Marginal Cost – English Marginal Cost, are the costs required to produce one more unit of output. For example, if a company produces 301 units of output instead of 300, then the cost of producing the 301st unit is marginal cost. Marginal costs can vary significantly, so they are one of the key indicators that must be taken into account when deciding how much and what kind of product to produce. Many companies strive to balance costs and benefits, although in some cases it may be acceptable for costs to exceed benefits, which are offset by other factors.

At first glance, it seems that the cost of producing one additional item remains fixed, but this is actually not the case. When displayed graphically, they appear as a curve rather than a straight line. When producing relatively small quantities of output, marginal costs will usually be high, but as production increases they will decrease. However, after passing a certain point, a further increase in production volumes will lead to an increase in marginal costs. Therefore, making a decision on the volume of production involves finding an optimum at which the marginal costs correspond to the benefits received.

To better understand the concept of marginal cost, let's understand it using the example of a construction company that builds residential buildings. If she builds five houses in a year, the marginal cost of building a sixth house will be quite high. However, if it builds 50 houses a year, the cost of building the 51st house may be reduced because the company can get a bulk discount on building materials and reduce unit design costs if the buildings are generic. However, when building 75 houses a year, the marginal costs of building the 76th house may begin to increase again, since along with the increase in activity volumes, administrative costs will objectively increase.

Direct costs that influence the value of marginal costs include the cost of raw materials, energy, parts, components, consumables, etc. Indirect costs that contribute to marginal costs include administrative costs and limited available resources and technology. As a company approaches these limits, its marginal costs can begin to rise significantly. For example, an increase in demand for rolled metal with limited supply will lead to an increase in its market price, which will automatically increase the costs of its consumers. In some cases, environmental fees and fines may have a significant impact on marginal costs. For example, an enterprise may obtain a license to produce a certain volume of environmentally harmful products, exceeding which will require the payment of an additional environmental fee for each unit produced.

However, in some cases, marginal costs may be set quite high in order to obtain a public good. Pollution control is a classic example of such a case. The cost of basic environmental safety measures is usually low and is considered affordable by companies. However, in a situation where these measures are exhausted, more resources must be used to control environmental pollution, which leads to increased costs. Although it is not cost-effective, low pollution levels are beneficial to the entire society. In turn, companies that care about the environment receive certain reputational benefits and appear more attractive to potential consumers. Thus, an increase in marginal costs in such a situation may be quite justified.

Many organizations and entrepreneurs operate under the simplified tax system and pay a single tax to the state. They choose its type independently: 6% of revenue or 15% of the difference between income and costs.

All incoming and outgoing transactions are reflected in the Accounting Book. Based on its data, the financial result of the tax period and the annual one are determined.

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When calculating a simplified tax based on the difference between income and costs, you can get a negative result. This situation occurs if more money is spent than received. If such a result is obtained at the end of the year, then the minimum fee is transferred. It is equal to 1% of the profit received (clause 6 of Article 346.18 of the Tax Code).

The company must make the payment before the last day of March next year, and the individual entrepreneur must make the payment before April 30 (Article 346.21 of the Tax Code). If the deadline coincides with a weekend or holiday, it is postponed to the next weekday (Clause 7, Article 6.1 of the Tax Code).

The amount of the minimum tax is not included in the base according to the simplified tax system and is not shown in the Book of Costs and Income (Article 346.16 of the Tax Code). At the end of the year, advances for the single tax are counted towards the minimum tax (Article 78 of the Tax Code).

Do I need to pay a minimum?

If the company has a loss during the reporting period, then the advance cannot be considered as 1% of income. This is not provided for by law. Minimum tax advances are not paid. They are calculated only from the tax base when costs are less than profits. If there is a loss, the basis is zero and so is the down payment.

If expenses exceed income under the simplified tax system, the advance is calculated in the following order:

If the calculation results in a negative number, then you do not need to pay anything. The advance for this period will be zero.

An example of paying tax advances under the simplified tax system in case of a loss for six months. LLC "Berkut" works on the simplified tax system based on the difference between income and expenses.

For the interim periods of 2019, the company had the following results (cumulatively):

An advance payment in the amount of RUR 3,000 was transferred for the quarter. ((90,000 – 70,000) * 15%). The advance payment for the six months was not paid, since the calculation base was zero. For 9 months the advance payment is calculated in the amount of 1,500 rubles. ((190,000 – 180,000) * 15). Taking into account the quarterly payment, there is no need to transfer anything (1,500 – 3,000)< 0.

Loss overview

Enterprises divide losses into two types. Accounting - the calculation takes into account all revenue and all costs; tax - taking into account those incomes and costs that simplifiers recognize under the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

Entrepreneurs who calculate tax based on income pay it in any case, since tax accounting costs do not affect tax accounting. For those who pay tax on income minus expenses, the option of taking a loss is possible.

If in any of the interim billing periods expenses are higher than profits, no advance payment is made. If you make a loss at the end of the year, you will have to pay tax. It is called the minimum and is calculated as 1% of income for the year.

Loss from previous years can be used to reduce the tax base in the current or future periods. The amount of the loss reduces the amount of income. Last year's losses do not affect the calculation of advance payments. They can only be applied at the end of the year.

