entering it with fire, using electric heaters, apparatus and tools.
1.3. On the doors of the battery room, the inscriptions "Battery", "Flammable", "Forbidden to smoke" must be made or safety signs are posted in accordance with the requirements of GOST 12.4.026-76 on the prohibition of using open fire and smoking.
1.4. The supply and exhaust ventilation of the battery room should turn on during battery charging when the voltage reaches 2.3 V per battery and turn off after the gases are completely removed, but not earlier than 1.5 hours after the end of the charge. In this case, a blocking must be provided: when the exhaust fan stops, the charger must be turned off.
In the mode of constant recharging and equalizing charge with a voltage of up to 2.3 V, ventilation must be provided to the battery in the room, providing at least one air exchange per hour. If natural ventilation cannot provide the required air exchange rate, forced exhaust ventilation must be used.
1.5. When working with acid and electrolyte, it is necessary to use overalls: coarse woolen suit, rubber boots, rubber or polyethylene apron, goggles, rubber gloves.
When working with lead, a canvas or cotton suit with flame retardant impregnation, canvas gloves, goggles, a headgear and a respirator are required.
1.6. Bottles with sulfuric acid must be in packaging. Carrying bottles is allowed in a container by two workers. Transfusion of acid from bottles should be done only in 1.5-2.0 l cups made of acid-resistant material. The inclination of the bottles is carried out using a special device that allows any inclination of the bottle and its reliable fixation.
1.7. When preparing the electrolyte, acid is poured into water in a thin stream with constant stirring with a stirrer made of acid-resistant material. It is strictly forbidden to pour water into acid. It is allowed to add water to the prepared electrolyte.
1.8. Acid must be stored and transported in glass bottles with ground stoppers or, if the neck of the bottle has a thread, then with threaded stoppers. Bottles with acid, labeled with its name, should be in a separate room with the battery. They should be installed on the floor in plastic containers or wooden crates.
1.9. All vessels with electrolyte, distilled water and a solution of bicarbonate of soda must be inscribed indicating their name.
1.10. Work with acid and lead should be specially trained personnel.
1.11. If acid or electrolyte splashes on the skin, it is necessary to immediately remove the acid with a cotton swab or gauze, rinse the area with water, then with a 5% solution of baking soda and again with water.
1.12. If splashes of acid or electrolyte get into the eyes, rinse them with plenty of water, then with a 2% solution of baking soda and again with water.
1.13. Acid that gets on clothes is neutralized with a 10% solution of soda ash.
1.14. In order to avoid poisoning with lead and its compounds, special precautions must be taken and the mode of operation determined in accordance with the requirements of the technological instructions for these works.
2. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
2.1. Batteries in power plants are under the responsibility of the electrical department, and in substations, under the authority of the substation service.
Battery maintenance should be entrusted to a battery specialist or a specially trained electrician. Acceptance of the battery after installation and repair, its operation and maintenance should be managed by the person responsible for the operation of the electrical equipment of the power plant or network enterprise.
2.2. During the operation of battery installations, their long-term, reliable performance and the required voltage level on the DC buses in normal and emergency modes.
2.3. Before commissioning a newly installed or overhauled AB, the battery capacity with a 10-hour discharge current, the quality and density of the electrolyte, the battery voltage at the end of charge and discharge, and the battery insulation resistance to ground should be checked.
2.4. Batteries must be operated in continuous charge mode. The recharging unit must provide voltage stabilization on the battery buses with a deviation of ± 1-2%.
Additional batteries that are not constantly used in operation must have a separate recharging device.
2.5. To bring all the batteries of the battery into a fully charged state and to prevent sulfation of the electrodes, equalization charges of the batteries must be carried out.
2.6. To determine the actual battery capacity (within the nominal capacity), test discharges must be performed in accordance with Section 4.5.
2.7. After an emergency discharge of a battery at a power plant, its subsequent charge to a capacity equal to 90% of the nominal capacity should be carried out in no more than 8 hours. In this case, the voltage on the batteries can reach up to 2.5-2.7 V per battery.
2.8. To monitor the state of the battery, control batteries are planned. Control batteries must be changed annually, their number is set by the chief engineer of the power plant, depending on the state of the battery, but not less than 10% of the number of batteries in the battery.
2.9. The density of the electrolyte is normalized at a temperature of 20 ° C. Therefore, the density of the electrolyte, measured at a temperature different from 20 ° C, must be reduced to a density at 20 ° C according to the formula
where r 20 is the density of the electrolyte at a temperature of 20 ° C, g / cm 3;
r t - electrolyte density at temperature t, g/cm 3 ;
0.0007 - coefficient of electrolyte density change with temperature change by 1°С;
t- electrolyte temperature, °C.
2.10. Chemical analyzes of battery acid, electrolyte, distilled water or condensate should be carried out by a chemical laboratory.
2.11. The battery room must be kept clean. Electrolyte spilled on the floor must be removed immediately with dry sawdust. After that, the floor should be wiped with a cloth soaked in a solution of soda ash, and then in water.
2.12. Accumulator tanks, busbar insulators, insulators under the tanks, racks and their insulators, plastic covers of the racks should be systematically wiped with a rag, first soaked in water or soda solution, and then dry.
2.13. The temperature in the battery room must be maintained at least +10°C. At substations without constant duty of personnel, a decrease in temperature to 5 ° C is allowed. Sudden changes in temperature in the battery room are not allowed, so as not to cause moisture condensation and reduce the insulation resistance of the battery.
2.14. It is necessary to constantly monitor the condition of the acid-resistant painting of walls, ventilation ducts, metal structures and racks. All defective places must be tinted.
2.15. Lubrication with technical vaseline of unpainted joints should be renewed periodically.
2.16. Windows in the battery room must be closed. In summer, for ventilation and during charging, it is allowed to open windows if outdoor air not dusty and not polluted by entrainment of chemical industries and if there are no other premises above the floor.
2.17. It is necessary to ensure that for wooden tanks the upper edges of the lead lining do not touch the tank. If contact of the edge of the lining is detected, it should be bent to prevent electrolyte droplets from falling onto the tank from the lining with subsequent destruction of the wood of the tank.
2.18. To reduce electrolyte evaporation in open batteries, cover glasses (or transparent acid-resistant plastic) should be used.
Care must be taken to ensure that the coverslips do not protrude beyond the inner edges of the tank.
2.19. There must not be any foreign objects in the battery room. Only storage of bottles with electrolyte, distilled water and soda solution is allowed.
Concentrated sulfuric acid should be stored in an acid room.
2.20. The list of instruments, inventory and spare parts required for the operation of batteries is given in Appendix 1.
3. DESIGN FEATURES AND MAIN TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS
3.1. Accumulators type SK
3.1.1. Positive electrodes of surface design are made by casting from pure lead into a mold that allows increasing the effective surface by 7-9 times (Fig. 1). The electrodes are made in three sizes and are designated I-1, I-2, I-4. Their capacities are in the ratio 1:2:4.
3.1.2. The box-shaped negative electrodes consist of a lead-antimony alloy grid assembled from two halves. An active mass prepared from oxides of lead powder is smeared into the cells of the lattice, and closed on both sides with sheets of perforated lead (Fig. 2).
Fig.1. Positive electrode surfaces design:
1 - active part; 2 - ears
Fig.2. Section of the negative electrode of the box-shaped structure:
a- pin part of the lattice; b- perforated part of the lattice; in- finished electrode;
1 - perforated lead sheets; 2 - active mass
Negative electrodes are divided into middle (K) and side (KL-left and KP-right). Lateral have an active mass with only one working side. Available in three sizes with the same capacitance ratio as the positive electrodes.
3.1.3. The design data of the electrodes are given in Table 1.
3.1.4. To isolate electrodes of different polarity, as well as to create gaps between them that contain the required amount of electrolyte, separators (separators) made of miplast (microporous polyvinyl chloride) are installed, inserted into polyethylene holders.
Table 1
| Type | Electrode name | Dimensions (without ears), mm | Number | ||
| electrode | Height | Width | Thickness | battery | |
| I-1 | Positive | 166±2 | 168±2 | 12.0±0.3 | 1-5 |
| K-1 | Negative mean | 174±2 | 170±2 | 8.0±0.5 | 1-5 |
| CL-1 | 174±2 | 170±2 | 8.0±0.5 | 1-5 | |
| AND 2 | Positive | 326±2 | 168±2 | 12.0±0.3 | 6-20 |
| K-2 | Negative mean | 344±2 | 170±2 | 8.0±0.5 | 6-20 |
| KL-2 | Negative extremes, left and right | 344±2 | 170±2 | 8.0±0.5 | 6-20 |
| I-4 | Positive | 349±2 | 350±2 | 10.4±0.3 | 24-32 |
| K-4 | Negative mean | 365±2 | 352±2 | 8.0±0.5 | 24-32 |
| CL-4 | Negative extremes, left and right | 365±2 | 352±2 | 8.0±0.5 | 24-32 |
3.1.5. To fix the position of the electrodes and prevent the separators from floating into the tanks, vinyl-plastic springs are installed between the extreme electrodes and the walls of the tank. The springs are installed in glass and ebonite tanks on one side (2 pcs.) and in wooden tanks on both sides (6 pcs.).
3.1.6. The design data of the batteries are given in Table. 2.
3.1.7. In glass and ebonite tanks, the electrodes are hung with ears on the upper edges of the tank in wooden tanks - on the support glasses.
3.1.8. The nominal capacity of the battery is considered to be the capacity at the 10-hour discharge mode, equal to 36 x No. A.
Capacitances for other discharge modes are:
at 3 hours 27 x No. A;
at 1 hour 18.5 x No. A;
at 0.5 hour 12.5 x No. A;
at 0.25 hour 8 x No. A.
