1. T-28 - a brand of wheeled tractor produced by the Vladimir Tractor Plant from 1958 to 1964

2. DT-20 is a brand of wheeled tractor produced by the Kharkov Tractor Plant from 1958 to 1969

3. HTZ-7 - a universal garden tractor, produced by the Kharkov Tractor Plant from 1950 to 1956. The first Soviet small tractor

4. T-5 (I did not find information about the model)

5. T-38 - a universal row-crop caterpillar tractor produced from 1958 to 1973 (taking into account the modification of the T-38M) by the Vladimir and Lipetsk Tractor Plants

6. KD-35 - row-crop caterpillar tractor produced from 1947 to 1960 by the Lipetsk Tractor Plant, since 1950 by the Minsk Tractor Plant and since 1951 by the Brasov Tractor Plant (Brashov, Romania). KD stands for "Kirov diesel"

7. DT-75 - caterpillar agricultural tractor for general use. The most massive caterpillar tractor in the USSR (today more than 2.7 million copies). In 2008, the Volgograd Tractor Plant celebrated the 45th anniversary of the start of production of the DT-75. The tractor has gained a good reputation due to the successful combination of good performance (simplicity, economy, maintainability) and low cost compared to other tractors in its class.

8. LTZ-120 - wheeled universal row-crop tractor. LTZ - Lipetsk Tractor Plant

9. SKhTZ 15/30 is a brand of wheeled tractor produced since 1930 by the Stalingrad Tractor Plant and since 1931 by the Kharkov Tractor Plant. 390 thousand tractors were produced. Production ceased in 1937

11. T-150 and T-150K brands of universal high-speed tractors manufactured by the Kharkov Tractor Plant. The T-150 tractor has a caterpillar drive, and the T-150K has a wheeled one. Historically, the wheeled version (T-150K) of the tractor was made later and based on the caterpillar, but it became much more widespread.

13. Homemade tractor and T-16 (in the background). T-16 was often used in the housing and communal sector

14. DT-54 - caterpillar agricultural tractor for general use. The tractor was produced from 1949 to 1963 by the Stalingrad Tractor Plant, from 1949 to 1961 by the Kharkov Tractor Plant, from 1952 to 1979 by the Altai Tractor Plant. Total built 957900 units

15. T-74 - a Soviet caterpillar tractor with a traction class of 3 tons, produced by the Kharkov Tractor Plant. Created by upgrading tractors DT-54, T-75. The tractor is designed to perform agricultural and transport work in regions with a temperate climate. Produced from April 1962 to November 24, 1983

16. MTZ-50 "Belarus" - a brand of general purpose wheeled tractors manufactured by the Minsk Tractor Plant from 1962 to 1985

17. T-4, T-4A, T-4AP - brands of caterpillar tractors produced by the Altai Tractor Plant. The T-4 tractor was produced from 1964 to 1970

18. Fordson-Putilovets - a wheeled tractor produced at the Krasny Putilovets plant in Leningrad since 1924 under license from the Ford company. It was a copy of the American Fordson-F tractor.

Not to say that I would be a true fan of the tractor. But I have great respect for any heavy equipment, and I have separate warm feelings for tractors. He is beautiful, rumbles pleasantly and has many benefits: for example, you can follow him on a bicycle and ride forty kilometers an hour without stress. In general, I love the tractor. Therefore, an unplanned visit to the Tractor History Museum in Cheboksary caused me a special thrill. Here I was lucky twice: firstly, we were not going to stop by the capital of Chuvashia, but we had to visit it on the way from Nizhny Novgorod on one trifling business case, and secondly, we ended up in a museum that had not yet been officially opened, and we were allowed to the wording "okay, come in, since you've arrived." We went in and were pleasantly surprised. In contrast to the Nizhny Novgorod technical museums, which were rather based on enthusiasm, which we walked around in droves during that trip, here good financial injections were clearly added to the enthusiasm: they clearly invested quite a lot in the interior. Actually, a rather big sign on the facade of the museum spoke about the non-poverty of the museum. And the interior is finished quite modernly, reproductions of old Soviet posters with tractors hang in the lobby, everything is decorated in a restrained and pleasant way.

Exposition to match: slender, neat, well-lit shelves with exhibits - from the tools of ancient farmers to futuristic sketches, light boxes, shelves with models, books, albums, and a lot of historical material, photographs and posters. Too bad our spontaneous visit didn't include excursions; a detailed story of the guide would add cognitive value to this cultural trip.

Museum dioramas deserve special mention. Nicely made, good quality. Covering times from the distant past to the present and even the future. Here, for example, "The evolution of the plow and traction force":

Fragment of the interior of the forge:

Closer to our times. Locksmith workshop:

"In the Diamond Quarry"

"In the ancient forests". Pathetic name :)

(Un)probable future. "Cetra Tractor on Mars"

A separate song - models and layouts. There is an incredible amount of them here! In the first halls dedicated to history, there are not so many of them, but towards the end of the exposition, rows of racks are waiting, densely packed with a variety of models - not only tractors, but also excavators, bulldozers, cranes, dump trucks, combines. Real abundance in 1:43 scale! There are so many “models” that I couldn’t photograph them all, and grumbling about the blatant lack of spirituality in relation to visitors, I limited myself to a panorama, into which all the racks still did not fit.

But the most "delicious" is found at the end. In the last hall, it would be more accurate to call it a hangar - a large, spacious, bright hangar, there is a collection of real tractors, from ancient rarities to modern designs. Two dozen wheeled and tracked vehicles, beautifully restored and painted in elegant colors. A feast for the eyes!