You can reduce your income for the year by the amount of the loss of the previous reporting period if the latter was based on the simplified tax system “income minutes expenses”. Otherwise, such actions are not permitted.

The loss received in a given year can be used to reduce the tax base over the next ten years. If the period has expired, the loss cannot be counted.

When writing off losses for a given year, all papers confirming the legality of such actions must be kept for the next four years. They may be requested by tax authorities during an audit.

Information on loss amounts for all tax periods must be available. Organize documents and files and store them in separate folders.

Situations when expenses exceed income under the simplified tax system

There are two types of “simplified” taxation: 6% on income and 15% on revenue reduced by costs. In the first case, expenses do not play a role in taxation. In the second case, the tax is paid on net profit; if there is no profit in the interim periods, then there is no need to transfer advances.

Despite the losses, at the end of the year, a simplifier in the 15% system must pay a minimum contribution equal to 1% of the turnover for the year for all types of activities.

If any tax period has been worked out “in plus” and an advance has been paid, but at the end of the year there is a loss. Then the minimum tax is paid, adjusted to the amount of the prepayment.

Example. The company operates on a simplified basis with 15% taxation. For the first quarter, she made a profit of 50 thousand rubles. and paid an advance of 7,500 rubles. The remaining intermediate periods and the year as a whole were worked at a loss. The total annual turnover amounted to 280 thousand rubles.

The company calculated the minimum tax: 780,000 * 1% = 7,800 rubles. Taking into account the advance, the accountant transferred 300 rubles to the budget.

To offset the advance payment against the minimum tax, you need to fill out a simplified declaration. It contains the corresponding columns. The minimum tax is paid within the same time frame as the single tax: by the end of March by companies and by the end of April by entrepreneurs.

What to do

If the expenses from the activities of the simplifier exceed the income, you can act in the following directions:

Cost control	Detailed records of all expenses should be maintained. At the end of the period, you need to analyze them and reduce those items that you can do without in the future. The expenditure of money must be carried out according to a pre-compiled estimate, without going beyond the planned amounts. It is better to postpone large expenses until the end of the period, when the outcome is clear and savings have been identified.
Increasing income	It is useful for the management of large organizations that do not have analysts on staff to use the services of third-party specialized companies. Even a one-time smart move will help you stay afloat and overcome the crisis.
Undesirable methods to increase profitability	Despite the losses, a simplifier should not resort to the following methods of overcoming financial difficulties: applying for a loan or loan; reduction of staff salaries; staff reduction. These measures should be used in a critical situation, when all other options have been tried and the company is threatened with bankruptcy.

Returned advances

The income of companies that apply the simplified taxation system includes sales revenue and non-operating income.

They are accounted for using the cash method, i.e. they are entered into the Accounting Book on the day:

• receipt of money at the cash desk (account);
• registration of rights to property or its receipt;
• repaying debt by other methods.

Dividends are not included in income. Costs are taken into account when actual expenses are paid.

The simplifier takes into account the advance received for the upcoming delivery of products as part of the revenue. If he later returns the prepayment, he must reduce income by the corresponding amount in the period in which the operation was performed. This procedure has been in effect since 2008. Previously, simplifiers were required to clarify the period in which the money was received.

The return of the prepayment must be documented. This is necessary to determine the fact, basis and amount of the amount.

The following documents are required:

• payment slips indicating in the purpose of payment the document according to which the money was returned;
• bank statement proving the fact of transfer of funds;
• document on termination of the contract or change in its terms (additional agreement).

Example. The company received an advance of 75 thousand rubles from the buyer. in March 2019 for the upcoming delivery of products. The accountant included this amount in the first quarter income. In April, the deal was canceled and the company returned the advance to the buyer. When determining revenue for the six months, the accountant must exclude 75 thousand rubles from it.

The refundable advance is indicated in the Cost and Income Accounting Book with a minus in column 4 of the first section. Column 2 indicates the details of the document confirming the return. There is no need to submit an update for the period in which the prepayment was received.

An unusual situation may arise: during the period of repayment of the advance, the company had no income or it was less than the amount returned. In this case, the tax base will be negative.

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A problem of this kind can lead a person to a dead end if one does not begin to solve it as quickly as possible. In order not to end up in a “debt hole”, you need to find a suitable strategy for getting out of this unpleasant situation.

Get your expenses under control

Make it a rule for yourself to write down all the expenses you make for at least a month. The more detailed your records are, the easier it is for you to track where your money is going.

Analyze whether all your purchases are really necessary and justified. Perhaps you can find expenses that can be reduced without harm to your own health and mental comfort.

Go to the store, making a clear list of what you are going to buy, and taking with you the amount necessary for this. If you have extra money in your wallet, you will be very tempted to make an unplanned purchase. Don't go to the mall on an empty stomach or in a bad mood - this way you can avoid shopping on a whim.

Make a list of major purchases you need. Set aside small amounts to accumulate enough funds to complete them. Resist the temptation to “borrow” money from your savings: there is a high probability that you will not be able to repay the “debt”.