3.1.9. The maximum charging current is 9 x No. A.
The discharge current is:
with a 10-hour discharge mode 3.6 x No. A;
at 3 hours - 9 x No. A;
at 1 hour - 18.5 x No. A;
at 0.5-hour - 25 x No. A;
at 0.25-hour - 32 x No. A.
3.1.10. The lowest allowable voltage for batteries in the 3-10-hour discharge mode is 1.8 V, in the 0.25-0.5-1-hour discharge mode - 1.75 V.
3.1.11. Batteries are delivered to the consumer unassembled, i.e. separate parts with uncharged electrodes.
| Number | Nomi- nal capacity, |
tank dimensions, mm, no more |
Battery weight lator without |
The volume of electrical | Mate- tank rial |
||||
| Ah | Length | Width | Height | electrolyte, kg, no more |
put- | negative | |||
| 1 | 36 | 84 | 219 | 274 | 6,8 | 3 | 1 | 2 | Glass |
| 2 | 72 | 134 | 219 | 274 | 12 | 5,5 | 2 | 3 | - |
| 3 | 108 | 184 | 219 | 274 | 16 | 8,0 | 3 | 4 | - |
| 4 | 144 | 264 | 219 | 274 | 21 | 11,6 | 4 | 5 | - |
| 5 | 180 | 264 | 219 | 274 | 25 | 11,0 | 5 | 6 | - |
| 6 | 216 | 209 | 224 | 490 | 30 | 15,5 | 3 | 4 | - |
| 8 | 288 | 209 | 224 | 490 | 37 | 14,5 | 4 | 5 | - |
| 10 | 360 | 274 | 224 | 490 | 46 | 21,0 | 5 | 6 | - |
| 12 | 432 | 274 | 224 | 490 | 53 | 20,0 | 6 | 7 | - |
| 14 | 504 | 319 | 224 | 490 | 61 | 23,0 | 7 | 8 | - |
| 16 | 576 | 349/472 | 224/228 | 490/544 | 68/69 | 36,5/34,7 | 8 | 9 | Glass/ |
| 18 | 648 | 473/472 | 283/228 | 587/544 | 101/75 | 37,7/33,4 | 9 | 10 | - |
| 20 | 720 | 508/472 | 283/228 | 587/544 | 110/82 | 41,0/32,3 | 10 | 11 | - |
| 24 | 864 | 348/350 | 283/228 | 592/544 | 138/105 | 50/48 | 6 | 7 | Wood/ |
| 28 | 1008 | 383/350 | 478/418 | 592/544 | 155/120 | 54/45,6 | 7 | 8 | - |
| 32 | 1152 | 418/419 | 478/418 | 592/544 | 172/144 | 60 | 8 | 9 | - |
| 36 | 1296 | 458/419 | 478/418 | 592/544 | 188/159 | 67 | 9 | 10 | - |
Notes:
1. Batteries are produced up to number 148; in high voltage electrical installations, batteries higher than number 36 are usually not used.
2. In the designation of batteries, for example, SK-20, the numbers after the letters indicate the number of the battery.
3.2. CH batteries
3.2.1. The positive and negative electrodes consist of a lead alloy grid, into the cells of which an active mass is embedded. The positive electrodes on the side edges have special protrusions for hanging them inside the tank. The negative electrodes rest on the bottom prisms of the tanks.
3.2.2. To prevent short circuits between the electrodes, retain the active mass and create the necessary electrolyte supply near the positive electrode, combined separators made of glass fiber and miplast sheets are used. Myplast sheets are 15 mm higher than the electrodes. Vinyl plastic linings are installed on the side edges of the negative electrodes.
3.2.3. Tanks of accumulators from transparent plastic are closed by a fixed cover. The lid has holes for leads and a hole in the center of the lid for pouring electrolyte, topping up with distilled water, measuring the temperature and density of the electrolyte, and also for escaping gases. This hole is closed with a filter stopper that traps sulfuric acid aerosols.
3.2.4. The lids and the tank are glued together at the junction. Between the terminals and the cover, a gasket and mastic seal is made. On the wall of the tank there are marks of the maximum and minimum electrolyte levels.
3.2.5. Batteries are produced assembled, without electrolyte, with discharged electrodes.
3.2.6. The design data of the batteries are given in Table 3.
Table 3
| Designation | One- minute push |
Number of electrodes in the battery | Dimensional dimensions, mm |
Weight without electrolyte, kg | Electrolyte volume, l | |||
| current, A | put- | negative | Length | Width | Height | |||
| ZSN-36* | 50 | 3 | 6 | 155,3 | 241 | 338 | 13,2 | 5,7 |
| CH-72 | 100 | 2 | 3 | 82,0 | 241 | 354 | 7,5 | 2,9 |
| CH-108 | 150 | 3 | 4 | 82,0 | 241 | 354 | 9,5 | 2,7 |
| CH-144 | 200 | 4 | 5 | 123,5 | 241 | 354 | 12,4 | 4,7 |
| CH-180 | 250 | 5 | 6 | 123,5 | 241 | 354 | 14,5 | 4,5 |
| CH-216 | 300 | 3 | 4 | 106 | 245 | 551 | 18,9 | 7,6 |
| CH-228 | 400 | 4 | 5 | 106 | 245 | 551 | 23,3 | 7,2 |
| CH-360 | 500 | 5 | 6 | 127 | 245 | 550 | 28,8 | 9,0 |
| CH-432 | 600 | 6 | 7 | 168 | 245 | 550 | 34,5 | 13,0 |
| CH-504 | 700 | 7 | 8 | 168 | 245 | 550 | 37,8 | 12,6 |
| CH-576 | 800 | 8 | 9 | 209,5 | 245 | 550 | 45,4 | 16,6 |
| CH-648 | 900 | 9 | 10 | 209,5 | 245 | 550 | 48,6 | 16,2 |
| CH-720 | 1000 | 10 | 11 | 230 | 245 | 550 | 54,4 | 18,0 |
| CH-864 | 1200 | 12 | 13 | 271,5 | 245 | 550 | 64,5 | 21,6 |
| CH-1008 | 1400 | 14 | 15 | 313 | 245 | 550 | 74,2 | 25,2 |
| CH-1152 | 1600 | 16 | 17 | 354,5 | 245 | 550 | 84,0 | 28,8 |
* Battery voltage 6 V of 3 elements in a monoblock.
3.2.7. The numbers in the designation of batteries and ESN-36 batteries mean the nominal capacity at a 10-hour discharge mode in ampere-hours.
The nominal capacity for other discharge modes is given in Table 4.
Table 4
| Designation | Discharge current and capacitance values for discharge modes | |||||||||
| 5 hour | 3 hour | 1 hour | 0.5 hour | 0.25 hour | ||||||
| Current, A | Capacity, Ah | Current, A | Capacity, Ah |
Current, A | Capacity, Ah |
Current, A | Capacity, Ah | Current, A | Capacity, Ah | |
| ZSN-36 | 6 | 30 | 9 | 27 | 18,5 | 18,5 | 25 | 12,5 | 32 | 8 |
| CH-72 | 12 | 60 | 18 | 54 | 37,0 | 37,0 | 50 | 25 | 64 | 16 |
| CH-108 | 18 | 90 | 27 | 81 | 55,5 | 55,5 | 75 | 37,5 | 96 | 24 |
| CH-144 | 24 | 120 | 36 | 108 | 74,0 | 74,0 | 100 | 50 | 128 | 32 |
| CH-180 | 30 | 150 | 45 | 135 | 92,5 | 92,5 | 125 | 62,5 | 160 | 40 |
| CH-216 | 36 | 180 | 54 | 162 | 111 | 111 | 150 | 75 | 192 | 48 |
| CH-288 | 48 | 240 | 72 | 216 | 148 | 148 | 200 | 100 | 256 | 64 |
| CH-360 | 60 | 300 | 90 | 270 | 185 | 185 | 250 | 125 | 320 | 80 |
| CH-432 | 72 | 360 | 108 | 324 | 222 | 222 | 300 | 150 | 384 | 96 |
| CH-504 | 84 | 420 | 126 | 378 | 259 | 259 | 350 | 175 | 448 | 112 |
| CH-576 | 96 | 480 | 144 | 432 | 296 | 296 | 400 | 200 | 512 | 128 |
| CH-648 | 108 | 540 | 162 | 486 | 333 | 333 | 450 | 225 | 576 | 144 |
| CH-720 | 120 | 600 | 180 | 540 | 370 | 370 | 500 | 250 | 640 | 160 |
| CH-864 | 144 | 720 | 216 | 648 | 444 | 444 | 600 | 300 | 768 | 192 |
| CH-1008 | 168 | 840 | 252 | 756 | 518 | 518 | 700 | 350 | 896 | 224 |
| CH-1152 | 192 | 960 | 288 | 864 | 592 | 592 | 800 | 400 | 1024 | 256 |
3.2.8. The discharge characteristics given in Table 4 fully correspond to the characteristics of SK type batteries and can be determined in the same way as indicated in clause 3.1.8 if they are assigned the same numbers (No.):
3.2.9. The maximum charging current and the lowest allowable voltage are the same as for batteries of the SK type, and are equal to the values \u200b\u200bspecified in clauses 3.1.9 and 3.1.10.
4. HOW TO USE BATTERIES
4.1. Continuous charge mode
4.1.1. For AB type SK, the sub-discharge voltage must correspond to (2.2 ± 0.05) V per battery.
4.1.2. For battery type CH, the sub-discharge voltage should be (2.18 ± 0.04) V per battery at an ambient temperature not higher than 35 ° C and (2.14 ± 0.04) V if this temperature is higher.
4.1.3. The required specific values of current and voltage cannot be set in advance. The average float voltage is set and maintained, and the battery is monitored. A decrease in the density of the electrolyte in most batteries indicates insufficient charging current. In this case, as a rule, the required charging voltage is 2.25 V for SK type batteries and not lower than 2.2 V for CH type batteries.