The oldest exhibit is the Fordson-Putilovets, the first-born of the Soviet tractor industry, copied from the American Fordson F, produced in the USA since 1917. Fordson was one of the most popular, simple and cheap light tractors in the world at that time. "FP" was produced at the Putilov plant in Leningrad from 1924 to 1932. It was the first tractor in the world to have a frameless design and the first to be mass-produced.

The simplicity of design, ease of operation, low cost and low metal consumption made the Putilovets the most popular Soviet tractor of its time, and its production was constantly increasing, reaching tens of thousands of pieces a year. But the simplicity and cheapness of the design had a downside. Far from perfect was the ignition system, which gave the factory workers a lot of trouble. Repair of some components of the structure was difficult. The 20-horsepower engine lacked power, and under heavy work conditions, it overheated due to the design features of the lubrication system. Ford's design was designed for a much more gentle operation in medium-sized farms, and not for shock work on collective farm fields. Finally, the lack of fenders on the rear wheels turned into inconvenience for the driver: not only could they easily throw mud at him, the open wheel spurs could also injure him (Apparently, this shortcoming was subsequently eliminated. The museum exhibit has wings, they are also found on some historical photographs).

In the early 30s of the XX century, Putilovets was replaced by a more technically advanced STZ (SKhTZ) -15/30. The history of its appearance is curious. Already in 1925, when the production of "FP" in Leningrad had just begun, the authorities started talking about the need to build a specialized plant for the production of tractors. Since there was practically no experience of own tractor building in the USSR, they again decided to take a foreign design as a basis, but this time on a competitive basis. Five young engineers were given the task, at their own discretion, to take as a basis the project of any foreign tractor and present it to the commission for protection. In the summer of 1926, the commission chose the International 10/20 project of the American firm McCormick Deering. A year later, an industrial assignment was approved for the construction of a plant in Stalingrad with an annual production of 10,000 tractors of this type, and a year later it was decided to double the design capacity of the plant.

Tractor McCormick Deering International 10/20:

But in the meantime, the McCormick Deering International 15/30 tractor won the first place at the international testing competition, and the plant was redesigned again: now it was supposed to produce 40,000 International 15/30 tractors annually! The first STZ-15/30 left the gates of the largest tractor plant in 1930, and the STZ reached its design capacity only in 1932, having overcome "childhood illnesses" with great difficulty. By this time, the production of a tractor of the same design was also established at the Kharkov plant, where it received the designation SHTZ-15/30.

The design of the STZ-15/30 was more advanced than the Putilovets. More powerful engine (30 hp), lubrication system with oil pump and filter, oil air cleaner. The engine was started manually, with a "crooked starter", and the collective farmers in their own way deciphered the abbreviation KhTZ: "hell start the tractor." On the assembly line, 15/30 lasted until 1937, when both plants that produced it were redesigned to produce the STZ-NATI caterpillar tractor. In 1948-50, the tractor was produced by the Second Automobile Repair Plant in Moscow. In total, almost 400,000 of these tractors were produced.

"Fordson-Putilovets" and STZ-15/30 were suitable for arable work, but were not suitable for tilled. For a row-crop tractor, the wheel arrangement must exactly correspond to the distance between the rows, which varies by one and a half meters for different crops. A row-crop tractor, in addition, must be reliable in control and not “scour” when moving from side to side, and the height of the ground clearance must take into account the height of the cultivated plants - and this is only a small part of the basic requirements for such machines. In the early 1930s, designers tried to create a row-crop tractor based on the Putilovets and STZ-15/30, but tests showed that such measures were indispensable, and specialists from the Scientific Auto Tractor Institute (NATI) were instructed to develop a row crop.

Again, the American McCormick Farmall was taken as the basis, as the most successful design of that time. When adapting the universal American machine to Soviet realities, engineers faced a number of problems. For example, it turned out that it was not possible to create a universal tractor suitable for processing all crops cultivated in the Union. Therefore, for the first time in world practice, two modifications of the tractor were simultaneously developed at once - three- and four-wheeled (U-1 and U-2). In the 1940s, the U-3 and U-4 appeared to work with cotton.

Museum U-2:

The tractor, largely unified with the STZ-15/30, was named "Universal" and was mass-produced from 1934 to 1940 at the Krasny Putilovets Leningrad plant. From 1944 to 1955, the pioneer among domestic row-crop tractors was produced at the new tractor plant in Vladimir. By the way, "Universal" became the first Soviet tractor, which was exported abroad.

The three-wheeled U-4, designed for the installation of cotton pickers, received pneumatic tires for the first time in the USSR:

At the end of the 30s, the question arose of the production of a medium tractor, which would take an intermediate position between the low-power STZ-15/30 and the heavy STHZ-NATI with a power of 52 hp. The history of the appearance of such a model stretched for a decade and a half - the first prototypes of a machine of this class were developed back in 1932-33. at the Kharkov Tractor Plant, but they soon took over the production of the STHZ-NATI already mentioned above, and continued the development of a medium-power tractor at the Kirov Plant, where from 1936 to 1939 they created eight modifications based on the Caterpillar R-2. But soon the outbreak of World War II interrupted design research until 1943, when specialists were recalled from the front and entrusted with the development of a medium-sized caterpillar tractor, which could be used both as an arable and row-crop tractor, and a plant in Lipetsk was reconstructed for the production of a tractor. In December 1944, the first batch of K-35s with a ZIS-5T gasoline engine was sent to the Crimea and the North Caucasus. Modified according to the test results in the second half of 1946, they were tested in Armavir, after which they were approved for mass production, and the creators of the K-35 were awarded two state awards - for the tractor and separately for its diesel engine. In 1950, a modification of the KDP-35 appeared - "Kirov Diesel Row".