Even with the best income, try to save at least small amounts for a rainy day. Life is an unpredictable thing, and no one is immune from unexpected forced expenses.

Increase income

Analyze how you could increase your cash flow. Perhaps this will be some kind of overtime work, perhaps fulfilling one-time orders, or maybe part-time work in your free time.

Of course, you want to work in order to live, and not vice versa, but after analyzing how you spend your free time, you may see that some of your activities may well generate additional income. For example, a hobby can be turned into a source of income.

After keeping time for several days, you will see how much time you spend on activities that bring neither benefit nor pleasure (watching TV shows, surfing Internet sites, empty communication on social networks, computer games). Perhaps by reducing the time you spend doing these things, you can find a few hours to earn some money.

The worst ways to solve a problem

Sometimes it seems to a person that financial difficulties can be solved easily and quickly, without much effort. As a rule, these methods are fraught with more dangers than real benefits, and it will take a long time to deal with their consequences.

Refrain from taking out a loan. Remember that the money you borrow from the bank will have to be repaid with high interest. Without being able to properly distribute the funds that you currently have, are you sure that you will be able to allocate additional amounts to repay the loan?

Don't borrow from friends. Of course, in this case, as a rule, you will not have to pay interest, and the deadline for repaying the debt can be “postponed” if necessary. But, by promising over and over again to return the borrowed amount to your friend and not fulfilling your promise, won’t you ruin your relationship with your good friend?

Not yourself in meeting basic needs. By reducing expenses on food to a minimum, saving on treatment, on necessary household amenities, you create health problems for yourself, and the emotional background of a person who constantly limits himself in everything can hardly be called stable and favorable. Even if you have a modest income, plan for yourself an amount that you can afford to spend on small joys - this will help you endure financial adversity easier.

Finances, unfortunately, sing romances for many people: today few people are satisfied with their financial situation. The Internet is replete with all sorts of inspiring articles and advice, teaching the reader how to save, how to save, how to earn money.

And if those who have at least a little free money can still somehow take advantage of these tips, then those whose expenses often exceed their income seem to have very little chance: how, pray tell, can you save anything else if Are you going into the red every now and then?

In general, such a statement is not without meaning: after all, everyone took mathematics at school. Nevertheless, you can improve your situation even if expenses exceed income: there is nothing difficult about it. But don’t expect the missing amount to fall on your head - it won’t happen. We have prepared a step-by-step strategy for you: follow it, and you will definitely be able to save and save, even if your expenses are now much greater than your income.

Step one: stabilize your financial condition

If your expenses continually exceed your income, this is a very, very serious reason to think about your financial situation. If you don’t stabilize it in time, you risk eventually driving yourself into a debt hole, from which it will subsequently be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to get out of.

There are only two ways to stabilize the financial situation so that expenses are approximately equal to income: you need to either cut expenses or increase income. You can choose what you like, but at first it is better to limit yourself to the first option. Having acquired a useful habit of saving, you will be able to manage your existing finances more competently in the future. If you, not knowing how to spend, simply start earning more, there is a high probability that expenses will increase, and the situation will repeat itself.

Step two: soberly assess our capabilities

Before you develop a plan and set yourself financial goals and objectives, you definitely need to decide on your opportunities and soberly evaluate them. If you receive no more than twenty thousand rubles a month, then five million a year, unless a miracle happens, you won’t be able to earn money. You will understand this in the process, motivation will disappear at the most inopportune moment, and you will not want to deal with finances at all for a very long time; in addition, faith in your own strength may disappear. Do you need it?

Try to assess your capabilities as objectively and honestly as possible. Determine the minimum amount you can save daily, weekly or monthly - whatever suits you. Don’t be afraid to start small: if you, for example, save five hundred rubles a month, by the end of the year you will be able to afford some kitchen appliances, a new mobile phone (if you don’t dream of advertised flagships, of course), and much more more. Having painlessly formed the habit of saving, you will gradually be able to move on to larger amounts and are unlikely to give up on this activity.

Step three: solve all financial problems

Before you start saving money, you should make sure that all problems have been resolved: you must agree, it’s a little stupid to save by opening a separate account for this if you have three loans, debts on utility bills and, in addition, you urgently need to update your wardrobe.

Such problems drag you down not only financially: they also steal your time. Unsolved difficulties make you distracted while working, often prevent you from concentrating, and therefore deprive you of part of your possible earnings. First get rid of various kinds of problems and only then start accumulating funds for the future. It will be much easier than if you, loaded with problems, tried to solve them all at once.

As you can see, there is actually nothing impossible about constantly saving money, even if expenses sometimes exceed income: it is only important to follow a clearly thought-out strategy. We have already described an example of the latter above: all you have to do is “adjust” our plan to your own conditions and desires.

But a precarious financial situation is not the only enemy of your wealth: your subconscious can also prevent you from getting out of poverty, no matter how strange it may sound. Earlier we already talked about the so-called psychological brake: it is what prevents you from getting rich and prevents you from working normally. Get rid of it, and positive changes will not take long to arrive.

Tell us what you think about this: what steps would you add to our strategy? How else do you think you can learn to save money if your expenses exceed your income? Where should I start? Why?