4.2. Charge mode
4.2.1. The charge can be made by any of the known methods: at a constant current strength, smoothly decreasing current strength, at a constant voltage. The charging method is set by local regulations.
4.2.2. Charging at a constant current strength is carried out in one or two stages.
With a two-stage charge, the charging current of the first stage should not exceed 0.25 × C 10 for batteries of the SK type and 0.2 × C 10 for the batteries of the CH type. When the voltage rises to 2.3-2.35 V on the battery, the charge is transferred to the second stage, the charge current should be no more than 0.12 × C 10 for SK batteries and 0.05 × C 10 for CH batteries.
With a single-stage charge, the charge current should not exceed a value equal to 0.12 × C 10 for batteries of types SK and CH. Charging with such a current of accumulators of the CH type is allowed only after emergency discharges.
The charge is carried out until constant values of voltage and electrolyte density are reached for 1 hour for SK batteries and 2 hours for CH batteries.
4.2.3. Charging with a smoothly decreasing current strength of batteries of types SK and CH is carried out at an initial current not exceeding 0.25×C 10 and a final current not exceeding 0.12×C 10 . The signs of the end of the charge are the same as for the charge at a constant current strength.
4.2.4. Charging at a constant voltage is carried out in one or two stages.
A charge in one stage is carried out at a voltage of 2.15-2.35 V per battery. In this case, the initial current can significantly exceed the value of 0.25×C 10 but then it automatically decreases below the value of 0.005×C 10 .
Charging in two stages is carried out at the first stage with a current not exceeding 0.25×C 10, up to a voltage of 2.15-2.35 V per battery, and then at a constant voltage of 2.15 to 2.35 V per battery.
4.2.5. The charge of AB with an elemental switch must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of local regulations.
4.2.6. When charging according to paragraphs 4.2.2 and 4.2.3, the voltage at the end of the charge can reach 2.6-2.7 V per battery, and the charge is accompanied by a strong "boiling" of the batteries, which causes more increased wear of the electrodes.
4.2.7. On all charges, the batteries must be reported at least 115% of the capacity taken on the previous discharge.
4.2.8. During the charge, measurements of voltage, temperature and density of the electrolyte of the batteries are carried out in accordance with Table 5.
Before turning on, 10 minutes after turning on and at the end of the charge, before turning off the charging unit, measure and record the parameters of each battery, and in the process of charging - control batteries.
The charge current, reported cumulative capacity, and date of charge are also recorded.
Table 5
4.2.9. The temperature of the electrolyte when charging batteries of the SK type should not exceed 40°C. At a temperature of 40°C, the charging current must be reduced to a value that provides the specified temperature.
The temperature of the electrolyte when charging batteries type CH should not exceed 35°C. At temperatures above 35°C, the charge is carried out with a current not exceeding 0.05×C 10 , and at temperatures above 45°C, with a current of 0.025×C 10 .
4.2.10. During charging of accumulators of the CH type at a constant or smoothly decreasing current strength, the ventilation filter plugs are removed.
4.3. equalizing charge
4.3.1. The same float current, even at optimal battery float voltage, may not be sufficient to keep all batteries fully charged due to differences in self-discharge of individual batteries.
4.3.2. To bring all batteries of the SK type into a fully charged state and to prevent sulfation of the electrodes, equalizing charges with a voltage of 2.3-2.35 V should be carried out on the battery until a steady value of electrolyte density in all batteries is reached 1.2-1.21 g / cm 3 at a temperature of 20°C.
4.3.3. The frequency of equalizing charges of batteries and their duration depend on the state of the battery and should be at least once a year with a duration of at least 6 hours.
4.3.4. When the electrolyte level drops to 20 mm above the safety shield of CH batteries, water is added and an equalizing charge is made to completely mix the electrolyte and bring all the batteries to a fully charged state.
Equalizing charges are carried out at a voltage of 2.25-2.4 V per battery until a steady value of electrolyte density in all batteries (1.240 ± 0.005) g / cm 3 is reached at a temperature of 20 ° C and a level of 35-40 mm above the safety shield.
The duration of the equalizing charge is approximately: at a voltage of 2.25 V 30 days, at 2.4 V 5 days.
4.3.5. If there are single batteries with low voltage and low electrolyte density (lagging batteries) in the battery, then an additional equalizing charge can be carried out for them from a separate rectifier.
4.4. Low batteries
4.4.1. Rechargeable batteries operating in the constant charge mode are practically not discharged under normal conditions. They are discharged only in cases of malfunction or disconnection of the charger, in emergency conditions or during test discharges.
4.4.2. Individual batteries or groups of batteries are subject to discharge during repair work or when troubleshooting them.
4.4.3. For batteries in power plants and substations, the estimated duration of the emergency discharge is set to 1.0 or 0.5 hours. To ensure the specified duration, the discharge current should not exceed 18.5 x No. A and 25 x No. A, respectively.
4.4.4. When the battery is discharged with currents less than the 10-hour discharge mode, it is not allowed to determine the end of the discharge only by voltage. Too long discharges with low currents are dangerous, as they can lead to abnormal sulfation and warping of the electrodes.
4.5. Check digit
4.5.1. Control discharges are performed to determine the actual capacity of the battery and are produced by a 10 or 3 hour discharge mode.
4.5.2. At thermal power plants, the control discharge of batteries should be performed once every 1-2 years. In hydroelectric power plants and substations, discharges should be carried out as needed. In cases where the number of batteries is not enough to ensure the voltage on the tires at the end of the discharge within the specified limits, it is allowed to discharge part of the main batteries.
4.5.3. Before the control discharge, it is necessary to carry out an equalizing charge of the battery.
4.5.4. The results of measurements should be compared with the results of measurements of previous discharges. For a more correct assessment of the state of the battery, it is necessary that all control discharges of this battery be carried out in the same mode. Measurement data should be recorded in the AB log.
4.5.5. Before the start of the discharge, the date of the discharge, the voltage and density of the electrolyte in each battery and the temperature in the control batteries are recorded.
4.5.6. When discharging on control and lagging batteries, voltage, temperature and electrolyte density are measured in accordance with Table 6.
During the last hour of discharge, the battery voltage is measured after 15 minutes.
Table 6
4.5.7. The control discharge is performed up to a voltage of 1.8 V on at least one battery.
4.5.8. If the average temperature of the electrolyte during the discharge differs from 20°C, then the resulting actual capacity must be reduced to capacity at 20°C according to the formula
,
where C 20 - capacity, reduced to a temperature of 20°C A×h;
With f - capacity actually obtained during the discharge, A×h;
a - temperature coefficient, taken according to Table 7;
t- average electrolyte temperature during discharge, °C.
Table 7
4.6. Topping up batteries
4.6.1. The electrodes in the batteries must always be completely in the electrolyte.
4.6.2. The electrolyte level in SK type batteries is maintained at 1.0-1.5 cm above the upper edge of the electrodes. When the electrolyte level drops, the batteries must be topped up.
4.6.3. Topping up should be done with distilled water, tested for the absence of chlorine and iron content. It is allowed to use steam condensate that meets the requirements of GOST 6709-72 for distilled water. Water can be supplied to the bottom of the tank through a tube or to its upper part. In the latter case, it is recommended to recharge the battery with "boiling" to equalize the density of the electrolyte along the height of the tank.
4.6.4. Topping up with electrolyte with a density of 1.18 g/cm 3 for batteries with an electrolyte density below 1.20 g/cm 3 can be done only if the reasons for the decrease in density are identified.
4.6.5. It is forbidden to fill the surface of the electrolyte with any oil to reduce water consumption and increase the frequency of topping up.
4.6.6. The electrolyte level in CH type batteries must be between 20 and 40 mm above the safety shield. If topping up is carried out when the level drops to the minimum, then an equalizing charge must be carried out.
5. BATTERY MAINTENANCE
5.1. Types of maintenance
5.1.1. During operation, at certain intervals, to maintain the battery in good condition, the following types of maintenance should be carried out:
AB inspections;
preventive control;
preventive restoration (repair).
Current and major repairs of AB are carried out as needed.
5.2. Battery Inspections
5.2.1. Current inspections of batteries are carried out according to the approved schedule by personnel, serving the battery.
During the current inspection, the following is checked:
voltage, density and temperature of the electrolyte in control batteries (voltage and electrolyte density in all and temperature in control batteries - at least once a month);
voltage and current of recharging the main and additional batteries;
electrolyte level in tanks;
correct position of coverslips or filter plugs;
integrity of tanks, cleanliness of tanks, racks and floors;
ventilation and heating;
the presence of a small release of gas bubbles from the batteries;
level and color of sludge in transparent tanks.
5.2.2. If during the inspection, defects are revealed that can be eliminated by the sole examiner, he must obtain permission by telephone from the head of the electrical department to carry out this work. If the defect cannot be eliminated by oneself, the method and term for its elimination is determined by the shop manager.
5.2.3. Inspection inspections are carried out by two employees: the person servicing the battery and the person responsible for the operation of the electrical equipment of the power enterprise, within the time limits determined by local instructions, as well as after installation, replacement of electrodes or electrolyte.
5.2.4. During the inspection, the following are checked:
voltage and electrolyte density in all batteries of the battery, electrolyte temperature in control batteries;
absence of defects leading to short circuits;
the condition of the electrodes (warping, excessive growth of positive electrodes, growths on negative electrodes, sulfation);
insulation resistance;
5.2.5. If defects are found during the inspection, the terms and procedure for their elimination are outlined.
5.2.6. The results of the inspections and the timing of the elimination of defects are recorded in the battery log, the form of which is given in Appendix 2.