KD-35 was produced, except for Lipetsk, at the Minsk MTZ and in Brasov (Romania). It turned out to be a long-liver: it was produced until 1960, and many of its units were used on the T-38 / T-38M that replaced it on the conveyor until 1973.

The T-38 eliminated all the shortcomings of the KDP-35. The designers increased the reliability and service life of the undercarriage, used centralized lubrication of the rollers, which reduced their maintenance time by several times, increased the smoothness of the ride, and improved stability. To perform general-purpose work, a second, wide pair of caterpillars was attached to the tractor.

The first Soviet small-sized tractor, KhTZ-7, produced from 1950 to 1956 in Kharkov. Designed for light agricultural work in vegetable growing and horticulture with trailed and mounted agricultural implements. It had a 12-horsepower gasoline engine. The design made it possible to adjust the ground clearance, track width, work in reverse mode, for which the position of the controls and the driver's seat changed. Through the power take-off shaft, stationary machines could be driven to the drive pulley. The rear wheels could be filled with water to increase traction.

In my opinion, KhTZ-7 is one of the most beautiful exhibits of the museum.

KhTZ-7 evolved into diesel DT-14, and that, in turn, into DT-20. Produced from 1958 to 1969. The DT-20 was very versatile - it also had adjustable ground clearance and track width, the driver's workplace was transformed to work with front-line agricultural machines in reverse, and even the wheelbase could change.

Perhaps the most dandy coloring can boast of one of the two presented in the museum "Vladimir" T-28. If the first one, of an inconspicuous blue-gray color, modestly nestled in the corner behind one of the Universals, then the second one stands in the very center of the hall and attracts attention with a bright and contrasting purple-yellow color. Stilyaga, not otherwise! The time of its release just coincided with the heyday of this youth subculture in the Union: 1958-1964. The design of the T-28, which became a further development of the T-24, was so successful that the Vladimirets was awarded the first prize and the Grand Gold Medal at the World Exhibition in Brussels.

In 1946, in Minsk, on the basis of the 453rd aviation plant, a new tractor-building enterprise was created - the Minsk Tractor Plant, MTZ. Starting with the assembly of plows first, and then starting engines, the plant soon began production of KD-35 tractors. And since 1953, the MTZ-1 and MTZ-2 of their own design went into the series. A few years later, as a result of a thorough modernization, the MTZ-50 tractor appeared, one of the most successful and widespread tractor designs in the USSR. It's no joke - constantly changing, "fifty kopecks" rolled off the assembly line for 23 years - from 1962 to 1985, after which it was produced for some time in limited quantities for export, and in the 90s, having experienced another reincarnation, returned to the market under the brand name "Belarus- 500". The total number of produced MTZ-50s is more than 1,250,000 pieces.

The tractor was equipped with a 55 hp diesel engine, the transmission had 9 forward speeds and 2 rear ones.

Several modifications were produced. For example, the all-wheel drive MTZ-52, the leading front axle of which is automatically activated depending on road conditions.

And this is the cotton-growing version of the MTZ-50X with a double front wheel. Produced jointly with the Tashkent Tractor Plant.

An experimental tractor of the Lipetsk Tractor Plant with all driven steered wheels, a central cab, an engine located above the front axle. The permanent drive was front, the rear axle was connected automatically when the front wheels slipped. The tractor did not go into the series.

Caterpillar high power tractor DT-74, designed for agricultural, land reclamation and road construction works. Produced at the Kharkov plant from 1960 to 1984.

The most massive caterpillar tractor in the USSR is the DT-75, which has gained fame for its good performance and low cost compared to its counterparts. It has been produced in various modifications since 1962 to this day - of course, constantly being modernized - in Volgograd, from 1968 to 1992 it was also produced in Pavlodar under the brand name "Kazakhstan". Those of the modifications in which the enlarged fuel tank was located to the left of the driver's cab, and she herself was shifted to the right of the longitudinal axis of the tractor, received the nickname "postman". This cabin appeared in 1978. The museum DT-75, painted in authentic red, has a “postman's” cabin. The tractor was awarded the Gold Prize at the Leipzig International Fair in 1965.

DT-75M early release with old cab:

And this, in my opinion, is the main show-stopper of the entire museum: the arable tracked "Altai" T-4, produced at the Altai Tractor Plant from 1964 to 1970, and until 1998 as the T-4A. In the museum, apparently, there is a transitional model - with a new cabin from the T-4A, but an old-style engine hood. T-4(A), common in the virgin lands of Siberia and Kazakhstan, were powerful and adapted for hard work on irrigated soils. They were not very pleasant in operation - the caterpillar design was unreliable, the tractor was difficult to maintain, and in summer and autumn, due to the low (only 9 km / h) speed, the T-4s were idle, because they were not suitable for work of this period.

But all this is not so important. The most important thing is what exactly this museum "Altai" is. It is, in fact, cut along. As in a visual aid, in a drawing in a textbook or on a poster, the interior of the tractor, its components and parts are shown in section; you can look inside and get an idea of ​​\u200b\u200btheir device. Well, how can you not admire?!

Two modern "babies" come from Kurgan. Quite familiar to the city dweller is the “multi-purpose utility construction machine” MKSM-800 ...

And a KMZ-12 mini-tractor. Both machines are designed to work with a variety of attachments - from cargo forks to concrete mixers.

But on the open area of ​​the museum are the largest exhibits. Here is another veteran of Soviet construction projects, the Chelyabinsk "weaving" T-100. On board it is written S-100, although the cockpit with a beveled "forehead" is clearly from the "teshki"; Wikipedia tells us that "the T-100 tractor was often traditionally called the S-100." Produced from the mid 60s to the late 70s. In 1968 he received a gold medal at an international exhibition.