5.3. Preventive control
5.3.1. Preventive control is carried out in order to check the condition and performance of the AB.
5.3.2. The scope of work, frequency and technical criteria for preventive control are given in Table 8.
Table 8
| Job Title | Periodicity | Technical criterion | ||
| SC | CH | SC | CH | |
| Capacitance test (check discharge) | 1 time in 1-2 years at SS and HPP | 1 time per year | Must match factory specifications | |
| if necessary | Not less than 70% of nominal after 15 years of operation | Not less than 80% of nominal after 10 years of operation | ||
| Checking performance when discharging no more than 5 with the highest possible current, but no more than 2.5 times the current value of the one-hour discharge mode | At substations and hydroelectric power plants at least once a year | - | The results are compared with the previous ones. | - |
| Checking the voltage, density, level and temperature of the electrolyte in control batteries and batteries with reduced voltage | At least once a month | - | (2.2±0.05) V, (1.205±0.005) g/cm3 |
(2.18±0.04) V, (1.24±0.005) g/cm3 |
| Chemical analysis of the electrolyte for the content of iron and chlorine from control batteries | 1 time per year | 1 time in 3 years | Iron content - no more than 0.008%, chlorine - no more than 0.0003% |
|
| Battery voltage, V: | R from, kOhm, not less | |||
| Battery insulation resistance measurement | 1 time in 3 months | 24 | 15 | |
| Plug washing | - | 1 time in 6 months | - | The free exit of gases from the accumulator must be ensured. |
5.3.3. The AB performance test is provided instead of the capacity test. It is allowed to make it when the switch closest to the AB with the most powerful closing electromagnet is turned on.
5.3.4. During the control discharge, electrolyte samples should be taken at the end of the discharge, since during the discharge a number of harmful impurities pass into the electrolyte.
5.3.5. An unscheduled analysis of the electrolyte from the control batteries is carried out when mass defects in the battery are detected:
warping and excessive growth of positive electrodes, if no violations of the battery operation are detected;
precipitation of light gray sludge;
reduced capacity for no apparent reason.
In an unscheduled analysis, in addition to iron and chlorine, the following impurities are determined if there are appropriate indications:
manganese - the electrolyte acquires a crimson hue;
copper - increased self-discharge in the absence of high iron content;
nitrogen oxides - destruction of positive electrodes in the absence of chlorine in the electrolyte.
5.3.6. The sample is taken with a rubber bulb with a glass tube reaching the lower third of the battery tank. The sample is poured into a jar with a ground stopper. Bank is pre-washed hot water and rinsed with distilled water. A label with the name of the battery, the number of the battery and the date of sampling is pasted on the jar.
5.3.7. The maximum content of impurities in the electrolyte of working batteries, not specified in the standards, can approximately be taken 2 times more than in a freshly prepared electrolyte from battery acid of the 1st grade.
5.3.8. The insulation resistance of a charged battery is measured using an insulation monitoring device on the DC busbars or a voltmeter with an internal resistance of at least 50 kOhm.
5.3.9. Calculation of insulation resistance R from(kΩ) when measured with a voltmeter is produced by the formula
where Rv - voltmeter resistance, kOhm;
U- battery voltage, V;
U+,U - - voltage of plus and minus relative to the "ground", V.
Based on the results of the same measurements, the insulation resistance of the poles R can be determined from+ and R from- _ (kOhm).
; 
5.4. Current repair of accumulators type SK
5.4.1. Current repairs include works to eliminate various faults of the battery, which are usually carried out by the operating personnel.
5.4.2. Typical malfunctions batteries type SK are given in table.9.
Table 9
| Characteristics and symptoms of malfunction | Probable Cause | Elimination method |
| Sulfation of electrodes: reduced discharge voltage, reduced capacitance on control discharges, |
Insufficiency of the first charge; |
Paragraphs 5.4.3-5.4.6 |
| voltage increase during charging (at the same time, the density of the electrolyte is lower than that of normal batteries); | systematic undercharging; | |
| during charging at a constant or smoothly decreasing current, gas formation begins earlier than with normal batteries; | excessively deep discharges; | |
| the temperature of the electrolyte during charging is increased with a simultaneous high voltage; | the battery remained discharged for a long time; | |
| positive electrodes in the initial stage light brown, with deep sulfation, orange-brown, sometimes with white spots of crystalline sulfate, or if the color of the electrodes is dark or orange-brown, then the surface of the electrodes is hard and sandy to the touch, giving a crunchy sound when pressed with a fingernail; | incomplete coating of electrodes with electrolyte; | |
| part of the active mass of the negative electrodes is displaced into the sludge, the mass remaining in the electrodes is sandy to the touch, and in case of excessive sulfation it bulges out of the electrode cells. The electrodes acquire a "whitish" tint, white spots appear | topping up batteries with acid instead of water | |
| Short circuit: | ||
| reduced discharge and charging voltage, reduced electrolyte density, | Warping of positive electrodes; | It is necessary to immediately locate and eliminate the place of the short |
| lack of gas evolution or lag in gas evolution during charging at a constant or smoothly decreasing current strength; | damage or defect of separators; spongy lead closure | closing according to paragraphs 5.4.9 - 5.4.11 |
| increased electrolyte temperature during charging at a simultaneously low voltage | ||
| Positive electrodes are warped | Excessively high value of the charging current when actuating the battery; | Straighten the electrode, which must be pre-charged; |
| severe sulfation of the plates | analyze the electrolyte, and if it turns out to be contaminated, change it; | |
| short circuit of this electrode with the neighboring negative; | charge in accordance with this manual | |
| the presence of nitric or acetic acid in the electrolyte | ||
| Negative electrodes are warped | Repeated changes in the direction of the charge when the polarity of the electrode changes; impact from the adjacent positive electrode |
Straighten the electrode in a charged state |
| Shrinkage of negative electrodes | Large values of the charging current or excessive overcharging with continuous gassing; poor quality electrodes |
Change defective electrode |
| Corrosion of the ears of the electrodes at the border of the electrolyte with air | The presence of chlorine or its compounds in the electrolyte or battery room | Ventilate the battery room and check the electrolyte for the presence of chlorine |
| Resizing the positive electrodes | Discharges to end voltages below acceptable values | Discharge only until the guaranteed capacity is removed; |
| electrolyte contamination with nitric or acetic acid | check the quality of the electrolyte and, if harmful impurities are found, change it | |
| Corrosion of the bottom of the positive electrodes | Systematic failure to bring the charge to the end, as a result of which, after topping up, the electrolyte is poorly mixed and its stratification occurs | Carry out charging processes in accordance with this instruction |
| At the bottom of the tanks there is a significant layer of dark-colored sludge | Systematic excessive charge and overcharge | Perform sludge removal |
| Self-discharge and gas evolution. Detection of gas from batteries at rest, 2-3 hours after the end of the charge or during the discharge process | Electrolyte contamination with metal compounds of copper, iron, arsenic, bismuth | Check the quality of the electrolyte and, if harmful impurities are found, change it |
5.4.3. Determining the presence of sulfation by external signs is often difficult due to the impossibility of inspecting the electrode plates during operation. Therefore, the sulfation of the plates can be determined by indirect signs.
A clear sign of sulfation is the specific nature of the dependence of the charging voltage compared to a healthy battery (Fig. 3). When charging a sulfated battery, the voltage immediately and quickly, depending on the degree of sulfation, reaches its maximum value and only as the sulfate dissolves does it begin to decrease. In a healthy battery, the voltage increases as it charges.
5.4.4. Systematic undercharges are possible due to insufficient voltage and recharge current. Timely conduction of equalizing charges ensures the prevention of sulfation and allows you to eliminate minor sulfation.
The elimination of sulfation requires a significant investment of time and is not always successful, so it is better to prevent its occurrence.
5.4.5. Unstarted and shallow sulfation is recommended to be eliminated by the following regimen.
Fig.3. Voltage versus start time curve for a deeply sulfated battery
After a normal charge, the battery is discharged with a ten-hour mode current to a voltage of 1.8 V per battery and left alone for 10-12 hours. Then the battery is charged with a current of 0.1 C 10 until gas formation and turns off for 15 minutes, after which it is charged with a current of 0 ,one I charge max before the onset of intense gas formation on the electrodes of both polarities and the achievement of a normal density of the electrolyte.
5.4.6. When sulfation is running, it is recommended to carry out the specified charge mode in a diluted electrolyte. To do this, the electrolyte after the discharge is diluted with distilled water to a density of 1.03-1.05 g / cm 3, charged and recharged, as indicated in paragraph 5.4.5.
The efficiency of the regime is determined by the systematic increase in the density of the electrolyte.
The charge is carried out until a steady-state density of the electrolyte is obtained (usually less than 1.21 g/cm 3 ) and a strong uniform outgassing. After that, bring the density of the electrolyte to 1.21 g/cm 3 .
If the sulfation turned out to be so significant that the indicated modes may be ineffective, in order to restore the battery to working capacity, it is necessary to replace the electrodes.
5.4.7. When signs of a short circuit appear, batteries in glass tanks should be carefully examined with a translucent portable lamp. Accumulators in ebonite and wooden tanks are inspected from above.
5.4.8. Batteries operated at constant float charge with increased voltage can form spongy lead tree-like growths on the negative electrodes, which can cause a short circuit. If growths are found on the upper edges of the electrodes, they must be scraped off with a strip of glass or other acid-resistant material. Prevention and removal of growths in other places of the electrodes is recommended to be carried out by small movements of the separators up and down.
5.4.9. A short circuit through the sludge in a battery in a wooden tank with a lead lining can be determined by measuring the voltage between the electrodes and the lining. In the presence of a short circuit, the voltage will be zero.
For a healthy battery at rest, the plus-plate voltage is close to 1.3 V, and the negative-plate voltage is close to 0.7 V.
If a short circuit is detected through the sludge, the sludge must be pumped out. If it is impossible to immediately pump out, it is necessary to try to level the sludge with a square and eliminate contact with the electrodes.
5.4.10. To determine the short circuit, you can use a compass in a plastic case. The compass moves along the connecting strips above the ears of the electrodes, first of one polarity of the battery, then the other.
A sharp change in the deviation of the compass needle on both sides of the electrode indicates a short circuit of this electrode with an electrode of a different polarity (Fig. 4).
Fig.4. Finding short circuits with a compass:
1 - negative electrode; 2 - positive electrode; 3 - tank; 4 - compass
If there are still short-circuited electrodes in the battery, the arrow will deviate near each of them.
5.4.11. Warping of the electrodes occurs mainly when the current is unevenly distributed between the electrodes.
5.4.12. Uneven distribution of current along the height of the electrodes, for example, during electrolyte stratification, at excessively large and prolonged charging and discharging currents, leads to an uneven course of reactions in different parts of the electrodes, which leads to mechanical stresses and warping of the plates. The presence of nitric and acetic acid impurities in the electrolyte enhances the oxidation of deeper layers of positive electrodes. Since lead dioxide occupies a larger volume than the lead from which it was formed, growth and curvature of the electrodes takes place.
Deep discharges below the allowable voltage also lead to curvature and growth of the positive electrodes.
5.4.13. Positive electrodes are subject to warping and growth. The curvature of the negative electrodes takes place mainly as a result of pressure on them from the neighboring warped positive ones.
5.4.14. It is possible to straighten the warped electrodes only by removing them from the battery. Correction is subject to electrodes that are not sulfated and fully charged, since in this state they are softer and easier to edit.
5.4.15. The cut warped electrodes are washed with water and placed between smooth boards of hard rock (beech, oak, birch). A load is installed on the top board, which increases as the electrodes are straightened. It is forbidden to straighten the electrodes by blows of a mallet or hammer directly or through the board in order to avoid destruction of the active layer.
5.4.16. If the warped electrodes are not dangerous for the adjacent negative electrodes, it is allowed to restrict measures to prevent the occurrence of a short circuit. To do this, an additional separator is laid on the convex side of the warped electrode. Replacement of such electrodes is carried out during the next battery repair.
5.4.17. With significant and progressive warping, it is necessary to replace all positive electrodes in the battery with new ones. Replacing only warped electrodes with new ones is not allowed.
5.4.18. Among the visible signs of unsatisfactory electrolyte quality is its color:
color from light to dark brown indicates the presence of organic substances, which during operation quickly (at least partially) pass into acetic acid compounds;
the purple color of the electrolyte indicates the presence of manganese compounds; when the battery is discharged, this purple color disappears.
5.4.19. The main source of harmful impurities in the electrolyte during operation is top-up water. Therefore, to prevent harmful impurities from entering the electrolyte, distilled or equivalent water should be used for topping up.
5.4.20. The use of an electrolyte with an impurity content above the permissible norms entails:
significant self-discharge in the presence of copper, iron, arsenic, antimony, bismuth;
an increase in internal resistance in the presence of manganese;
destruction of positive electrodes due to the presence of acetic and nitric acids or their derivatives;
destruction of positive and negative electrodes under the action of hydrochloric acid or compounds containing chlorine.
5.4.21. When chlorides enter the electrolyte (there may be external signs - the smell of chlorine and deposits of light gray sludge) or nitrogen oxides (there are no external signs), the batteries undergo 3-4 discharge-charge cycles, during which, due to electrolysis, these impurities, as a rule, are removed.
5.4.22. To remove iron, the batteries are discharged, the contaminated electrolyte is removed along with the sludge and washed with distilled water. After washing, the batteries are filled with electrolyte with a density of 1.04-1.06 g/cm 3 and charged until constant values of voltage and density of the electrolyte are obtained. Then the solution from the batteries is removed, replaced with a fresh electrolyte with a density of 1.20 g / cm 3 and the batteries are discharged to 1.8 V. At the end of the discharge, the electrolyte is checked for iron content. With a favorable analysis of the battery, they charge normally. In the event of an unfavorable analysis, the processing cycle is repeated.
5.4.23. Batteries are discharged to remove manganese contamination. The electrolyte is replaced with fresh and the batteries charge normally. If the contamination is fresh, one electrolyte change is sufficient.
5.4.24. Copper from batteries with electrolyte is not removed. To remove it, the batteries are charged. When charging, copper is transferred to the negative electrodes, which are replaced after charging. Installing new negative electrodes to the old positive leads to an accelerated failure of the latter. Therefore, such a replacement is advisable if there are old serviceable negative electrodes in stock.
When a large number of copper-contaminated batteries are found, it is more expedient to replace all electrodes and separators.
5.4.25. If the deposits of sludge in batteries have reached a level at which the distance to the lower edge of the electrodes in glass tanks is reduced to 10 mm, and in opaque tanks to 20 mm, the sludge must be pumped out.
5.4.26. In batteries with opaque tanks, you can check the level of sludge using an angle made of acid-resistant material (Fig. 5). The separator is removed from the middle of the battery and several separators are lifted side by side and a square is lowered into the gap between the electrodes until it comes into contact with the sludge. Then the square is rotated by 90° and lifted up until it touches the lower edge of the electrodes. The distance from the surface of the sludge to the lower edge of the electrodes will be equal to the difference in measurements along the upper end of the square plus 10 mm. If the square does not turn or turns with difficulty, then the sludge is either already in contact with the electrodes, or close to it.
5.4.27. When pumping out the sludge, the electrolyte is simultaneously removed. So that the charged negative electrodes do not heat up in air and do not lose capacity during pumping out, you must first prepare the required amount of electrolyte and pour it into the battery immediately after pumping out.
5.4.28. Pumping is carried out using a vacuum pump or blower. The sludge is pumped into a bottle through a cork into which two glass tubes with a diameter of 12-15 mm are passed (Fig. 6). The short tube can be brass with a diameter of 8-10 mm. To pass the hose from the battery, sometimes you have to remove the springs and even cut one ground electrode at a time. The sludge must be carefully stirred with a square made of textolite or vinyl plastic.
5.4.29. Excessive self-discharge is a consequence of low battery insulation resistance, high electrolyte density, unacceptably high battery room temperature, short circuits, electrolyte contamination with harmful impurities.
The consequences of self-discharge from the first three causes usually do not require special measures to correct batteries. It is enough to find and eliminate the cause of the decrease in the insulation resistance of the battery, bring the density of the electrolyte and the temperature of the room back to normal.
5.4.30. Excessive self-discharge due to short circuits or due to contamination of the electrolyte with harmful impurities, if allowed for a long time, leads to sulfation of the electrodes and loss of capacity. The electrolyte must be replaced, and defective batteries desulfated and subjected to a control discharge.
Fig.5 Angle for measuring the level of sludge
Fig.6. Scheme of sludge pumping with a vacuum pump or blower:
1 - rubber stopper; 2 - glass tubes; 3, 4 - rubber hoses;
5 - vacuum pump or blower
5.4.31. Battery polarity reversal is possible with deep battery discharges, when individual batteries with a reduced capacity are completely discharged and then charged in the opposite direction by the load current from healthy batteries.
A reversed battery has a reverse voltage of up to 2 V. Such a battery reduces the discharge voltage of the battery by 4 V.
5.4.32. To correct a reversed battery, the battery is discharged and then charged with a small current in right direction until a constant electrolyte density value is reached. Then they are discharged with a current of 10-hour modes, re-charged and so repeated until the voltage reaches a constant value of 2.5-2.7 V for 2 hours, and the density of the electrolyte is 1.20-1.21 g/cm 3 .
5.4.33. Damage to glass tanks usually starts with cracks. Therefore, with regular inspections of the battery, a defect can be detected at an early stage. The greatest number of cracks appear in the first years of operation of the battery due to improper installation of insulators under the tanks (different thickness or lack of gaskets between the bottom of the tank and the insulators), as well as due to the deformation of racks made of raw wood. Cracks can also appear due to local heating of the tank wall caused by a short circuit.
5.4.34. Damage to lead-lined wooden tanks is most often caused by damage to the lead lining. The reasons are: poor soldering of the seams, lead defects, installation of retaining glasses without grooves, when the positive electrodes are closed with the lining directly or through the sludge.
When the positive electrodes are shorted to the plate, lead dioxide is formed on it. As a result, the lining loses its strength and through holes may appear in it.
5.4.35. If it is necessary to cut out a defective battery from a working battery, it is first shunted with a jumper with a resistance of 0.25-1.0 Ohm, designed for the passage of a normal load current. Cut along the connecting strip on one side of the battery. A strip of insulating material is inserted into the incision. If troubleshooting requires a long time (for example, removing a reversed battery, the shunt resistor is replaced with a copper jumper (Fig. 7), designed for emergency discharge current.
Fig.7. Shunting scheme for a defective battery:
1 - defective battery; 2 - serviceable batteries; 3 - in parallel
included resistor; 4 - copper jumper; 5 - connecting strip;
6 - the place of the cut of the connecting strip
5.4.36. Since the use of shunt resistors has not proven itself well enough in operation, it is preferable to use a battery connected in parallel with a defective one to bring the latter into repair.
5.4.37. Replacing a damaged tank on a working battery is performed by shunting the battery with a resistor with only the electrodes cut out.
Charged negative electrodes, as a result of the interaction of the electrolyte remaining in the pores and air oxygen, are oxidized with the release of a large amount of heat, heating up greatly.
Therefore, if the tank is damaged with electrolyte leakage, negative electrodes are first cut out and placed in a tank with distilled water, and after replacing the tank, they are installed after the positive electrodes.
5.4.38. Cutting from the battery of one positive electrode for straightening on a working battery is allowed in multi-electrode batteries. With a small number of electrodes, in order to avoid battery polarity reversal when the battery switches to the discharge mode, it is necessary to shunt it with a jumper with a diode designed for the discharge current.
5.4.39. If a battery with a reduced capacity is found in the battery in the absence of a short circuit and sulfation, then it is necessary to determine with the help of a cadmium electrode which polarity electrodes have insufficient capacity.