ChTZ T-170, a descendant of the "hundred part", which went into series in 1988. By this time, its design was already quite outdated compared to foreign counterparts. For example, friction clutches were inherited from the Stalinist S-80 of the 1946 model. The advantages of the T-170 include simplicity of design and low cost compared to analogues.

The most important giant of the exposition is the heavy industrial tractor Chetra T-330, "Cheboksary". The firstborn of the Cheboksary Tractor Plant appeared in the mid-1970s and was then a completely modern unit. A rare solution for bulldozers used on it is a cab shifted forward, which improves visibility. The dimensions of the tractor are really impressive: length - 10.4 meters, height - more than 4! And it looks impressive: in front - a bulldozer blade with a human height, behind a predatory sting hangs a ripper. Brutal handsome man!

Excellent museum. A pleasant combination of love for your work and financial support. Not every technical museum is so lucky. In addition to the traditional exposition, they say, there is also an interactive part - virtual tours of the country's factories and 3D design modeling for everyone. With all this, ticket prices are quite democratic: an adult ticket costs 25 rubles, photography, it seems, another 50. Only the situation with the website is not entirely clear: it looks clearly unfinished. But this, perhaps, is not a very significant "fly in the ointment." Considering that this museum is the only one of its kind, it definitely becomes a must-visit.

The invention of caterpillar transport has become a significant event in human life. combines power, performance and mobility. The traction force of this type of transport is used to transport various agricultural equipment. Logging, land reclamation or sowing activities - all this is not complete without a caterpillar tractor. Moreover, the tractor engine is used to operate trailed and mounted equipment in agriculture.

The history of the creation of the first caterpillar tractors

The older brother of the first caterpillar tractor was the caterpillar machine of the English designer John Gitkotom, which was created to drain swampy areas. The engine of this car did not run on steam. Of course, it was far from perfect due to its oversized size and noisy operation.

In 1837, an engineer from Russia, Dmitry Zagryazhsky, developed and described a model of a caterpillar machine powered by steam. Zagryazhsky at that time served as a staff captain on a warship, he sent his invention to obtain a patent for a tracked vehicle.

In 1857, another, now an American prototype of a caterpillar tractor, was created, its main purpose was agriculture. The Californian engineer Miller took as a basis the layout of his English colleague Gitkot, the creator received a special award for his invention. But in the future, this model did not take root.

caterpillar tractor F.A. Blinova

In 1888, another caterpillar tractor was designed; a simple Saratov peasant F.A. worked on its creation. Blinov. The project was a vehicle on two caterpillar tracks, each of them had to be controlled separately by two different helmsmen. The engine was put into operation by means of a special gear mechanism, the engine also worked for a couple. The maximum speed that this device could develop was 3 km / h, which is approximately equal to the average speed of an ox-cart. Later, Blinov made changes to his project, trying to simplify the tractor control system, but still the vehicle was not in demand.

In 1897, Germany received the first patent for an internal combustion engine (ICE) that ran on gasoline. Its main advantage over its steam counterpart is its more economical fuel consumption and increased power output. The invention of the first internal combustion engine is credited to Rudolf Diesel.

The first internal combustion engine in Russia was created in 1903, it worked on gasoline-type fuel. I'M IN. Mamin designed a tractor with an internal combustion engine on a caterpillar track. At that time, Russia was predominantly an agrarian country, mechanical engineering was undeveloped, so the machine did not get into mass production.

Tractor building in the USSR

After the revolution in Russia, the industrial equipment of the economy finally got its development. In 1918, a decree was issued, according to which the production of the first caterpillar tractors was launched. In 1924, at the Obukhov machine-building plant in St. Petersburg, the first tractor rolled off the assembly line, it proudly bore the name "Bolshevik".

The Bolshevik was based on the layout of the American Holt tractor. All the shortcomings in the design of the American prototype were finalized, and the tractor design itself underwent some changes. Later, the Bolshevik was upgraded on the basis of Russian tanks.

The S-60 tractor was released under the name "Stalinets"

Mass production of caterpillar tractors was launched in the USSR in 1933. The first S-60 tractor was produced at the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant under the name "Stalinets", and later the Kharkov and Stalingrad Tractor Plants took up the creation of tracked vehicles. By this time, the tractor industry in the USSR had reached an unprecedented level: half of all tractors in the world were produced on the territory of the USSR.

During the Great Patriotic War, when there was a catastrophic shortage of workers in production and agriculture, the question arose of the need to increase the productivity and maneuverability of caterpillar tractors. In 1942, the construction of the Altai Tractor Plant was launched, and six months later the first instance of the DT-54 began to surf the expanses of the Soviet Union. It was the DT-54 tractor that served the agriculture and industry of the USSR for the next 40 years without any additional modifications.

The Kirov plant in the city of Leningrad produced the famous KT-12 tractors, which were later discontinued in 1951, modified and released already on wheels under the famous name "Kirovets".

Tractor factories: Lipetsk and Vladimir also made their contribution to the development of tractor construction in the USSR, releasing models KDP-35 and T-38, T-40.

Tractor building today

The main emphasis on the development of tractor construction in the USSR was made in the post-war period. The sixties of the twentieth century were the time of the maximum rise for this industry. During this period, technically equipped machines with improved cross-country performance and productivity were designed, created and put into production. The Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant, which produced the S-100 universal model, is deservedly recognized as the leader among caterpillar tractor manufacturers. This machine was in demand in several sectors of the economy at once, in agriculture, it was involved in reclamation activities, skidding, as well as in the industrial sector.

After the upgrade, the tracked S-100 model was replaced by more advanced T-100 and T-130 models. And in 1988, a plant in Chelyabinsk produced the T-170 tracked transport model, which is popular and relevant today. The main advantage of the T-170 over other tractors is increased production capacity while maintaining low cost.

Another well-known brand of caterpillar tractor, which is produced in Volgograd, is DT-75. This model withstands high competition among other Russian-made tractors. The main area of ​​\u200b\u200buse of this model is farming, as well as industry.

Its improved analogue is now called, this model has a number of competitive advantages: high performance, compliance with international and European quality standards, fuel efficiency, and environmental safety.

For the purposes of work in the field of logging, tractors of the Altai Tractor Plant are actively used. In 1969, the first tractor TT-4 was produced; it and its modification LTH-4 are used for skidding to this day. TT-4 is today recognized as a leader among similar tractors of this level.

Tractors of this class are also produced by the tractor plant in Onezhsk. The first tracked vehicle rolled off the assembly line of the plant in 1956 under the brand name TDT-40, and sixteen years later the 100,000th piece of equipment was solemnly produced. Today, the vehicles produced at this plant are used by rescue and fire services, these vehicles bear the name "Onezhets-300".

Until now, in Germany you can see strange structures left after the Second World War, which have no analogues either in the USSR or in any other country.

The uninitiated are still wondering what lies behind the walls of high concrete towers shaped like a ballistic missile. Oddly enough, these unusual monuments turned out to be bomb shelters that survived even the most brutal air raids.

By the mid 30s. of the last century, when the mass preparation of Nazi Germany for hostilities was in full swing, the design and construction of bomb shelters for its citizens began. In addition to the fact that in some buildings with suitable basements, additional equipment was carried out, new protective facilities were built according to standard plans. It was at this point that the architect Leo Winkel, a civil engineer at August Thyssen AG, on his own initiative developed a unique tower bomb shelter design.

Reference: Leo Winkel (1885-1981) in September 1934 registered a patent for an air defense tower (LS-Turms von Leo Winkel), called "Winkelturme". In 1936, in Duisburg, he opened the Leo Winkel & Co construction office, which was engaged in the design of above-ground bomb shelters, selling projects and licenses for their construction.

Having considerable experience in construction, Leo Winkel understood how laborious and costly the process of creating new underground bomb shelters was. Therefore, he came up with the idea to simplify the life of a builder, reduce the cost of the process and ... increase the safety of citizens. If most of us understand the first two points, then the last one is puzzling, because how can you be sure of safety during the bombing, being at a height of 5-20 m above the ground. To understand this issue, you need to compare the technical characteristics of these two structures.

To create a bomb shelter tower, you will need a plot of land no more than 25 m² and soil extraction of no more than 300-500 cubic meters. In order to accommodate how many people underground, you need a rectangular plot of land of at least 68 m² and a displacement of 1500-3000 cubic meters. soil;

When preparing a construction site for a surface structure with a shallow foundation, it is not required to take into account the location of gas and water pipelines, sewers, etc., which cannot be said about an underground facility;

To create the shell of a Winkelturme tower or an underground bomb shelter, you will need almost the same amount of concrete and steel;

For a surface structure, it is not required to create waterproofing and protection from groundwater, and for an underground bomb shelter this is one of the most problematic and expensive processes;

There is no need for special signs to designate a bomb shelter high above the ground - they can be seen from afar, but hidden structures during raids are quite difficult for an unknowing person to find;

The likelihood of bombs during air raids hitting a conical structure with a ground area of ​​​​only 25 m² is unlikely, but getting into a rectangular area of ​​\u200b\u200b68 squares and damaging the ceiling is more likely;

In a separate structure, there is no danger of blocking doors and the entrance of air intake pipes due to the destruction of nearby buildings, as is the case with underground shelters;

There is no danger of flooding in the tower, in case of damage to the water supply or worse than sewer pipes;

In the event of a fire or gas attack, people in the tower will not suffer, but underground they will simply suffocate from carbon monoxide or any other gas creeping along the ground.

A comparative analysis showed a clear advantage of the Winkelturme bomb shelter tower, so we can consider its structure and look inside such an original structure, especially since the author presented its design with advanced functions. Patenting his invention, Leo Winkel made a greater emphasis on military use in the form of an air defense tower with the installation of anti-aircraft systems on the upper tier, and shelter in the middle and lower parts. In peacetime, its structure could be used as a water tower.

The first option did not interest the army, and the latter was not put into practice, but as a bomb shelter "Winkelturme" was a success. For the military, in particular to ensure security in Wünsdorf / Zossen, where the High Command of the Wehrmacht Ground Forces was located, 19 Winkelturme bomb shelters were installed, and the remaining 15 were installed on the territory of other strategically important objects.

The Winkelturme bomb shelter is a multi-storey reinforced concrete structure that has a cone-shaped appearance, more like a huge termite mound or a ballistic missile ready to launch. The main role in protection against a direct hit by bombs was played by a powerful concrete head of a conical shape, which was installed above a truncated cone formed by the walls of the tower. This design was made with the expectation that if during the bombardment a direct hit of the projectile occurs, it will not explode, but will slide down and land at a distance, which means that the structure will not be damaged due to the explosion. Moreover, the tower has a recess of 2 floors and is reinforced, so that even a powerful blast wave will only shake it.