5.4.40. Checking the capacity of the electrodes is carried out on a battery discharged to 1.8 V at the end of the control discharge. In such a battery, the potential of the positive electrodes with respect to the cadmium electrode should be approximately equal to 1.96 V, and negative 0.16 V. 0.2 V
5.4.41. Measurements are made on a battery connected to a load with a voltmeter with a large internal resistance (more than 1000 ohms).
5.4.42. A cadmium electrode (can be a rod with a diameter of 5-6 mm and a length of 8-10 cm) 0.5 h before the start of measurements must be lowered into an electrolyte with a density of 1.18 g/cm 3 . During breaks in measurements, the cadmium electrode should not be allowed to dry out. A new cadmium electrode must be kept in the electrolyte for 2-3 days. After measurements, the electrode is thoroughly washed with water. A perforated tube of insulating material should be put on the cadmium electrode.
5.5. Current repair of accumulators type CH
5.5.1. Typical malfunctions of CH type batteries and methods for their elimination are given in Table 10.
Table 10
| Symptom | Probable Cause | Elimination method |
| electrolyte leak | Tank damage | Battery replacement |
| Reduced discharge and charging voltage. Reduced electrolyte density. Temperature rise of the electrolyte | The occurrence of a short circuit inside the battery | Battery replacement |
| Reduced discharge voltage and capacitance on control discharges | Sulfation of electrodes | Conducting discharge-charge training cycles |
| Decreased capacitance and discharge voltage. Darkening or turbidity of the electrolyte | Electrolyte contamination with foreign impurities | Flushing the battery with distilled water and changing the electrolyte |
5.5.2. When changing the electrolyte, the battery is discharged in a 10-hour mode to a voltage of 1.8 V and the electrolyte is poured out, then it is filled with distilled water to the upper mark and left for 3-4 hours. cm 3 reduced to a temperature of 20 ° C, and charge the battery until constant voltage and electrolyte density are reached for 2 hours. After charging, the electrolyte density is adjusted to (1.240 ± 0.005) g / cm 3.
5.6. Overhaul of batteries
5.6.1. Overhaul of AB type SK includes the following works:
replacement of electrodes, replacement of tanks or laying them out with acid-resistant material, repair of electrode ears, repair or replacement of racks.
Replacement of electrodes should be carried out, as a rule, not earlier than after 15-20 years of operation.
Overhaul of accumulators of type CH is not carried out, the accumulators are replaced. Replacement should be made no earlier than after 10 years of operation.
5.6.2. For overhaul, it is advisable to invite specialized repair companies. Repair is carried out in accordance with the current technological instructions of repair enterprises.
5.6.3. Depending on the operating conditions of the battery, the entire battery or part of it is displayed for overhaul.
The number of batteries sent for repair in parts is determined from the condition of ensuring the minimum allowable voltage on the DC buses for specific consumers of this battery.
5.6.4. To close the battery circuit when repairing it in groups, jumpers must be made of insulated flexible copper wire. The wire cross section is chosen so that its resistance (R) does not exceed the resistance of a group of disconnected batteries:
,
where P - number of disconnected batteries.
At the ends of the jumpers there should be clamps like clamps.
5.6.5. When partially replacing electrodes, the following rules must be followed:
it is not allowed to install both old and new electrodes in the same battery, as well as electrodes of the same polarity of varying degrees of wear;
when replacing only positive electrodes in the battery with new ones, it is allowed to leave the old negative ones if they are checked with a cadmium electrode;
when replacing negative electrodes with new ones, it is not allowed to leave old positive electrodes in this battery in order to avoid their accelerated failure;
it is not allowed to put normal negative electrodes instead of special side electrodes.
5.6.6. It is recommended that the shaping charge of batteries with new positive and old negative electrodes be carried out with a current of no more than 3 A per positive electrode I-1, 6A per electrode I-2 and 12 A per electrode I-4 for the high safety of negative electrodes.
6. BASIC INFORMATION ON THE INSTALLATION OF BATTERIES, BRINGING THEM INTO OPERATING CONDITION AND FOR PRESERVATION
6.1. The assembly of batteries, the installation of batteries and their activation must be carried out by specialized installation or repair organizations, or by a specialized team of the power company in accordance with the requirements of the current technological instructions.
6.2. Assembly and installation of shelving, as well as compliance with technical requirements they should be produced in accordance with TU 45-87. In addition, it is necessary to completely cover the racks with a polyethylene or other plastic acid-resistant film with a thickness of at least 0.3 mm.
6.3. Measuring the resistance of insulation, not filled with electrolyte battery, busbars, passage boards is carried out with a megohmmeter at a voltage of 1000-2500 V; resistance must be at least 0.5 MΩ. In the same way, the insulation resistance of a battery filled with electrolyte but not charged can be measured.
6.4. The electrolyte poured into SK batteries must have a density of (1.18 ± 0.005) g / cm 3, and into CH batteries (1.21 ± 0.005) g / cm 3 at a temperature of 20 ° C.
6.5. The electrolyte must be prepared from sulfuric battery acid of the highest and first grade in accordance with GOST 667-73 and distilled or equivalent water in accordance with GOST 6709-72.
6.6. Required volumes of acid ( Vk) and water ( V V) to obtain the required volume of electrolyte ( V e) in cubic centimeters can be determined by the equations:
; 
,
where r e and r to - electrolyte and acid densities, g/cm 3 ;
t e - mass fraction of sulfuric acid in electrolyte, %,
t to - mass fraction of sulfuric acid, %.
6.7. For example, to make 1 liter of electrolyte with a density of 1.18 g / cm 3 at 20 °, the required amount of concentrated acid with a mass fraction of 94% with a density of 1.84 g / cm 3 and water will be:
V k \u003d 1000 × \u003d 172 cm 3; V in\u003d 1000 × 1.18 \u003d 864 cm 3,
where m e = 25.2% is taken from reference data.
The ratio of obtained volumes is 1:5, i.e. Five parts of water are needed for one part volume of acid.
6.8. To prepare 1 liter of electrolyte with a density of 1.21 g/cm 3 at a temperature of 20°C from the same acid, you need: acid 202 cm 3 and water 837 cm 3 .
6.9. The preparation of a large amount of electrolyte is carried out in tanks made of ebonite or vinyl plastic, or in wooden ones lined with lead or plastic.
6.10. Water is first poured into the tank in an amount of not more than 3/4 of its volume, and then acid is poured into a mug of acid-resistant material with a capacity of up to 2 liters.
Filling is carried out with a thin jet, constantly stirring the solution with a stirrer made of acid-resistant material and controlling its temperature, which should not exceed 60 ° C.
6.11. The temperature of the electrolyte poured into batteries of type C (SK) should not exceed 25 ° C, and in batteries of type CH not higher than 20 ° C.
6.12. The battery, filled with electrolyte, is left alone for 3-4 hours for complete impregnation of the electrodes. The time after filling with electrolyte before the start of charging should not exceed 6 hours to avoid sulfation of the electrodes.
6.13. The density of the electrolyte after pouring may decrease slightly, and the temperature may rise. This phenomenon is normal. It is not required to increase the density of the electrolyte by adding acid.
6.14. AB type SK are brought into working condition as follows:
6.14.1. Factory-made battery electrodes must be shaped after battery installation. Formation is the first charge, which differs from ordinary normal charges in its duration and special mode.
6.14.2. During the formative charge, the lead of the positive electrodes is converted into lead dioxide PbO 2 , which is dark brown in color. The active mass of the negative electrodes is converted into pure spongy lead, which has a gray color.
6.14.3. During the formation charge, the SK type battery must be reported at least nine times the capacity of the ten-hour discharge mode.
6.14.4. When charging, the positive pole of the charger must be connected to the positive pole of the battery, and the negative pole to the negative pole of the battery.
After filling, the batteries have reversed polarity, which must be taken into account when setting the initial voltage of the charger in order to avoid excessive "rush" of the charging current.
6.14.5. The values of the current of the first charge per one positive electrode should be no more than:
for electrode I-1-7 A (accumulators No. 1-5);
for electrode I-2-10 A (accumulators No. 6-20);
for electrode I-4-18 A (accumulators No. 24-148).
6.14.6. The entire formation cycle is carried out in the following order:
continuous charge until the battery is 4.5 times the capacity of the 10-hour discharge mode. The voltage on all batteries must be at least 2.4 V. For batteries on which the voltage has not reached 2.4 V, the absence of short circuits between the electrodes is checked;
break for 1 hour (the battery is disconnected from the charging unit);
continuation of the charge, during which the battery is informed of the nominal capacity.
It then repeats the alternation of one hour of rest and charge with the message of one capacity until the battery has reached nine times the capacity.
At the end of the forming charge, the battery voltage reaches 2.5-2.75 V, and the electrolyte density reduced to a temperature of 20 ° C is 1.20-1.21 g / cm 3 and remains unchanged for at least 1 hour. When the battery is turned on on a charge after an hour break there is an abundant release of gases - "boiling" simultaneously in all batteries.
6.14.7. It is forbidden to conduct a forming charge with a current exceeding the above values, in order to avoid warping of the positive electrodes.
6.14.8. It is allowed to conduct a shaping charge at a reduced charging current or in a stepped mode (first with the maximum allowable current, and then reduced), but with the obligatory message of 9-fold capacity.
6.14.9. During the time until the battery reaches 4.5 times its rated capacity, no interruptions in charge are allowed.
6.14.10. The temperature in the battery room must not be lower than +15°C. At lower temperatures, the formation of accumulators is delayed.
6.14.11. The temperature of the electrolyte during the entire time of battery formation should not exceed 40°C. If the electrolyte temperature is above 40°C, the charging current should be reduced by half, and if this does not help, the charge is interrupted until the temperature drops by 5-10°C. In order to prevent interruptions in charging until the batteries reach 4.5 times their capacity, it is necessary to carefully control the temperature of the electrolyte and take measures to reduce it.
6.14.12. During charging, the voltage, density and temperature of the electrolyte are measured and recorded on each battery after 12 hours, on control batteries after 4 hours, and at the end of the charge every hour. The charge current and reported capacitance are also recorded.