Interesting: Before the mass installation of such structures, real tests were carried out. In 1936, Ju 87 dive bombers dropped 50 bombs over the range on which it was located for several days in a row, but none of them hit the tower. After the failure of this test, it was decided to fix bombs weighing 500 and 1000 kg on the outer walls and blow them up. To get a complete picture of what can happen to living beings inside the bunker, goats were placed there. After the explosion, the tower only swayed, and several spalls formed on the outside, but everything inside remained unchanged. The only thing is that those animals that were tied close to the walls of the structure became deaf for a while. After that, an order was issued that it was impossible to install benches closer than 30 cm to the walls.

The bunker created by Winkel has 9 floors, 2 of which are in the ground, and it is in them that filter-ventilation installations, communication points, loudspeakers, water tanks, toilets and other life support systems are located. The remaining 7 floors were intended for the location of people. Air intakes were installed on the sides of the object, and at the very top, another filter-ventilation system, started using electric or manual drives.

In general, when the Winkelturme bomb shelter was completely filled, from 300 to 750 people were placed, it all depended on what the modification of the structure was, because a little later the architect patented a tower with a base diameter of 11.54 m (64 m²) and a height of 23 m. increase in area, safety was not affected because the thickness of the concrete walls at the base was increased to 2 m and decreased slightly to a height of 10 m.

The bunker of the first modification could be accessed from two sides, one entrance / exit was directly from the ground, and the second - at the level of the 3rd floor. The enlarged Winkelturme model already had 3 doors on different sides and floors of the bomb shelter, which made it easier to climb. Inside any of the bunker models, immediately near each entrance, there are sealed vestibules with metal sluice doors that protected the interior from the penetration of various gases and smoke. The movement of people inside the building took place with the help of spiral staircases. Wooden benches were installed on each floor, on which the people were accommodated. In those places where there were schools, factories, residential areas, they even assigned a place number to each person in order to avoid crowds.

According to the Novate.Ru editorial staff, over the entire period of creation of various modifications, about 130 objects were created, and only 1 of them was slightly damaged when a shell punched a hole in the very top of the structure. After the war, they tried to demolish such unusual objects, but it turned out to be not so easy and very expensive, so most of the bunkers were repurposed for the needs of the national economy, using them as warehouses. Several towers fit so organically into the architecture of cities that they have become a real attraction.

During its formation, the young Country of Soviets paid close attention to the development of tractor construction. After all, the agriculture of the still unstrengthened state needed an accelerated pace of mechanization. But their own factories, which would have produced tractors of the USSR, have not yet been built.

In 1920, V. I. Lenin, realizing the urgent need to increase the productivity of rural labor, signed a decree "On a single tractor farm." And two years later, the production of tractors in the USSR began. The first units were low-power and technically imperfect. However, thanks to the constant adoption of measures aimed at the development of this area, ten years later, a real breakthrough came in the construction of specialized industries.

Firstborn of Russia

Our country has always been rich in talents. She was famous for her inventors. Among them were those who worked in the field of creating equipment for agriculture.

The question of the mechanization of agriculture was raised as early as the 18th century. agronomist I. M. Komov. By the middle of the 19th century. D. A. Zagoyaksky and V. P. Guryev developed steam tractors designed for plowing. The first such unit on a caterpillar track was assembled and tested in 1888 by F. A. Blinov.

However, 1896 is considered the official date for the appearance of the Russian tractor industry. It was then that the very first caterpillar steam tractor in the world was demonstrated to the assembled public at the fair in Nizhny Novgorod.

By the beginning of the 20th century. designer Ya. V. Mamin invented a non-compression engine that ran on heavy fuel. It was great for the operation of vehicles. The first tractor, in which an 18-kilowatt internal combustion engine was installed, was assembled in 1911. This unit was called very patriotically - "Russian". After modernization, a 33 kW engine appeared on this tractor. This gave him more power. Small-scale production of such tractors was mastered at the Balaklava plant. Piece by piece, this technique was produced in Kolomna and Bryansk, Kharkov and Rostov, Kichkass and Barvenkovo, as well as in some other settlements. However, the total number of tractors produced in Russia was so small that it could not have a significant impact on the state of affairs in agriculture. By 1913, there were 165 tractors in the country. However, at the same time, the Russian Empire actively imported agricultural machinery. Already by 1917, 1500 pieces were imported into the country.

"Kolomenets-1"

The principle of creating a single tractor economy, which was laid down by Lenin, could be realized not only through the production of "iron horses", but also through the adoption of a set of measures that contributed to the organization of a test and research base, as well as solving issues of organization and repair, opening various courses on training of masters and instructors.

The first tractors of the USSR were produced in 1922 at the Kolomna plant. The head of this project was E. D. Lvov. He is considered the founder of the Russian school of tractor building.

The first unit was named "Kolomenets-1". Without any doubt, he was a real symbol of the beginning of a new era in the country's agriculture.

"Zaporozhets"

These are also the first tractors of the USSR. Their release took place in 1922 at the Krasny Progress enterprise in Kichkass. However, this model turned out to be imperfect. She had only one drive wheel - the rear. In addition, the Zaporozhets tractors were equipped with a low-power 8.8 kW engine, which was able to accelerate the “iron horse” to only 3.4 km / h. This tractor had one forward gear and hook power was 4.4 kW. Despite such low performance, this vehicle was still able to greatly facilitate the work of collective farmers.

"Dwarf"

The inventor Mamin did not depart from his affairs either. He went down in history by producing tractors in Russia and the USSR. After improving his own pre-revolutionary design, Mamin became the project manager for the creation of tractors of the Karlik family.

Their release began in 1924. So, agriculture received the three-wheeled tractor "Karlik-1", equipped with one gear. Their speed developed up to 3-4 km/h. Produced and tractor "Karlik-2", equipped with a reverse.

"Kommunar"

At a time when the designers of the USSR were working on the creation of new, more advanced models, the government of the country organized the production of agricultural machinery under the license of foreign firms. So, in 1923, the Kharkov plant produced caterpillar tractors of the USSR, which were the heirs of the German Ganomag Z-50 units. As a rule, they were used for the needs of the army when transporting artillery pieces. These tractors served the country until 1945.

"Fordson-Putilovets"

All tractors of the USSR, which the country produced in the early twenties of the last century, were made either in small batches or single samples. This did not meet the needs of agriculture. The first tractor in the USSR, which was put into mass production, was produced in Leningrad in 1924. The workers of the Krasny Putilovets plant got down to business. These were the first wheeled tractors of the USSR, which rolled off the assembly line en masse.

As a model, Soviet designers took the American Fordson model from Ford, which had been produced since 1917. These were the first tractors of the USSR (see photo below), which, due to their design, had a low cost. In addition, these units were superior in their characteristics to "Kolomenets" and "Zaporozhets".

The Fordson-Putilovets models were equipped with a 14.7 kW carburetor kerosene engine and had a top speed of 10.8 km/h. Their power on the hook was 6.6 kW. In these tractors, the designers have provided a three-speed gearbox.

This model was produced until 1933. During this period, about 36-49 thousand units rolled off the assembly line. Of course, the vast majority of these tractors were sent directly to the fields of collective farms. However, the old tractors of the USSR proved to be excellent in construction, which experienced a shortage of motorized traction equipment. On the basis of Fordson-Putilovets, a jib crane was installed, which served to perform loading and unloading operations. Also, these tractors acted as tractors for trailed rippers.

"Universal"

In 1934, the production of a new model of tractors began at the Krasny Putilovets plant. The first mass-produced Fordson was replaced by the Universal. The model of the Farmol tractor, which was produced by the American company International, was taken as the basis for its design. In terms of its parameters, it slightly exceeded its predecessor. Its kerosene carburetor engine had a power of 16 kW, the operating weight was 2 tons, and the speed reached 8 km / h. Tractor "Universal" left the assembly line of the Leningrad plant until 1940. After that, its production was transferred to Vladimir. Here, at the tractor plant, these units were produced from 1944 to 1955.

Construction of new production facilities

Over time, it became obvious that in order to provide the collective farms with the necessary agricultural machinery, it was necessary to build special factories. In them, production facilities should be combined with research and development bureaus. The initiator of such a project was F. E. Dzerzhinsky. It was planned to equip new enterprises with the most advanced equipment. This would allow mass production of reliable and cheap models on caterpillar and wheel traction.

The history of USSR tractors as objects of large-scale production began in Stalingrad. After that, the capacities of the Leningrad and Kharkov plants were significantly expanded. The largest enterprises appeared in Chelyabinsk, Barnaul, Minsk and other cities of the country.

Stalingrad plant

It was no coincidence that Stalingrad became the city in which the country built the first production facilities from scratch for the production of tractors. The city had a good strategic position, being at the crossroads of supplies of Ural metal, Baku oil and Donbass coal. In addition, there was a whole army of skilled labor in Stalingrad. By the way, according to this indicator, the city overtook Taganrog, Kharkov, Voronezh, Zaporozhye and Rostov.

The decision to build a tractor plant in Stalingrad was made by the government in 1925. And five years later, the famous STZ-1 wheeled units left the assembly line of the new production. And after that, the plant produced many models of wheeled and tracked types. These are such USSR tractors as:

• wheeled SHTZ 15/30 (1930);
• caterpillar STZ-3 (1937);
• caterpillar SHTZ-NAITI (1937);
• tracked DT-54 (1949);
• tracked DT-75 (1963);
• tracked DT-175 (1986).

In 2005, the Volgograd Tractor Plant (former STZ) was declared bankrupt. VgTZ became the successor of the enterprise.

DT-54

Tracked tractors of the USSR (see photo below) are most widely used. They were represented by a variety of models, significantly exceeding the number of wheeled ones.

A remarkable example of agricultural equipment is the DT-54 tractor. It was produced between 1949 and 1979. This model rolled off the conveyors of the Stalingrad and Kharkov, as well as the Altai plant. The tractor was filmed in many films. The most famous of them are "Kalina Krasnaya", "It was in Penkovka", "Ivan Brovkin in virgin lands". These tractors from the times of the USSR can be found as a monument in dozens of settlements.

The DT-54 model has a four-stroke, four-cylinder in-line liquid-cooled engine, rather rigidly mounted on the frame. The engine power of the unit is 54 liters. With. Its design provides for a three-way five-speed gearbox connected by a cardan to the main clutch. The working speed of the tractor is in the range from 3.59 to 7.9 km/h. Its pulling force is 1000-2850 kg.

Tractor plant in Kharkov

In 1930, the construction of KhTZ began in the country, which was named after Sergo Ordzhonikidze. Production facilities were located fifteen kilometers east of Kharkov. The construction of this giant was carried out in just 15 months. The tractors of the USSR began to roll off the assembly line of the enterprise already on 09/01/1931. These were models borrowed from the Stalingrad plant - SHTZ 15/30.

However, the main task of the enterprise was the creation of a new domestic Caterpillar tractor with a power of 50 hp. With. Designers under the leadership of P.I. Andrusenko worked on solving this issue. They developed a diesel engine that could equip all tracked tractors of the USSR.
In 1937, the plant began production of a series of a new model, created on the basis of SHTZ-NAITI. It installed a more productive and at the same time the most economical diesel engine.