6.14.13. During the entire charging time, the electrolyte level in the batteries should be monitored and topped up if necessary. Exposure of the upper edges of the electrodes is not allowed, as this leads to their sulfation. Topping up is carried out with an electrolyte with a density of 1.18 g/cm 3 .
6.14.14. After the end of the forming charge, the sawdust impregnated with electrolyte is removed from the battery room and the tanks, insulators and racks are wiped. Wiping is carried out first with a dry rag, then moistened with a 5% solution of soda ash, then moistened with distilled water, and finally with a dry rag.
The coverslips are removed, washed in distilled water and reinstalled so that they do not extend beyond the inner edges of the tanks.
6.14.15. The first control discharge of the battery is performed with a 10-hour current, the battery capacity on the first cycle must be at least 70% of the nominal.
6.14.16. Rated capacity is provided on the fourth cycle. Therefore, batteries must be subjected to three more discharge-charge cycles. Discharges are carried out with a current of 10-hour mode up to a voltage of 1.8 V per battery. The charges are carried out in a stepwise mode until a constant voltage value of at least 2.5 V per battery is reached, a constant value of electrolyte density (1.205 ± 0.005) g / cm 3, corresponding to a temperature of 20 ° C, for 1 hour, subject to the battery temperature regime.
6.15. AB type SN are brought into working condition as follows:
6.15.1. Batteries are switched on for the first charge when the temperature of the electrolyte in the batteries is not higher than 35°C. The value of the current at the first charge is 0.05 · C 10 .
6.15.2. The charge is carried out until constant values of voltage and electrolyte density are reached for 2 hours. The total charge time must be at least 55 hours.
During the time until the battery has received twice the capacity of the 10-hour mode, charge interruptions are not allowed.
6.15.3. During charging on control batteries (10% of their number in the battery), voltage, density and temperature of the electrolyte are measured first after 4 hours, and after 45 hours of charging every hour. The temperature of the electrolyte in the batteries must be maintained no higher than 45°C. At a temperature of 45°C, the charging current is reduced by half or the charge is interrupted until the temperature drops by 5-10°C.
6.15.4. At the end of the charge, before turning off the charging unit, the voltage and density of the electrolyte of each battery are measured and recorded in the sheet.
6.15.5. The density of the battery electrolyte at the end of the first charge at an electrolyte temperature of 20°C should be (1.240 ± 0.005) g/cm 3 . If it is more than 1.245 g/cm 3 , it is corrected by adding distilled water and the charge is continued for 2 hours until the electrolyte is completely mixed.
If the density of the electrolyte is less than 1.235 g/cm 3 , the adjustment is made with a solution of sulfuric acid with a density of 1.300 g/cm 3 and the charge is continued for 2 hours until the electrolyte is completely mixed.
6.15.6. After disconnecting the battery from the charge, an hour later, the electrolyte level in each battery is adjusted.
When the electrolyte level above the safety shield is less than 50 mm, an electrolyte with a density of (1.240 ± 0.005) g/cm 3 reduced to a temperature of 20°C is added.
If the electrolyte level above the safety shield is more than 55 mm, the excess is taken with a rubber bulb.
6.15.7. The first control discharge is carried out with a 10-hour mode current up to a voltage of 1.8 V. During the first discharge, the battery must provide a return of 100% capacity at an average electrolyte temperature during the discharge of 20°C.
If 100% capacity is not received, training charge-discharge cycles are carried out in a 10-hour mode.
Capacities of 0.5 and 0.29-hour modes can only be guaranteed on the fourth charge-discharge cycle.
When the average temperature of the electrolyte, during the discharge differs from 20°C, the resulting capacity lead to the capacity at a temperature of 20°C.
When discharging on control batteries, measurements of voltage, temperature and electrolyte density are carried out. At the end of the discharge, measurements are taken on each battery.
6.15.8. The second battery charge is carried out in two stages: by the first stage current (not higher than 0.2С 10) to a voltage of 2.25 V on two or three batteries, by the second stage current (not higher than 0.05С 10) the charge is carried out until constant voltage values \u200b\u200band electrolyte density for 2 hours.
6.15.9. When carrying out the second and subsequent charges on the control batteries, voltage, temperature and electrolyte density are measured in accordance with Table 5.
At the end of the charge, the surface of the batteries is wiped dry, the ventilation holes in the covers are closed with filter plugs. The battery thus prepared is ready for use.
6.16. When decommissioning for a long period of time, the battery must be fully charged. To prevent electrode sulfation due to self-discharge, the battery must be charged at least once every 2 months. The charge is carried out until constant values of voltage and density of the electrolyte of the batteries are reached for 2 hours.
Since self-discharge decreases with decreasing electrolyte temperature, it is desirable that the ambient air temperature be as low as possible, but not reach the freezing point of the electrolyte and be minus 27 ° C for an electrolyte with a density of 1.21 g / cm 3, and for 1.24 g / cm 3 cm 3 minus 48 ° C.
6.17. When dismantling batteries of the SK type with subsequent use of their electrodes, the battery is fully charged. The cut out positive electrodes are washed with distilled water and stacked. The cut out negative electrodes are placed in tanks with distilled water. Within 3-4 days, the water is changed 3-4 times and a day after the last change of water is removed from the tanks and stacked.
7. TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
7.1. Each battery must have the following technical documentation:
design materials;
materials for accepting a battery from installation (water and acid analysis protocols, formation charge protocols, discharge-charge cycles, control discharges, battery insulation resistance measurement protocol, acceptance certificates);
local operating instructions;
acts of acceptance from repair;
protocols for scheduled and unscheduled electrolyte analyzes, analyzes of newly obtained sulfuric acid;
current state standards of specifications for sulfuric battery acid and distilled water.
7.2. From the moment the battery is put into operation, a log is started on it. The recommended form of the journal is given in Appendix 2.
7.3. When carrying out equalizing charges, control discharges and subsequent charges, measurements of insulation resistance, the record is kept on separate sheets in the journal.
Appendix 1
LIST OF DEVICES, EQUIPMENT AND SPARE PARTS REQUIRED FOR OPERATION OF BATTERIES
For battery maintenance, the following devices must be available:
densimeter (hydrometer), GOST 18481-81, with measurement limits of 1.05-1.4 g / cm 3 and a division value of 0.005 g / cm 3 - 2 pcs.;
mercury glass thermometer, GOST 215-73, with measurement limits of 0-50°C and division value of 1°C - 2 pcs.;
meteorological glass thermometer, GOST 112-78, with measurement limits from -10 to +40 °С - 1 pc.;
voltmeter magnetoelectric accuracy class 0.5 with a scale of 0-3 V - 1 pc.
To perform a number of works and ensure safety, the following inventory must be available:
mugs porcelain (polyethylene) with spout 1.5-2 l - 1 pc.;
explosion-proof portable lamp - 1 pc.;
rubber pear, rubber hoses - 2-3 pcs.;
goggles - 2 pcs.;
rubber gloves - 2 pairs;
rubber boots - 2 pairs;
rubber apron - 2 pcs.;
coarse-haired suit - 2 pcs.
Spare parts and materials:
tanks, electrodes, coverslips - 5% of the total number of batteries;
fresh electrolyte - 3%;
distilled water - 5%;
solutions of drinking and soda ash.
With centralized storage, the amount of inventory, spare parts and materials can be reduced.
Annex 2
BATTERY LOG FORM
1. SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS
2. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
3. DESIGN FEATURES AND MAIN TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS
3.1. Accumulators type SK
3.2. CH batteries
4. HOW TO USE BATTERIES
4.1. Continuous charge mode
4.2. Charge mode
4.3. equalizing charge
4.4. Low batteries
4.5. Check digit
4.6. Topping up batteries
5. BATTERY MAINTENANCE
5.1. Types of maintenance
5.2. Battery Inspections
5.3. Preventive control
5.4. Current repair of accumulators type SK
5.5. Current repair of accumulators type CH
5.6. Overhaul of batteries
6. BASIC INFORMATION ON THE INSTALLATION OF BATTERIES, BRINGING THEM INTO OPERATING CONDITION AND FOR PRESERVATION
7. TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
Annex 1. List of devices, inventory, spare parts required for the operation of batteries
Appendix 2 Battery Log Form
Timely diagnostics and maintenance of parts ensures the perfect operation of the car and prevents serious malfunctions. Careful attention to will reduce the risk of breakage and prevent changes to its main specifications for a long time.
Gel battery - charging and maintenance
Due to the design features maintenance of the gel-type battery is limited to one charge only. It can be produced using a special one created for various types of helium batteries.
The main rule for charging a gel battery should be remembered: the supplied voltage must not be allowed to exceed the threshold value. The result of non-compliance with this rule will be the failure of the battery without the possibility of recovery.
Find the exact threshold voltage value for each battery model can be found in the instructions that came with the device or on the side of the device. Most often, its range is 14.3 to 14.5 volts.
Before charging the gel battery, it is not superfluous to inspect the part. High charging voltage is especially dangerous if there are mechanical defects that can be seen with the naked eye.
Alkaline Battery Maintenance
Key feature of alkaline batteries is an the possibility of increasing the service life through regular preventive measures to prevent aging. To improve the performance of the battery will allow charge-discharge cycles, which can be carried out using automatic chargers.
During the cycle, the current should not be weak. This will adversely affect battery performance. You should avoid charging the battery at temperatures below -10 degrees Celsius, and even more so at -30.
In parallel with preventive charge-discharge cycles, it is worth inspecting the battery for damage to the case, the appearance of traces of electrolyte or other anomalies. After every 10th charge, the electrolyte level should be checked. and replenish it if it deviates from the normal value.