After the start of the war, the company had to be evacuated to Barnaul. Later, the Altai Tractor Plant was established here. In 1944, after Kharkov was liberated, the production began to work on the former site. The legendary SHTZ-NAITI again entered the series.

The main models of USSR tractors produced at the Kharkov plant:

• wheeled SHTZ 15/30 (1930);
• caterpillar SHTZ-NAITI ITA (1937);
• wheeled KhTZ-7 (1949);
• tracked KhTZ DT-54 (1955);
• tracked T-75 (1960);
• tracked T-74 (1962);
• tracked T-125 (1962).

In the 70s, the plant underwent a radical reconstruction without stopping the main production. After that, the production of wheeled three-ton T-150K and tracked T-150 was mastered. The first of them, in tests conducted in 1979 in the USA, showed the best characteristics among known world analogues. This proved that the tractors of the USSR were in no way inferior to foreign models.

At the end of the eighties, KhTZ mastered the production of new equipment of the KhTZ-180 and KhTZ-200 brands. They have become 50% more productive than previous models and 20% more economical.

T-150

Tractors produced in the USSR were distinguished by their reliability. The T-150 and T-150K high-speed universal units also had the same characteristic. They have earned a good reputation due to their wide range of applications. In addition to agriculture, they were used in road construction and transport. And you can still find these models working in the fields, in difficult off-road conditions and in the transportation of goods.

The T-150 and T-150K are equipped with a 6-cylinder turbocharged diesel engine with a V-shaped configuration and liquid cooling. The power of such a motor reaches 150 hp. With. The maximum speed is 31 km/h.

Tractor plant in Minsk

MTZ was founded on May 29, 1946. And until now, this plant is considered the most successful enterprise that has retained its production facilities since the Soviet era, producing vehicles under the Belarus brand.

Until the moment the USSR ceased to exist, MTZ produced almost 3 million units of wheeled and tracked vehicles. Among them are brands such as:

• caterpillar KD-35 (1950);
• tracked KT-12 (1951);
• wheeled MTZ-1 and MTZ-2 (1954);
• tracked TDT-40 (1956);
• wheeled MTZ-5 (1956);
• wheeled MTZ-7 (1957).

In 1960, a large-scale reconstruction began at the Minsk plant. Simultaneously with the placement of new equipment, designers developed promising models. These were MTZ-50 tractors, as well as a more powerful unit with a hollow drive MTZ-52. Their serial production was launched, respectively, in 1961 and 1964.

Starting from 1967, the plant began to produce tracked modifications of the T-54V with various fillings. The enterprise also produced an unusual MTZ tractor.

The USSR needed cotton-growing equipment. In this regard, a modification of the MTZ-50X was developed. It was distinguished by twin front wheels, as well as increased ground clearance. Such models have been produced since 1969. The plant also supplied steep slopes MTZ-82K.

The next stage of the plant's activity was the development of the MTZ-80 line. Its mass production was launched in 1974. After that, special modifications of the MTZ-82N and MTZ-82R were developed.

In the mid-80s, the Minsk Tractor Plant mastered equipment with a capacity of more than one hundred horsepower. These are models such as MTZ-102, MTZ-142. At the same time, low-power mini-equipment was also leaving the assembly line of the enterprise, the design of which provided for an engine from 5 to 22 hp. With.

Tractor plant in Chelyabinsk

This enterprise has made a significant contribution to equipping agriculture with the necessary equipment for it. And during the war, the production of "self-propelled guns" and tanks was launched here.

The construction of the ChTZ was started in an open field, located far from the main highways. When designing the plant, the first production facilities of which were launched in 1930, the experience of similar US enterprises was taken into account.

06/01/1933 the first caterpillar tractor "Stalinets-60" rolled off the assembly line of ChTZ. In 1936, more than 61 thousand of them were already produced. Today, these tractors are considered obsolete. But in the 30s, in terms of their characteristics, they were almost twice as superior to the equipment produced by STZ and KhTZ.

Starting from 1937, more economical S-65 models began to be produced at ChTZ. A year later, this tractor received the highest award - the "Grand Prix" at an exhibition in Paris. You can also see the S-65 in the cinema. It was used during the filming of the famous film "Tractor Drivers".

In 1946, the plant underwent a radical reconstruction. Simultaneously with the modernization of equipment, the production of the S-80 began. In 1948, after the final restructuring of the enterprise, ChTZ produced from 20 to 25 units of equipment per day. In 1955, the design bureau of the plant began work on the creation of a more powerful tractor, model S-100. At the same time, the development of new options did not stop, which would increase the durability of the S-80.

Models of tractors produced by ChTZ during the USSR period are represented by the following tracked ones:

• S-60 (1933);
• S-65 (1937);
• S-80 (1946);
• S-100 (1956);
• DET-250 (1957);
• T-100M (1963);
• T-130 (1969);
• T-800 (1983);
• T-170 (1988);
• DET 250M2 (19789);
• T-10 (1990).

Other businesses

Of course, the article does not list all the factories that produced tractors in the USSR and continue their activities after its collapse. These are companies such as:

• Altai (Barnaul);
• Onega (Petrozavodsk);
• Uzbek (Tashkent);
• Kirovskoe (Petersburg);
• Pavlodar (Kazakhstan).

There are tractor factories in Moscow and in Bryansk, Lipetsk and Kolomna, as well as in other cities.

Since 1991, a new era has begun in the production of this technique. If before this period all tractor enterprises belonged to one ministry, then at the moment many of them began to be located on the territory of new states. In addition, most of the factories passed into private hands. I would like to believe that the history of the Russian tractor industry will continue to have a worthy continuation.