For this, you will need a special device - a densimeter. By immersing it in the filling hole, you can measure the exact value and compare it with an acceptable threshold (specified in the instructions). As an analogue for measurement, you can use a hydrometer. To check with this device, you will need a glass beaker and a rubber bulb. Having taken 100 mg of electrolyte, you can put a hydrometer in it and check the density value.
This can be done using a glass tube with marks. The optimal level is from 5 to 12 mm above the edge of the plates. If it is not observed, then you can increase the amount of electrolyte by adding distilled water. At low density values, electrolyte should be added instead of water.
Acid batteries - maintenance
There are currently two types of lead-acid batteries: traditional and sealed (maintenance-free).
The following actions are typical for servicing the classic type of battery:
- Inspection of electrical connections.
- Checking the electrolyte level and its density.
- Diagnosis of the capacity of a lead-acid battery (control discharge method).
- Search for traces of electrolyte on the battery cover.
Having noticed a problem, it should be stopped as soon as possible, before the battery becomes unusable or causes a number of other undesirable problems.
Acid battery maintenance rules
Do-it-yourself battery maintenance and care
Sealed lead acid batteries are virtually maintenance free. Modern technology has made it possible to avoid problems that could lead to rapid wear. However, a preventive check of electrical connections will not be superfluous. During it, both the terminals and the very surface of the battery should be examined. Undesirable signs will be:
- Traces of oxides and white plaque.
- Loose connections (bolted or screwed).
- Not reinforced terminals.
- Visible mechanical damage.
If you find these problems, you should get rid of them yourself or with the help of specialists.
After an external check, it is worth resorting to using a battery tester. A special device will allow you to accurately determine the capacity without the traditional test discharge.
Each rechargeable battery, whether it is a power source for a car or a simple battery with which a particular tool or gadget is operated, needs to be used and cared for correctly. By following the rules for operating batteries, you can ensure their long service life - so that they work out their resource as expected. It is known that each power tool equipped with batteries (as well as the batteries themselves) is always accompanied by an instruction manual, which will never be superfluous to look into. Here we will look at the main subtleties related to how to properly use different types of batteries, depending on their scope.
It is known that batteries for a car are serviceable and. The serviced ones are, and the unattended ones are for the most part and. They are more convenient and versatile to use. Since liquid acid batteries are still a priority for many drivers due to their low price and reliability, it would be fair to first talk about the features of their application.
Features of the use of liquid-acid car batteries
Electrolyte check
If your car's battery is filled inside the "cans" with electrolytic liquid, this means that you will need to periodically. From time to time you have to . Serviced batteries always have access to the compartments, and the fluid level must be checked in each of them.
Why top up with distilled water? The fact is that all liquid car batteries in the process of operation have a gradual decrease in the level of the electrolytic liquid, and the percentage of sulfuric, on the contrary, becomes greater, because the water evaporates. This is called an increase in the density of the electrolyte. That it has a negative impact on the quality of the battery. If within one to three months the liquid evaporates to a critical level (it becomes small in the battery, and the lead plates may be exposed), the voltage level regulator should be checked for its serviceability. Normally, a strong drop in the liquid level is observed, as a rule, within 2-4 years after the intensive operation of the battery began after its purchase.
The rate at which the liquid inside the battery "cans" evaporates depends on many factors:
- the level of quality of the batteries themselves;
- improper use of batteries;
- serviceability of the electrical equipment of the car;
- weather conditions and travel patterns.
As you can see, a serviced car battery requires special treatment. In addition, during the operation of the battery, once every two to three months it is strongly recommended to check it voltage indicator , which normally ranges from 12 to 12.8 V. At the same time, it is important to remember that if U drops below 11.6 V, your battery urgently needs a full one.
When using liquid-acid batteries, it is also important to remember that their self-discharge rate is quite high compared to more expensive modern counterparts. It can reach 10-14% per month, and after the battery life exceeds 2 years, self-discharge becomes at least three times higher. If your battery is not used for a long time, do not forget to recharge it regularly. At least once every 2 months.
About choosing the right memory
If the charger used has a charging U lower than 13.8 volts, the battery will be permanently undercharged. This can quickly lead to what is called “chronic undercharging”, which causes the battery to lose efficiency and capacity. So Always use the correct charger .
Remember that operating batteries at a constant charge of no more than 50-60 percent will very quickly lead to a loss of capacity, because the active mass of the electrodes inside the battery will be subject to accelerated melting.
How does a liquid acid battery age?
The older your car battery gets, the greater the percentage of natural wear and tear over time will be:
- The cross section of the main elements of the electrode design with the plus sign will become much smaller, which will lead to increasing resistance inside the battery . The new battery has a much lower resistance, as a result of which the discharge voltage is much higher.
- If a battery operationcarried out constantly and for a long time, its capacity gradually decreases . Because the level of active substances that participate in electrochemical transformations decreases.
- With time will increase the consumption of distilled water during . In a year, 1.5 times more water will be required, and in two years - 2-3 times more.
In order for your liquid acid battery to last as long as possible, you should follow a few rules and be guided by the following indicators:
- Check the electrolyte in each battery compartment. Normally, it is 1.27 g / cm 3.
- U-value in an open electrical circuit when measured with a multimeter should not fall below 12.5 volts .
- Keep a secure fit batteries in the car.
- If the battery is severely discharged, make sure to start charging as soon as possible .
- Do not abuse short and irregular "recharging" reducing battery capacity.
- All maintenance work liquid acid battery wear protective gloves .
- Be aware of the explosive nature of liquid acid and do not charge such a battery near open flames and at high temperatures .
- Regularly check the condition of the terminals for dirt and white deposits in the form of heavy metal oxides.
Features of the use of gel car batteries
Of course, the operation of gel batteries may seem much easier when compared with cheap "acid batteries".
On the one hand, this is indeed true. Since inside such a current source there is not a liquid, but a gel, it is safer in use and is not subject to explosion hazard. If necessary, the gel battery can be put on its side and turned to either side, and nothing will happen to it.
Lifetime for gel batteries a lot more. Besides, they do not require any maintenance inside: they do not need to fill with distilled water and regularly check the internal condition of the "jars". Therefore, the question arises - is it not better to immediately pay 10 or 15 thousand, so as not to "steam" once again?
On the one hand, the advantages of gel batteries are obvious. However, when operating a battery of this type, a number of certain requirements must be observed, otherwise an expensive battery can be “landed” in no time.
If you purchase a gel battery, the health of your car's on-board network and its battery-related components should be at the highest level:
- The current must be supplied steadily and accurately..
- The voltage in all parts of the on-board electrical network of the car should not be jumpy. If it "jumps", the battery can immediately fail irreversibly.
- Generator and relay-regulator must work properly , maintaining the voltage in the gel battery no more than 14.4 V.
- As for the relay regulator, many experienced motorists recommend immediately install a spare relay in the car when purchasing a gel battery. If one relay suddenly "closes", the other, in this case, will save the battery.
- Should be purchased immediately Charger , preferably with automatic mode .
- If suddenly the voltage in the battery becomes higher than 14.4 volts (this is already a critical indicator), the voltage regulator must work. .
As you can see, despite all the positive characteristics and external ease of use of this type of battery, gel batteries very capricious and also require special treatment. Only in a slightly different form. For their sake, the driver will have to spend extra money on bringing the vehicle's on-board network into perfect order.
Features of the use of alkaline batteries
No matter how surprising it may look, but the operation, in other words, of conventional batteries that power power tools and other household appliances, also has its own subtleties and features. They must be known in order for the batteries to properly develop their resource.
When using nickel-cadmium batteries, please note that they have a so-called "memory effect" . If such batteries are subjected to frequent and not very long recharging, and if a charger is connected to them when they are not completely discharged, they seem to “remember” the level of charge that they had left and do not work at full strength. Therefore, the user may get the impression that the batteries are out of order. But it's not.
To get rid of the “memory effect” and return nickel-cadmium batteries to a good level of capacity, they must be “driven away” with several “charge-discharge” cycles. Do not abuse quick recharges and don't be afraid to leave them empty. Such elements of deep discharges are not afraid.
Nickel-metal hydride, or, on the contrary, do not like deep discharges and are affected by temperature changes.
If you store such batteries for a long time without use, and then suddenly there is a need to use them, they will not let you down and will work fully even if you have not used them for several months. It will only take a little preparation for work: restore their capacity by charging and discharging several times.
The shelf life of nickel-cadmium batteries with occasional use can be up to five years. Store them in a warm and dry place, preferably away from power tools or other household appliances.
When it comes to the concept of "alkaline batteries" using nickel compounds, some users often confuse a nickel-metal hydride battery with a nickel-cadmium battery. They differ from each other mainly in that Ni-Cd elements are the most unpretentious in operation, rarely overheat, and their "aging" is very slow, which is very beneficial for the user.
Features of the use of lithium-ion and Li-pol batteries
Operation also has its own characteristics. At the same time, the operating rules for Li-Ion and lithium polymer are virtually identical, given that modern technologies have helped to eliminate technical shortcomings the entire lithium "line".
As you know, the first Li-Ion batteries were quite dangerous and often exploded - mainly when overheated. Now all batteries of this type are equipped with a voltage level controller , which does not allow U to rise above the required.
In order to extend and lithium polymer batteries follow these simple guidelines:
- Always make sure that charging Li-Ion or Li-polymer batteries made up, at least 45%. Lithium does not like deep discharge and very sensitive to it.
- Maintain this score The charge is stable, do not reduce it.
- Frequent recharging of such batteries, contrary to popular belief, will not hurt. The main advantage of any lithium-ion and li-pol battery is that neither one nor the other no "memory effect" .
- Do not overcharge or overheat : They are quite sensitive.
- New Li-Ion batteries can undergo several charge-discharge cycles . But not in order to remove the "memory effect", but in order to to calibrate their controller for its correct and precise operation.
The operation of any type of battery has features and nuances that the user should always keep in mind. This will help to learn more about both car batteries and the most common batteries, to understand the essence of their work and extend their service life when used.